UNIT I

Chapter 1

Columbus comes upon a new world

- Portuguese set the standard with long distance sailing- Columbus found the new world on accident

When Worlds Collide

New world old world

Gold, silver, new food goods, tobacco, and syphilis {luxury nonessentials for $}

Old world new world

Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee + horses, cows, pigs + SMALLPOX, measles, bubonic plague and other diseases {essentials for survival to bring products back to old world}

Africa new world

Slaves, and a lot of them

- Cultivating sugar mostly happened in the Caribbean, leading to need for slaves- Smallpox had no immunity: wiped out 90% of native population- Along with smallpox, enslavement and massacres dwindled down Native population- Taino natives 1,000,000 to 200 in 50 years

The Spanish Conquistadores

- Treaty of Tordesillas: Spanish + Portuguese decided amongst themselves who gets whato Ignored other nations, and therefore nothing really came of this treaty except for

lessened aggression between the Portuguese and Spanish in particular- Magellan (Spanish) was the first to circumvent the globe in 1519-1522- Spanish Conquistadores started spreading out across the Caribbean and parts of the

mainlando While many explorers went to NA, they didn’t find much

Grand canyon was found I guess- Thanks PSAT Florida was explored: eventually became Spanish colony

o In South America, Pizzarro killed a bunch of Peruvian Incans in 1532o By the 1600s, the Spanish were loaded with Silver, mostly from Bolivian mines

For AP world folks: this is where the encomienda system stuff comes in, but it’s not that important here.

Ballooning money supply + tons of trading planted early seeds of Capitalism

The Conquest of Mexico + The Spread of Spanish America

- Hernan Cortes met the Aztecs with his men o On the way he picked up Malinche

She could translate Also known as Dona Marina, and as a traitor by the Aztecs

They sold her into Slavery. Does she really owe here loyalty to them?

o They made landfall in Tenochtitlan (Aztec Capital) Also they though the Spanish were gods because of some old prophecy

The Aztecs showered them in gold, because the Spanish wanted it The Aztecs let them come in unopposed

City was HUGE Spanish did not expect to see such a huge, sprawling city from the

“primitive” nativeso Spanish greed began to irritate the Aztecs

On Noche Triste (sad night) [June 1520] the Aztecs attacked the Spanish, forcing them out

Cortes got help from the neighboring tribes (who hated the Aztecs for forcing them to give supplies to them in exchange for peace) to take over Tenochtitlan a year later [1521]

That whole Small Pox epidemic didn’t exactly help the Aztecs either

o Eventually ended up integrating into the land Brought crops and livestock to form Intermarried with the natives (mestizos)

- Almost the entire Indian population was enslaved- Spanish were very successful, and it got some other Europeans to encroach on their

lando In response to the other Europeans and to spread Christianity, the Spanish

continued to settle Northward

Chapter 2

England on the Eve of an Empire

- Increased population- Since only the eldest sons inherited land, the younger ones went to the new world in

search of fortune- Joint stock companies (more on them later) helped investors pool their capital- Unemployment, religious freedom, and a thirst for adventures fueled the poor

England in Jamestown

- The Virginia Company received a charter from King James Io They looked to strike gold (literally and figuratively) and become richo This never actually happenedo The Charter given to them guaranteed the settlers the same rights as Englishmeno Jamestown was founded in 1609

Many died on the way or due to disease or malnutrition There was a lot of food to hunt, but the rich settlers couldn’t be arsed to

hunt themselves John Smith was a good leader and was the saving grace of the trip Along with him, the natives saved the colonists during the winter with

foodo Eventually, the settlers took to raiding the local natives for food/supplies

This lead to the first and Second Anglo-Powhatan war (1614/1644) In both instances, they were defeated due to disease and weaponry

- Natives were heavily affected by the Englisho Disease killed 90% of the populationo Trading with the Europeans was sometimes beneficial, but:

Europeans stole from them often anyway Firearms trades led to some tribes being MUCH stronger than their rivals,

which led to a lot of death Fur trading led to endangered animal populations and competition for

hunting land

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

- After John Rolfe perfected the farming method by 1612, Tobacco was in high demando Tobacco was being planted EVERYWHEREo HUGE cash crop; took priority over food cultivation

o Need for land increasedo Need for labor increased (important later)

- First Africans came into the colonies in 1619o Could have been slaves, but also could have been indentured servantso Slave population went on to increase dramatically through the century

- House of Burgesseso One of the first forms of representative self-governmento Met in 1619

Maryland

- Maryland was the second plantation colony, formed by Lord Baltimoreo Rather than given to a company, the charter was given to Baltimore and

Baltimore aloneo He disliked democracy and wanted to create a monarchy where his family led

Didn’t end well; most people coming to the new world wanted opportunity and not to be enslaved by the rich

Protestant planters came and ended up surrounding the rich catholic ones

War broke out, and Baltimore eventually lost property rightso Was a catholic, so he made his colony a catholic one

The large number of emigrating protestants didn’t like the Catholics all that much

Led to the act of toleration (1649) which preached toleration for all CHRISTIANS (death to anyone else, but no one really cared about that)

- Maryland still prospered however, and farmed tons of tobaccoo Relied mostly on indentured servants for laboro Slaves became more popular after indentured servants became more and more

butthurt about not having any land (Bacon’s rebellion and stuff is later, but this is just a hint)

The West Indies

- The west Indies were the home of sugar cultivationo Tobacco was easy to farm in small quantities, sugar was not

Required high yield for profit Also needed a sugar mill

o Because of this, only the rich farmers planted sugaro Sugar was popular in the Caribbean, but spread to the West Indies

- Since a lot of labor was needed, Slaves were in high demand here (even as early as the 1600s, where slaves weren’t popular in NA)

o Barbados Slave Code To control the high population of Africans, the Barbados slave code was

passed Denied fundamental rights to slaves Slave owners could get away with any and all punishment Eventually, smaller farmers that couldn’t make it in the Caribbean moved

to the states and preached the Barbados slave code there Similar policies gained adoption in the 1690s in South Carolina

The Carolinas + Georgia

- Named after Charles II, Carolina was formed in 1670o Prospered by developing close ties with the Caribbean

Slave system was used (one of the reasons why southern society eventually became dependent on slaves)

Indian slaves were sometimes traded as wello Rice became a popular crop to grow

Africans grew rice, and the slaves the Carolinians had were already experienced in rice cultivation

o Though they had initial conflicts with the natives, the Carolinians just massacred them early to not have to deal with them (even though they were moving north to get away from them anyway)

o Since they were on the border of Spanish Florida, there were a few fights in between them, but Carolina survived

- North Carolina was formed in 1712o Outcasts from Virginia came and squatted on northern lando They eventually formed their own stateo They and Rhode Island were some of the most independent and democratic

societies of the time- Georgia was formed in 1733

o Was meant to be a buffer between the Carolinas and the Spanisho Received funding from the British (unheard of at the time) to make sure they

were doing wello Unhealthy climate made it hard to farm, as well as the Spanish attacks and the

early restrictions on (black) slaver there

TLDR chapter 2: England was primed to expand into the new world and settled in Jamestown. The Virginia company (which was eventually found to be wildly unsuccessful) was granted a charter and placed themselves down on Jamestown, Virginia. They thought they would find a bunch of gold, and since many of the settlers weren’t used to farming, they all starved. The natives helped them though, but the colonists took too much advantage of that and there were wars afterward. Disease still wrecked the Indians and they barely had a leg to stand on.

In Virginia, Tobacco was huge. Once Rolfe figured out how to grow it, land and labor grew in demand. Though Africans came in in 1619, the easy majority of work was done by Indentured servants. The House of Burgesses also was the first example of self-representative government, also in 1619. In Maryland, Lord Baltimore tried to make a catholic kingdom where his family ruled, but that fizzled out due to the high number of protestants and the yearning for colonists to be free and not treated as serfs (go figure). Anyway, they still passed an act of religious toleration in 1649, where all Christians (and no one else) were cool. The West Indies grew sugar, and it was grown by the rich because it could only make profit off high yields. They also needed a bunch of slaves, and published the Barbados slave code to make sure the slaves had NO rights. This slave philosophy was moved north to the North American south, where in South + north Carolina slaves were used to cultivate rice. North Carolina was more of a poor man’s offshoot, but it was very democratic. Georgia was used as a buffer state and it worked. They also were against slaves.

The plantation colonies (Maryland, Virginia, N+S Carolina, and Georgia) were all focused on exporting agricultural products (Georgia not so much).There was also some religious toleration in all these colonies, and were all expansionary because Tobacco destroyed the landscape and they needed more land.

Chapter 3

Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

- Calvinism preached that god was all powerful/goodo Humans were all sinners and wickedo Some, the elect, were already going to Heaven (god knows) while others were

already going to hello This was called predestinationo Calvinists seeked to see signs of conversion, or god telling the elect that they are

goodo They must then live good lives as “visible saints”.

- Puritans wanted to purify the church of Englando They were generally poor

o They wanted to see progress in the protestant reformation, but didn’to Were actually called Puritans insultingly, they call themselves Congregationalists

because they want congregations to make decisions and not Bishopso There were also Separatists (extremist Puritans) that wanted to leave the Church

of England.

Pilgrims and Their Pilgrimage

- Pilgrims (mostly separatists) went on the mayflower to Plymouth- Signed the Mayflower compact

o First step towards genuine self-government- After landing in the winter with very little food, many died (1620-1621)- 1621 did end up giving them a good harvest in the later part of the year however, re-

affirming that “god made his children prosperous”.- They had a string of strong leaders, like William Bradford- They eventually merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony

- Formed by Puritans in 1630o They were more prepared than previous colonies, bringing many people and a

lot of supplieso Many came from the Great Migration, where thousands left England to escape

religious persecutiono Winthrop appointed governor; delivered famous “city on a hill” sermon

- Only Puritan adult male church members could voteo About 2/5 of adult male populationo While it doesn’t sound great, it was much better than Englando Though this was the case, “non-believers” and believers were both ruled by the

government and both paid taxes- Preachers did not have absolute power

o No clergymen could hold public officeo A congregation could hire/fire ministerso Though the government and religion went almost hand in hand, the Puritans

knew better than to create a bond between church and state- There were instances where dissension appeared

o Quakers criticized the Puritan clergy, and were beaten and flogged for doing so.

o Anne Hutchinson claimed that a holy life doesn’t guarantee salvation, and that if the holy were truly saved, they would not have to bother to obey the law, because they’d get into heaven anyway.

She was banished to New York, where she was killed by Indianso Roger Williams was a separatist who urged the clergy to break away from the

Church of England and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter. He also denied the right of the government to police religious behavior

He was banished in 1635 He formed Rhode island in 1636

He created one of the first Baptist churches Gave complete religious toleration, even for Jews/Catholics Made no mandates on Religion (taxes, church membership, etc.) Clergymen considered Rhode Island a “sewer” It received a charter in 1644

Connecticut colony

- Hartford was founded in 1635- In 1639, the colonists drafted “the fundamental orders”

o Basically a modern constitutiono Championed democracy

- New haven was formed in 1638o Founded by Puritans

- Massachusetts Bay Colony was becoming largero Already swallowed Plymoutho Was going to swallow New Hampshire, but the king prevented it and turned NH

into a royal colony

Puritans V. Indians

- Squanto and the Wampanoag befriended the settlers from Plymouth, but eventually after Squanto died they went into conflict

o King Phillip’s war (or Metacom’s war) slowed westward English settlement for decades

Was a joint effort of many tribes against the settlers Tried to stop them encroaching on their land, and succeeded for the time

being- Pequot war

o In 1637, Hostilities exploded between the settlers and the Pequot, but the tribe was slaughtered

o This started a 4 decade “iffy” peace between the natives and the settlers

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

- The New England Confederation was formed between 4 colonieso First grouping of colonies into 1 conglomerateo English were took distracted with the civil war to take noticeo Meant to be a collective effort against the Indians, French, and Dutcho Entirely Puritan states

- Charles II was angered that the colonies (especially Mass.) were not following orderso Gave Connecticut and Rhode Island (the sewer) charterso Eventually revoked the Bay Colony’s charter in 1684o Created the Dominion of New England

An administrative union for use in governance Colonists obviously disliked it Aimed to bolster colonial defense Headed by Edmund Andros

o Navigation laws were passed Sought to throttle American trade with non-English countries Americans hated it Started smuggling

o The Dominion of New England fell to pieces after the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

First real colonial revolt Led to Salutary neglect, where the new monarchs only loosely followed

the navigation laws

Quakers

- Were known as dissenters and arose in England during the 1600so Refused to pay Church taxeso Abhorred fighting and refused military service

- William Penn became attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660o Got some land to start a Quaker colony

Only got it because the crown was indebted to his family Called the land Pennsylvania

o Advertised the colony around Europe

o Started the colony in 1681 Bought land from the Indians to avoid conflict

Treated the natives very fairly Eventually non-Quakers ruined what they had going

Very Liberal Had a legislative assembly No tax funded church Religious freedom (Penn was still forced to deny Catholics/Jews

the vote though) Blue laws, however, still existed

Colony prospered due to sound business decisions and tradeso Pennsylvania was eventually plagued by bad governors after Penn was no longer

there- Quaker colonies soon sprouted up in NJ and Delaware

TLDR chapter 3: After the protestant reformation, Puritans (called Congregationalists because they wanted to reform the Church of England and give congregations the power) and Pilgrims (separatists who were extreme puritans and wanted to leave the Church) went to England. The Pilgrims founded Plymouth, and followed the Mayflower compact, which was the first ever self-governing document and established the “social contract” for years to come. Though many of them died in the first winter they got there in 1620-1621, they eventually had a good harvest the following year and eventually joined the Bay colony. The Bay Colony was a huge colony developed for the Puritans. The Puritans escaped religious prosecution in the great migration of the 1630s, but were a bit hypocritical. They only allowed church members to vote, and banished any dissenters (Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, etc.). Speaking of Roger Williams, he went on to found Rhode Island, a religiously tolerant and very liberal state that was considered to be a “sewer” by the Bay colonialists. Connecticut also had their own Puritan colony, and was famous for publishing the fundamental orders, yet another governing document. Puritans and Indians didn’t have a fantastic relationship, but at first they worked together. Encroaching on the Indians land, the Puritans had to end up slaughtering the Natives (the disease helped) in the following wars. Metacom’s war, however, was one of the Native’s successful wars, and stagnated colonial expansion for a bit.

Meanwhile, the New England Confederation (basically a puritan conglomerate) was formed. England was pre-occupied with the civil war to pay attention to this, but after that was over, Charles II passed the Dominion of New England and navigation laws, both which the colonists saw as controlling (hint: more of this to come). After some revolution in Europe however, the colonists revolted (hint: more to come) and got the laws to be either removed or largely ignored. The Quakers were formed as a peaceful and liberal colony by William Penn, and

was one of the first colonies to try hard to stop conflict between them and the natives by buying their land. Never the less, it all went downhill after Penn died and some bad governors took over. However, Pennsylvania was economically solvent and grew to be one of the strongest colonies.

In the middle colonies (NY, NJ, Delaware, PA), there was a lot of focus towards infrastructure, and industry. Rivers helped with being a good source of water wheel power and fur trade in general. They were ethnically mixed, and some were pretty religiously tolerant.

Chapter 4

- Chesapeake o Disease ravaged the Chesapeake colony and many diedo Most immigrants were single men in their 20s looking to work

Very few women Most were taken quick Growth rates were still high

o Tobacco was making it big SUPER high demand

Running out of labor force Indentured servants were used for the most part, with little

slavery Head-right system

Whoever paid for the Indentured Servant’s passage gets 50 acres of land

Incentivized planters to get more workers Increased immigration dramatically Gave Planters MUCH more power than the servants and increased

wealth gapo Servants looked to a better life, but it rarely ever

happenedo Many would go back to working (for pay though) after

their time was up just to make a livingo Bacon’s rebellion

Servants/lower class were being more and more ill-treated by the ruling class

Nathaniel Bacon lead a rebellion He would target anyone and everyone to go attack and raise hell Lead to planters looking for better alternatives for workers (slaves)

- Slaveryo Slavery up, Indentured Servants down

Less poor people want to come to America due to the horror stories and better wages in England

Planters wanted to get more reliable servants that won’t rebel as much and that have less rights

o The Slave trade As Slaves increased in demand, more and more were transported to the

Americas Many came through the Royal African Company Middle passage was a brutal ship ride to the Americas: many died along

the voyageo Slave Codes

Made black people and their children be classified as property inherited servitude

Made it illegal for slaves to learn to read or write Solidified Slavery as a long and everlasting system

o Slave life culture

Gullah, Angola, and other languages sprouted up as a combination of western speaking and the African’s native language.

Some developed unique forms of music Revolts

The NY slave revolt in 1712 SC slave revolt along the Stono river in 1739 lead slaves to walking

down to Spanish Florida, but they were stopped by the local militia

- Social Structureo The slave structure increased gaps in the social ladder

Most upper class families have been upper class for a while Not very much social mobility (especially for those at the bottom) Big farmers small farmers Landless whites Blacks/slaves

- New Englando New England was doing better than the South during this periodo New Englanders were INCREASING their life span by 10 years (as opposed to

southern decrease by 10 years)o Booming birthrate

Most settlers came with families

More even women/men ratio than in the southo Less Women’s rights

South had less women and more widows, so they made laws regarding women more lenient than New England

Puritan lawmakers in New England had no such demand, and therefore stripped women of most of their rights when they get a husband

o Churches and schools Larger towns were mandated to have schools Puritans had an official “congregational” church

They tried to not get it linked with the government too much Town meeting were held between white males to do government stuff

- Half way covenant and the Salem Witch Trialso Half Way covenant (1662) made it easier to join the churcho Elites (The elect) didn’t like it, since it let more of the “others” join

Led to a lot of scapegoating for misfortunes on more non-elect joining Salem Witch Trials

TLDR chapter 4: After the head right system made planters rich, Indentured servants were unhappy with not getting much land. This lead to Bacon’s rebellion. After this, planters switched to slaves to avoid the collateral damage people with rights cause. Though initially very expensive, Slaves were eventually brought to the colonies in mass quantities in slave ships, making them cheap enough for the average planter. Before the late 1600s, there was barely a difference between slaves and servants. However, by the late 1600s, Slaves were given no chance of freedom, discriminated based on race, and were forced to inherit servitude, solidifying slavery in society. There were slave revolts (NY/South Carolina slave revolt in 1712/1739) but they all failed. In the south especially, a hierarchical structure set in. Big planters (really rich, lots of slaves) -> low level planters (much poorer than big planters, still had a bit of land/slaves) -> landless whites -> slaves. In New England life expectancy went up and families generally came, unlike the Chesapeake. Society in New England also moved towards the future. Husbands were penalized for abusing their wives, and an education system was created. There was also that whole Salem Witch trials thing in Massachusetts.

Chapter 5

- The peopleo Population GREATLY increased

Ratio of British Colonists to American Colonists went down over time Baby boom; average age by 1775 was 16 Still lacked many cities, 90% of the population lived in rural areas

o Races mixed, sort of Scottish, Irish, and Germans were pouring into the new world Most went to the North, while some went to the south Mostly slaves went south North was slowly becoming more industrial than the south A lot of the immigrants didn’t like the Indians too much

The “Paxton boys” in Pennsylvania were a group of Scots-Irish people who led a rebellion against the Quakers and Indians for the formers lenient policies towards the latter.

There was much interracial marriage to be had “melting pot” comes to fruition really for the first time

o Wealth Gap America was hailed as a place free of nobility Regardless there was still a political and economic elite Wealth was concentrated in the hands of the big planters in the south

and the rich merchants in the north Servants and Slaves were still on the bottom rung

Slavery was starting to become a contentious issue Due to the economic benefits of slavery, the British refused to

outlaw it Slaves were brought in high quantities to the west indies to make

sugar Many colonists hated this policy

o Academic jobs Clergymen

Respected members of society Didn’t wield much influence, but had a respectable profession

Physician In 1765 a medical school was established Though many wanted to learn, scientific progress was at time

limited by religious zealo “can’t stop god’s wish”

Jurist At first lawyers were not looked at favorably in society Many felt lawyers were unnecessary Still many decided to take it up (John Adams for example)

- Rebellionso Paxton Boys

o Regulator Movement In NC, protestors fought against harsh and controlling British policies Many of the protestors would later join the revolutionaries

- Tradeo Triangular Trade was still growing strong

Tobacco was still growing very fast and was high in demand Lumber became an increasingly prevalent industry Much of the trade was going to Britain Britain tried their best to keep it this way

o Manufactories were coming along in the Northo Molasses Act

Tried to stop NA trade with the West Indies In the interest of the British

- Religiono Anglican (Catholic) and Congregational (Protestant) churches had a clear

majority Only tax subsidized churches Taxation was sometimes forced on people not part of the state’s official

denomination Separation of Church and State? Still a great amount of religious toleration in comparison to other nations

in the erao The Great Awakening

Earlier prevailing beliefs were Calvinistic Believed that there were an “elect” who were destined to go to

heaven, and everyone else was already damned to hell Conflicting viewpoints like Arminianism (individual free will >

divine decree, and all humans can be saved) Preachers like Edwards and Whitfield argued for praising god’s grace

They claimed that everyone can get into heaven as long as they accept god

Sinners were doomed to go to hell unless they repent Gave huge sweeping and energetic sermons

“Old Lights” (Orthodox Clergymen) were skeptical of the emotional “New Lights” (great awakening preachers)

Encouraged Missionary work to spread the word of god- The Printing Press

o In 1744, a printing press helped a South Carolina marketer sell his books for cheap

o Printing presses revolutionized the industry Quick printing = more copies More copies = more readers Helped with spreading the news/religion

o Led to the first free press court decision Zenger trial Peter Zenger had a claim against a corrupt governor, and he was tried The Jurors found him not guilty Newspapers can now print what they wanted, which was a huge step

from the previous system of watching what you publish- Individual colonies had respective state governments

o Two house legislature One house was appointed by the crown in royal colonies and the

proprietor (a company of some sort) in a proprietary colony Other was appointed by (eligible) voters (not many)

o Balance of power Governor sometimes had too much power, so the legislature would

withhold salary until he got his stuff togethero Local county/town governments played a parto Some of the middle colonies adopted a form of direct democracyo While not FULLY democratic, the US was well ahead of other nations

TLDR Chapter 5: Huge population increase (and bigger than huge slave population increase) in the 1700s. New races of people (German, Scots-Irish) all went to Pennsylvania. Some Scots went to Charleston. The Scots-Irish in particular started an armed march of the Paxton boys in Philadelphia to protest Quaker-Indian leniency. Overall, society became very diverse, and there was intermarrying between the races, creating more diversity. Social mobility became more common in the colonies, and there was equal opportunity for all, except for slaves of course. Slaves became a contentious issue, with the West Indies and British authority vetoing any move to criminalize the slave trade.

By the 18th century, different regions created different products. NE generally had grain, cattle, timber and fish, while the Chesapeake relied on tobacco and the south relied on indigo and rice. Parliament tried passing the Molasses act to cut trade between the colonies and west Indies, but all it did was make people smuggle goods.

Meanwhile, 2 religions came up ahead in America: Anglicans and Congregationalists. Congregationalists (puritans) were in Mass., CT,NH and NY, while Anglicans were spread out across the rest of the colonies. NJ, NY, Delaware, and Rhode Island didn’t have an official religion. However, the traditional Calvinism was under threat by Armenianism, which said that not all humans are damned. This cleared the road for the great awakening (1730s-40s), a religious revival. The Zenger trial was a hallmark trail that was a banner achievement of freedom of the press. Governments at the time already had a bicameral legislature, and they already figured out how to pressure the governor (lowering his salary until he does something, etc.)

JUST READ TLDR FOR CHAPTER 6

TLDR Chapter 6: just look at the maps. The 7 years’ war (Britain v. France) was one of the first global conflicts. Britain won most of the battles and drastically increased their land holdings from 1700-1763. Britain was becoming the dominant power in NA. The Proclamation of 1763 ended the 7 years’ war.

Chapter 7

- New Political Ideas o Republicanism

A society in which all citizens subordinate part of their lives for the public good

Disliked Hierarchical and Authoritarian institutionso Whigs

Whigs felt that liberty was threatened by the arbitrary power of the monarch

Warned citizens to be wary of corruption in governmento Many felt that the British rule was distant

“taxation without representation” The British government is taxing the colonies to finance a war they didn’t

benefit from- The economy

o Mercantilism Economic theory that believed that a country’s economic wealth and

solvency can be determined by the amount of reserves (gold, silver, etc.) they had

Similar to Chinese system where they ended up hording half the world’s silver

In relation to the colonies, British wanted to force a trade relationship with the colonies to bolster its economy and to get resources that aren’t in abundance in the mainland

Mercantilism, thought designed to benefit the British, didn’t really HURT the colonies much in its earlier stages, but did stifle economic initiative

o Navigation law of 1650 One of the first British economic laws that hindered the colonies and

benefitted them. Represented mercantilist ideology Tried to stop Dutch merchants from trading with the colonies Wanted British middleman

More economic regulations eventually leads to more smuggling (common theme)

Due to Salutary Neglect, it was loosely enforced George Grenville (British PM) decided to change that in 1763

o Currency Due to economic constraints there was a money shortage For a time the colonies reverted in part back to a barter system

- Increase in British power/lawmakingo British could nullify any legislation

Defeats purpose of bicameral legislature and of actual representationo George Grenville’s reforms

Started to enforce Navigation Acts Sugar Act was passed to raise revenue for the crown Passed the Quartering Act to force colonists to allow soldiers food and

quarters whenever needed Passed the Stamp Tax, which raised revenues from stamp taxes to

support the militaryo Americans were angry at Grenville’s laws

Though Britain had the same types of laws, they didn’t feel that they were getting their money’s worth

The believed this much military presence was unnecessary since the French and Pontiac were vanquished

o Admiralty courts Special courts with no juries Colonists HATED these as they stripped from them their basic rights

o The Stamp Act The stamp act in particular rustled some jimmies

Stamp Act Congress was made in 1765 Made up of representatives from 9 colonies Told the king to repeal the legislation Passed nonimportation agreements, stating that they wouldn’t

import from Britain or buy British goods Repealed in 1766

In 1765 it didn’t take off the ground and parliament begrudgingly vetoed it

Right after repealing the Stamp Act, the passed the Declaratory Act, which allows parliament to “bind” the colonies

Colonists hated this act as they wanted just a bit of sovereignty. o Sons/Daughters of liberty were formed to protest against British taxes

- Things get violento Townshend acts were passed in 1767

Not too harsh taxes, but colonists were angered at the lessening amount of representation

Nonimportation acts were re-enacted with the passage of this bill Money was going to royal governors salary

o Boston Massacre On March 5th, 1770, colonists started harassing red coats The red coats, nervous and provoked fired into the crowd Though there wasn’t an actual initiation (or commanding officer at his

post) the troops acted brashly Paintings and pamphlets painted this differently depending on the bias

(mostly pro-US)- Committees of correspondence

o Set up originally by Samuel Adams (John Adams’ relative) in 1772o Made to spread the spirit of resistanceo Many more were made o Eventually every colony had one

- Tea?o British East India Company was falling on hard times

Had a lot of unsold tea British government gave them a monopoly on tea and added their own

tax Tea was now cheaper, but colonists weren’t having it

o Boston Tea Party A hundred Bostonians raided a tea ship dressed as Indians

They poured a lot of tea into the harbor Conservatives called it destruction or property, though most considered a

symbolic “badge of slavery”- Intolerable acts

o British officials who commit crimes would be tried in Britain He can easily get off scot free there Colonists knew it They HATED this act

o First Continental Congress formed as a response in 1774 All met in Philadelphia to redress grievances. Many future founding fathers attended Signed the declaration of rights Passed “The association”

Boycott on ALL British goods Nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption

- Lexington and Concordo British troops went to seize gunpowder and arrest the rebel, but minutemen

came and FIGHTING BEGAN. o Lexington and Concord o Britain was the clear favorite

Population advantage BIG Naval advantage Troops advantage

o But had some disadvantages Ireland was a smoking volcano at this point They had bad generals and ill-treated soldiers.

TLDR Chapter 7: After the 7 years’ war, Britain started trying to tax the colonists to make up the money they lost. These laws pissed them off and catalyzed the revolution. A lot of these laws also stemmed from British Mercantilist ideals, saying that they should control all exports and imports of the colonies, and have complete economic control over them. It started with PM Grenville re-enforcing the navigation laws in 1763 and passing the sugar act in 1764, which increased duties on sugar from the West Indies. This was soon followed by the 1765 quartering act (think 3rd amendment) and the worst of all: the stamp tax. Stamps were required on many commercial goods, and the colonists hated it. Though Britain had a similar system, the colonists felt that they weren’t being represented (taxation without representation). Admiralty courts were made that had no jury and Grenville dismissed all protests. The stamp act congress met in 1765 to discuss repealing the act. These and the non-importation agreements (first boycotts)

were some of the first organized efforts against the British. In 1766, the parliament repealed the stamp act, but replaced it with the declaratory act and the Townshend act, both of which were underhanded replacements that put the British in control. This irritated the colonists more. A few, on March 5th 1770, taunted some British Soldiers, and it led to the Boston Massacre. Sam Adams soon after founded the Committees of Correspondence to spread the spirit of resistance. Intercolonial groups soon formed, showing yet again the gradual grouping together and organization of revolutionary efforts. Eventually, After the British tried to tax monopolized tea, the colonists struck again with the Boston Tea Party. The Parliament in 1774 passed the intolerable acts, in which town meetings were restricted; Officials who kill a colonist are allowed to go back to Britain for trial. The result was the first continental congress, where members from nearly all the colonies deliberated on what to do. They created the association, which was a complete boycott of British goods. The British in 1775 fought the first battle at Lexington and Concord. Though they seem strong, the British were actually pretty weak. Not all of them wanted to fight the Americans, and those that did just got done with the millionth French war. They also were operating thousands of miles from home. The Americans on the other hand, had excellent generals and could fight defensively in their home court. That being said, they were a rag-tag group of fighters with no supplies.

Chapter 8

- George Washington the charismatic generalo Elected by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to lead the siege on Bostono Known for his strength of charactero Everyone loved him

- The battles begin?o While many supported the British, many others fought against them in battleo Colonists seized Bunker Hill

Clearly outnumbered, American troops decimated the red coats Would shoot officers so 2 troops had to bring them back, killing 3 birds

with 1 stoneo Olive Branch petition

Last reach to make the King recognize that the colonies were loyal King George III refused after Bunker Hill

o King George hired outside mercenaries to fight for him Hessians Colonists hated this and felt that the battle was “inside the family”

o Colonists tried to take over Canada Wanted more firepower and more colonies Failed

o British were losing a few battles; lost Boston- Common Sense

o Published by Thomas Paine January 1776 Stated that independence from the British was “common sense” Colonists do no benefit from the relationship Why should a tiny island like Britain control all the colonies?

o Wildly acclaimed and pushed many loyalists to the other sideo Pushed for a Republic

Wanted greater representation and less rule by political elite Wanted everyone to be represented

- Jefferson and his explanation of Independenceo In June 1776, Henry Lee said that the colonies “ought to be free”o Less than a month later, the motion was adoptedo Thomas Jefferson helped publish the Declaration of Independence

Invoked the “natural rights” of Human kind John Locke inspired this

He made compromises to benefit the people and make the document the best it could be

Inspired the “French Declaration of Man” 13 years later- Red vs. Blue

o Loyalists Tories Loyal to Britain ~16% of the population Mostly wealthy who benefited from British involvement, but also some

poor who didn’t like the idea of independence Many were forced by Patriots to flee

o Patriots Whigs Loyal to the Colonies Though many colonists were originally loyalists, propaganda and minute

men throughout the colonies spread the revolutionary word and many once loyalists joined the cause

Regarded the loyalists, ironically, as traitors- More battles

o Washington Loses battle of long Islando Also had wins in Trenton when he captures a thousand hessians

Did really good in NJ as a whole

o Colonies retired attack on Canadao US won the battle of Saratoga in 1777

Revived the faltering colonial cause Showed France that the US still got it: gave them aid

REALLY helped them reach success- Diplomacy?

o Americans wanted change Americans hated colonialism and Mercantilism Supported free trade

o Continental Congress of 1776 drafted the “model treaty” to give to France Wanted their to be only a commercial connection and that alone Included recognition of America as a nation Meeting went well, many liked it when Ben Franklin presented it

o British Parliament gives last ditch effort Humiliated after Saratoga Gave colonies complete home rule as a final shot Not taken because there as not an independence clause Colonists weren’t falling for that one again

o Colonial war become a world war England and France came to blows in 1778 Rest of Europe (lead by Catherine II of Russia) pushed for Armed

Neutrality Catherine called it Armed Nullity Pushed for passive hostility to Britain and France

France supported the Americans England had a whole new war on their hands French had naval power while Americans didn’t British started to recruit Native American tribes Treaty of Fort Stanwix

o Made between an Indian tribe and the USo First of its kind

American navy became better with French Involvement Privateers were essentially legal pirates Private ships were used to defend against the British navy Cost a lot

- It all ends in Yorktowno General Cornwall (British) was surprised when , in 1781, Americans/French

teamed up their navies to beat the British

British was considered naval superpower and didn’t expect it Forced to surrender their arms in Yorktown

o King George III stubbornly tried to continue for a bit but it was for the most part over

- Peace at Pariso Treaty of Paris was passed in 1783

Britain recognized the US Borders from Mississippi river to the great lakes, to the Atlantic

ocean and up to the Spanish floor in the south Could share the bounties from fisheries in Newfoundland The US had to give a bit of leeway

Loyalists cannot be persecuted Congress had to “recommend that Loyalist properties be given

back

UNIT II

Chapter 9

The Pursuit of Equality

- The Declaration of Independence made equality much more of a thing than before, and society was becoming a bit more progressive

o Reduced property holding requirements for votingo Names/titles changed, master boss, (…) Mr./Ms. (…)o Anglican Church became disestablishedo Virginian Statute for Religious Freedom showed separation of church and state in

VA- Africans still didn’t have equality

o Though some states criminalized slavery in the north, laws still discriminated harshly against freed and enslaved Africans

o While the founding fathers could have fought against slavery, arguing it would fragment the union that they worked hard to get

- Women did not get many rights eithero Women had to care for their young and cultivate good habits in them (civic

virtue)o Civic virtue tied will into Republican motherhood, enabling women to get some

opportunities and education

Constitution making the states

- The Continental Congress of 1776 asked states to draft constitutionso Basically a bunch of state specific lawso Massachusetts sent the final draft of theirs to the people directly. A similar

approach was taken with the federal constitutiono State constitutions were very similar; this made it easier to draft the federal

constitution

Economic Crosscurrents

- Many large loyalist/crown estates were split up and distributed as small farms- All trade with Britain was off the table

o For a while the Americans could only trade with the Britisho Previously imported goods now have to be made locallyo New demand for commercial outlets

China, for example

A Shaky Start toward Union

- War was barely organized, but there was basically chaos for the first few years of independence

- British had cut-rate goods they had to sell, and that disrupted domestic sellers- Articles of Confederation

o “Plan A” for a codified set of lawso Passed in 1777, ratified in 1781 unanimously

To sweeten the pill, Congress pledged itself to dispose of these vast areas to carve out new “republican states”.

In part made to show the French that we were the real dealo The Articles of confederation had some issues

Articles of confederation only gave states 2 representatives no matter the population

Bi-cameral legislature solved this in the constitution Amendments required unanimous agreement

Very hard to get Some states didn’t want to give up their new found power Congress had no power to regulate commerce

Tariffs from different states conflicted each other Congress can’t enforce its own tax collection program

o Many still liked it though, and it was a step in the right direction

Landmarks and Land Laws

- Land Ordinance of 1785o The Old northwest would be sold off and the money would pay off the national

debto Was different than the land south of the Ohio River, which was basically in chaos

in terms of uncertainty of ownership- Northwest Ordinance of 1787

o At first, the area would be subordinate to the federal governmento When the territory has 60k+ inhabitants, it can apply to be a stateo Criminalized slavery in the old northwest

The World’s ugly duckling

- Britain refused to trade with the USo Prohibited trading with the west Indies, but no one followed their ruleso They still had trading posts in NA to trade with Indians

- Americans were mad at the government for not reacting, but the government doesn’t control commerce

o Some states took advantage of this and adopted a lower tariff policy to attract trade (unequal)

- Even France (our friends during the war) wanted their money back and restricted trade

Anarchy

- Very few states wanted to follow the rules (who knew?)o Minor battles were fought over state boundaries

- Shay’s rebelliono Back country farmers were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and

taxes Captain Daniel Shays led the rebellion Though it was crushed, debtor release laws were soon passed Jefferson considered this “Democratic despotism”

A convention of demi-gods

- In 1786, Virginia called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederationo Washington elected chairmano Hamilton was there to argue for a super powerful central government, but no

one bought ito All spokespeople were pretty rich

Many were conservative, young, nationalists All were content on holding the union together

Chapter 10

Growing Pains By 1789 population skyrocketed

Cities doubled in population ever 25 years 4M total population in 1790 census most of the population was still rural

Washington elected in 1789 Known for charisma and strength of character Known to draft cabinet

Not mentioned in constitution At first three members

Jefferson for Secretary of State Hamilton for Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox for Secretary of War

Many more came later Many didn’t like constitution and wanted bill of rights to be added in on passage

Outlined rights of a citizen Freedom of Religion Right to arms Fair trial Etc.

Articulated in series of amendments Last couple amendments specified state rights

Anything not mentioned to be nationally allowed can be regulated by states

Judiciary act of 1789 established supreme court Alexander Hamilton “fixes” the public debt

Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong federal government Allowed the federal government to absolve all public debt from the war

Called “assumption” Relatively debt free states like Virginia didn’t like it, but they helped pass

it for the chance to have the Capital very close to their state

Put the power in the federal government: made states look weak and really showed who was in charge

Had to pay it through taxes The federal government can now collect taxed under constitution Tariffs (import taxes) and Excise (basically sales tax) helped pay the debt

Led to the Whiskey Rebellion Many didn’t like paying the Whiskey Excise tax It was almost used as currency in some places due to its

abundance and the continental dollar’s lack of value Washington sent Militias to quickly end the threat Showed the government had strength

He wanted to make a national bank Would store money Also allowed to print money Jefferson didn’t like the government having that much power Eventually created in 1791

Political Parties were formed Contentious issues caused two groups to form Though groups existed before, most weren’t organized parties and were just

factions Whigs, Federalists, anti-Federalists, etc.

In 1792, two major political parties were formed Hamiltonians who favored big government were Federalists Jeffersonians who favored small government were Democratic

Republicans.Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

The Alliance between France and America bounded them to help them out during the French Revolution

Washington didn’t want to enter another war Washington passed Neutrality Proclamation in 1793

Swore neutrality in the entire quarrel Was first sign of American Isolationism Was actually slightly beneficial to France, since Britain wouldn’t blockade the

Americans if they were neutral. French still didn’t like it

Embroilments with Britain Britain kept bases in the north

Violated Paris Treaty of 1783

They felt they were too lucrative to abandon British paid Natives with guns and weapons, who in turn harassed Americans

During a battle, British refused to shelter their “friends” Angered, Natives struck a deal with the Americans for some land in exchange for

some money and hunting rights Jay’s treaty

John Jay was sent by Washington to stop the British Many of the meetings were sabotaged by Hamilton Though he got the British to leave the posts and to pay for attacked ships,

they didn’t promise to stop attacking Americans also had to pay pre-war debt back to British

Treaty was very unpopular Strengthened Jeffersonian Democratic Republican party, who disliked it

from the start Unknowingly led to Pickney’s treaty, where the Spanish gave Americans rights to

the Mississippi, deposit rights in New Orleans, and land western Florida Motivated by Spanish Fearing Anglo-American treaty

France was VERY angry Britain was their perpetual foe After a bunch of hassle, an American convoy was sent

Instead of speaking to Talleyrand (French Foreign Minister) they had to speak to 3 surrogates who demanded a huge loan and a ¼ million dollar bribe to allow them to speak to him

Became known as the XYZ affair Americans were outraged, preparation for war began

Though no official fighting, Americans pushed French off the coast with their new navy

Fearing another foe, Talleyrand accepted an audience Rather than go to war and follow popular opinion, Adams tried to

diplomatically resolve the situation Convention of 1800 peacefully resolved conflicts Allowed for the Louisiana purchase 3 years later

John Adams Becomes President George Washington issued Farewell Address in 1796 Hamilton wasn’t very liked, so he wasn’t going to run

Federalists rallied behind John Adams Democratic Republicans pushed for Thomas Jefferson Created huge partisan divide

Though closely, Adams won, and since Jefferson was runner up, he became VP Adam’s term was filled with Federalist censorship

They passed the Sedition Act Prohibited talking negatively about elected officials

Targeted Jeffersonians Conflicted with 1st amendment, but pro-Federalist supreme court

passed it Expired right before elections so Federalists can’t be hurt by it

Some still liked this laws after the anti-French hysteria Jefferson considered this a step toward dictatorship

Fearing for his party, he and James Madison passed the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions respectively

Both said that States have the final say in jurisdiction and in whether a law was within constitutional powers

Obviously Sedition Act wasn’t according to them Kentucky/Virginia refused to follow the act under this

resolution Many other states refused to follow it, especially federalist

ones Used by Southerners in the 1860s for justification for succession

Chapter 11

Partisan Bickering After the Sedition Acts and Alien Acts, Federalists were not in good standing

After never going to war with France, the hype trail derailed and no one cared much anymore and the party couldn’t justify war

Preparation Required iffy taxes (there was actually a stamp tax again) Federalist Party was splintering

Hamilton started to fight with John Adams Hamilton secretly published a pamphlet criticizing Adams, and the

Jeffersonian found it and published it Federalists were throwing negative campaign ads towards Jefferson

Jefferson was elected in 1800, kind of He and his vice president Burr received the same number of votes in the

electoral college House of Representatives broke the tie

Were full of Federalists who hated Jefferson They delayed it as long as possible

Jefferson finally won Mark the end of the Federalists (“Revolution of 1800”)

Jefferson called it a revolution and “a return of the original spirit of the revolution

Transfer of power was VERY peaceful; no all-out war like the last few times this happened

Showed nation advancing and democracy working Democratic Republicans were dying

Opposition to federalists held them together No federalists = splintering party

Tried undoing Federalist policies Pardoned anyone imprisoned by the Sedition Act Made citizenship easier and reduced requirement of residence from 14 to

5 years (originally the case) Removed the Excise tax

Greatly decreased revenue New secretary of the treasury still did balance the budget well and

do his best to get rid of debt Didn’t completely undo all policies, many Hamiltonian policies were still

in place Didn’t want to destroy the framework; doing so could have led to

the next president (who could have been a federalist) doing the same, leading eventually drastically changing policies with each president

Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Made seats in the supreme court lifetime John Adams appointed a good amount of the judges on his last day in office

Called the “midnight judges” One of them, Marbury, came back to sue over losing his commission Marbury v. Madison (the guy who took his pay) Chief justice Marshall ruled in favor of Marbury over Madison Slap in the face to Jeffersonians After some Partisian bickering and Jefferson’s attempt to remove some

other justices from office (which failed), out came proof that the branches were separated sufficiently

Many thought it was a last ditch effort to have federalists still in charge Nevertheless, Republicans repealed it when they took power Chief Justice Marshall, a Federalist, stayed on, and for the next 34 years

Foreign Affairs Jefferson reduced the Military size drastically

He wanted his policies to be in line with republican ideals Soon went down the toilet as Pirates from Tripoli wanted more tribute money

People hated paying tribute, but it was still done to avoid conflict Eventually they thought the tribute wasn’t enough and declared war Tripolitan War Jefferson had to build a bunch of extra boats to win

Napoleon signed a pact with Spain, giving him land in the Louisiana/New Orleans area America didn’t like this; Jefferson was anti-war and anti-alliance

They knew that they couldn’t handle the French Army (and maybe the Spanish too) on their own

Jefferson went to buy the land from Napoleon If it failed, they would have to ally with the British

It worked (Napoleon was busy with other things at the time to care for world domination) and they got the land for $15M

Came with a bunch of land west of it (wilderness) Effectively doubled the size of the US Was technically unconstitutional (Jefferson knew this) but to his

protest and eventual unhappy agreement, it happened. Ended well; no wars or alliances After the Louisiana purchase, America sought to expand

People already living in Louisiana were allowed to be incorporated into the Union, and was allowed to keep most of their legal code

Lewis and Clark expedition They went to survey the region With the help of Sacajawea and other natives, they came back 2.5

years later with some promising findings The Hated Embargo

Jefferson wanted other world powers to stop pestering America Congress passed Embargo Act in 1807

Prevented all exports Was meant to show countries dependent on the US who has the power Inadvertently hurt the US economy (I wonder why?)

Many people didn’t like the trade By 1808 illegal trade started to become more popular North East had talks about succession

After terrible reception, Jefferson passed the Non-Intercourse Act Reopened trade with everyone but Britain and France Leaky embargo still continued, which diminished the intended effect

After Madison was elected in 1808, Macon’s bill No.2 was put into effect (to his own dismay)

With the Non-Intercourse Act now expired, the Macon’s Bill stated that (between Britain and France) if one power removed their commercial restrictions the other would be embargoed.

Madison gambled on going with the French Madison’s Gamble Lost; British knew that they had the most power and could stop

trade if they wanted Madison was forced to embargo Britain, ending their “neutrality”

Tecumseh and the prophet Older “submission men” were leaving office; replaced with young hotheads AKA

“War hawks” Wanted to deal with the British Wanted to wipe out the Indian threat

Tecumseh and the prophet, two Shawnee brothers, tried to stage a fight against the Americans

One of the first Native American alliances in a while Tried to attack William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana) and

his family: failed hard. Mr. Madison’s War

Madison eventually believed war was inevitable Wanted to restore confidence in the Republicans

If America can’t fight to defend itself, democracy would be counted out as a failure

War fever + Democratic Idealism = WAR Asked Congress to declare war in 1812

Supported: came from South, West, and large republican states like Virginia

Federalists didn’t like it Tried to loan money to the British to make it stop quick

SOON, WAR BEGAN.

Chapter 12

Hartford Convention

NE was booming during the waro Illicit trades and no British blockadeo Some extremists wanted to have a separate peace between them and Britaino Blue light federalists were rumored to signal British Ships if American ships

attempted to leave Hartford convention was held to hear federalist Grievances in 1815

o Held by Massachusettso Ideas were proposed

End of 3/5th compromise 2/3rd vote in congress before embargos can be passed

o When the grievances reached Washington, war already ended Mid wartime proposals looked petty and almost treasonous Final blow to federalist party No federalists were ever elected again

Nationalism and post-war actions

After war ended, heroes emergedo Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison were both accomplished war

generalso Both became president (eventually)o Federalists were essentially dead

Indians ceded more land o Due to treaty of Ghent

Treaty to end the war mitigated by the Russians who did not want to see the British wasting their time

Was eventually signed with reluctance from many partieso Mostly land north of the Ohio River

Rush-Bagot agreemento Canadians still hated the “Yankees”, and now hate them more because there is

no Indian buffer between themo Rush-Bigot agreement significantly decreased naval presence in the great lakes

Americans were doing things as a nationo American writers published textbooks and newspapers in America o Bank was revived in 1816

American systemo British were undercutting American merchants

Tariff of 1816 was passed, which increased tariffs on imported goods Tariff was passed for protection, not revenue

o Policies were eventually expanded to include three parts Strong banking system

For easy and abundant credit Protective tariffs

Benefitting eastern manufacturing Network of roads and canals

Funded by revenue from Tariffs Makes trading south north and north south easier Originally unconstitutional to give money to states for this States did this on their own

o Erie canal completed in 1825 NE opposed these policies because they would lose their

superiority in population and there would be more states in competition

Pushed by Henry Clay Called American system

Era of Good feelings

James Monroe (part of the Virginia dynasty) swept the federalist candidate in the 1816 election

While there was no party competition (reason for the name) for next few years, Monroe had a lot of conflicts on his plate

o Conflicts on how to run all the things put in place in the American systemo Slavery starts to be contentiouso N vs. S problems start to form

Growing Pains

Panic of 1819o First financial depression since George Washington took officeo Bankruptcy, bank failures, unemployment, etc.o Bank foreclosed a lot of western property

Westerners hate the bank Legal, though politically unwise

Westward expansiono Many wanted cheap lando William Harrison killed more Indians

o Land Act of 1820 authorized a buyer to buy 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25/acre

o Many wanted cheap money, issued by their own “wildcat” banks Some fighting with the federal bank over it

Slavery and sectional balanceo “Peculiar Institution” = slaveryo Tallmadge amendment

No more slaves to Missouri Gradual emancipation Southerners hated it because they want slaves, pioneers hate it because

they wanted easy western expansion, and some Northerners hated it because they wanted to see the end of the “Virginia dynasty”

Was defeated in the senateo There was an equality between the North and South

11 to 11 slave to free Bicameral legislature evened out the large population of the north with

the large land of the south Soon balance started to splinter

o Missouri compromise Maine was entered as a free state, and Missouri was entered in as a slave

state Maintained balance

Any new state north of 36/30 (Missouri compromise line) had to be free Other than Missouri of course While the south would be unhappy with this, they were fine for

many reasonso Missouri was unconditionally a slave stateo That land was unfarmable and therefore slaves won’t be

necessary (eventually was found to by not completely true)

o They control the area with a greater pop Eventually led to expansion westward into Spanish/Mexican

territory Arkansas territory and Louisiana are slave states

Judicial Nationalism

McCulloch vs. Marylando Maryland wanted to destroy the Bank of the US by imposing taxes on notes

o Bank was declared constitutional by Marshall, citing Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers

o McCULLOCH WINS Cohens vs. Virginia

o Cohen brothers were illegally selling lottery ticketso Cohens were kept imprisoned, VIRGINIA WON

Gibbons vs. Ogdeno The state of New York wanted to grant a private concern a monopolyo While congress doesn’t technically have the power to regulate interstate

commerce, Marshall still ruled in favor of NJo NEW JERSEY WON

Many of John Marshall’s decisions took a blow at states’ rights and employed loose constructionism

Fletcher v. Pecko Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35M acres of Yazoo river county

to spectatorso New legislature sought to get rid of ito Supreme court ruled in favor of latter, citing that a contract, though ill in

creation, must be enforcedo Property rights > public pressureso LATTER LEGISLATURE WON

Dartmouth college vs. Woodwardo Dartmouth was granted a charter from King George III in 1769 and the NH

legislature wanted to challenge ito Dartmouth employed Daniel Webster, an alumnio Marshall ruled that charter should stando DARTMOUTH WON

International relations

Anglo-American conventiono One of the only diplomatic hearings between Britaino In 1818, it was decided that both America and Canada would share

Newfoundland fisherieso Fixed the vague land borders of Louisiana purchaseo US gained Oregon territory

Southern revolutionso Americans had already claimed western Floridao Chile, Venezuela, and Argentina had their own revolutions

Americans championed them, and say a good opportunityo Americans wanted to enter Florida under the guise of stopping slaves and

Indians Spanish were OK with it and agreed, as long as they stayed clear of

Spanish bases US not only took care of Indians/slaves, but also took over the Spanish

bases and ousted the Spanish governor Jackson, the head of the expedition, exceeded orders from Washington

o Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis treaty) was codified Spanish officially ceded Florida Not really a “purchase”

o US now laid their eyes on Texas (then part of newly independent Mexico) Menace of Monarchy

o Post French revolution, monarchies were re-forming all across Europeo Americans unhappy; they cheered on the revolutionso Americans did not want the Europeans to interfere in western lands

Monroe Doctrineo British suggested that they and the US become part of an alliance to prevent

foreign powers from interacting with the western hemisphere Secretary Adams disliked this proposition Why would Britain, the foremost military power in the world, need

America as an ally?o Monroe Doctrine was passed 1823

Very similar to British proposal Stated that western colonization was over Old world governments can keep what they have, but could take no more Warning against foreign intervention

o Monarchs disliked the Monroe doctrine British navy backed the policy anyway Removed some fear of people attacking America

o Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Russia backed away from the western hemisphere Kept Alaska

Chapter 13

John Quincy Adams and his election

In 1824, 4 people were running for officeo John Quincy Adams

o Henry Clayo William H. Crawfordo Andrew Jackson

Era of good feelings; no real parties Jackson had the clear majority popular vote, but not the majority electoral vote

o The 12th amendment states that congress would decide between the top three Henry Clay was eliminated He now has a pivotal role of choosing the president Crawford just had a stroke out

o Jackson vs. Adams Clay chooses Adams Adams makes Clay the secretary of state

o Many screamed in uproar Corruption, bribery, etc. Jackson had the highest popular and electoral vote and still lost

o Called the “corrupt bargain” Adams came into office not on his popularity, but by commanding respect

o His allies wanted positions too, but Adams refused to fire good people to hire them

o His federal-nationalist views clashed with the population’s state oriented nationalism (expansion and such)

1828 election

Parties began to formo National republicans, headed by Adamso Democratic Republicans, headed by Jackson

Many liked Jackson and he was the clear favorite, but there were still very dirty campaigns on both sides

Jackson won by a landslideTariff of Abominations

Jackson passed a hefty tariff, known to the south as the black tariff or the tariff of abominations

o South felt like it disproportionately targeted themo Really was a scapegoat for the harsh times they faced

“Nullies” in South Carolinao After Congress passed a new tariff in 1832, South Carolina was still not satisfied

and refused to pay it

o They wanted to “nullify” ito Lead to the nullification crisiso Jackson, normally a state’s rights guy, took action

Wanted the government to look strong Gave them an alternative

o Compromise tariff of 1833 Lowered taxed to near previous amounts Passed in tandem with the force bill (SC calls it the bloody bill) which lets

the federal government use force to collect taxesTrail of Tears

Indians were pseudo assimilating into white cultureo The Society for Propagating the Gospel among Indians was formed in 1787 to

Christianize Indianso While many tribes resisted, tribes like the Cherokee were assimilating into white

culture very well Lived with whites Had slaves Turned Christian

o Many Americans respected and admired the Indians In 1828 Georgia legislature called the Indian tribal alliance illegal and forced them to

vacateo Indians went to supreme courto WON 3 timeso Jackson refused to follow Marshall’s ruling and taunted him to “enforce it”,

which Marshall didn’t have the power to do Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act through congress in 1830

o VERY close vote (101-97)o Led Cherokee, who thought they can be safe from removal, down the trail of

tears to a “permanent” location Some land west of the Mississippi It “permanently” lasted for 15 years

Bank War

Bank had a lot of powero Federal currency was issued in silver/gold, paper currency was issued by private

bankso Gave banks (and the head Nicholas Biddle) a LOT of power

o Jackson HATED the bank Bank war erupted in 1832 after Daniel Webster and Henry Clay pushed the congress to

renew the banko Henry Clay proposed it 4 years earlier than necessary to make it a presidential

campaign issueo Designed to alienate Jackson’s supporters (whatever Jackson decided, it would

piss off SOMEONE)o Jackson decided to call bank unconstitutional

McCulloch vs. Maryland declared in constitutional Jackson still vetoed it Henry Clay’s plan kind of failed at the end; the issue was only white noise

during the 1832 electionElection of 1840

Martin Van Buren for democratso Almost reluctantly ran for officeo Wasn’t really “into” it

Whigs ran William Henry Harrisono Not their best statesmen, but the best at getting voteso Ran on his war hero past

Hard cider incidento A democratic journalist called Harrison an impoverished old farmer that should

be content with a pension, a log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider (HUGE insult to the west)

o Whigs turned this around and used “honest cider” and the sturdy log cabin as campaign symbols

Harrison was actually a rich Virginian, but the west ate all the propaganda that followed the article up

Harrison still won by a close number of votes Voters still realistically had to decide who could deal with the economic

depression Election showed how people wanted a more down to earth guy instead of a rich fat cat

o Rich people (who won anyway) needed to act normal Two party system fully re-immerged

o Democrats (used to be democratic republicans) and whigso Geographical and socioeconomic diversity in both parties retarded the

emergence of purely sectional/regional political parties

Chapter 14

United States grows

- Pioneers faced many challenges moving west- States were doubling in population every 25 years; cities were rapidly urbanizing

o New York was the metropolis of the east, New Orleans was the huge southern city, and Chicago was the huge Midwest city

o Overpopulation led to degrading living conditions Bad water, sewage Animals (even pigs and such) roamed around

o In part due to rapid immigration 60k per year originally; 3x in 1840 and 4x in 1850 Steam boats sped up travel to the US

o Irish, recovering from the 1840 potato famine, flocked to the US Many went to Boston/NY, traditionally very Irish cities Most went to live in slums They formed their own societies, like the Ancient order of Hibernians and

the Molly Maguires (miner’s union in PA) Irish began to have an interest in Politics, and in Irish centers like

Boston/NY they flourished (Tammany Hall)- Anti-foreignism

o Catholic Churches Many Foreigners were Catholic and ironically faced persecution from the

Protestants They tried to make their own schools

Very expensive Huge increase in Irish+german immigration helped them become a

powerful religious groupo Nativist start to spring up in reaction to new religion/immigrants

Believed that protestants will get pushed out; they didn’t want “popish idols”

Known also as the American Party (or more commonly the “know-nothing party”)

Riots (violent and non-violent, though mostly violent) seldom happenedo Immigrants/general increase in population did eventually lead to an industrial

revolution

Mechanization

- Factory system started in Britain (they had a lot of coal) and started to move to the USo Accompanied with better methods of transport and communication and in

agricultural productiono Though the US was industrializing, they didn’t have the capital or materials to

truly industrialize like GB, and this imported from them often- Cotton Gin

o Eli Whitney created it in 1793o Though slave labor went down, the cotton gin revitalized the need for slaves,

due to more being needed to cultivate more crops for the relatively easy to use cotton gin to harvest

- New England began to industrializeo Farming was hard, so industry sprung upo Dense population, accessible markets, easy importing/exporting, and rapid rivers

were all causes for New England to lead the way for the American Industrial Revolution

- After Treaty of Ghent, British trading in America went downhill fast- Interchangeable parts

o Eli Whitney, unhappy that musket parts can’t be swapped out if one broke, realized making exact copies of each part for each musket would make things easier

o Catalyzed the use of the factory system and mass production- Limited liability

o Corporations did not want to go bankrupt, so investors divided ownership o Similar to how stocks work now

- Morse codeo First form of instant communicationo Made inventor, Samuel Morse, very famous

Wage slavery

- Workers barely earned enough in factories to liveo Children also worked in horrible conditionso Working men, who gained the right to vote over the early/middle 1800s, pushed

for reform and stood behind the democratic party 10 hour work week Higher wages Tolerable working conditions

o Employers hated all of these things

Workers went on strike Many across 1830s-1840s

o Unions began to form Originally had challenged legality, but after Commonwealth v. Hunt in

1842, which said labor unions were not illegal conspiracies as long as their methods were honest and peaceful, things were OK

Striking was still not instantly legalized, but it was a landmark decision. - Women

o Since machines were used, hard labor can be done by women now tooo Women earned less than men, making them more desirableo While they got greater independence, they still worked under equally harsh

decisions (yay equality)o Women could generally not be economically self-sufficient, but could teach or

get other domestic jobs. Cult of domesticity

Women should marry and become homemakers, not work in factories

Women still gained a bit of an assertive role in the household, which some now call “domestic feminism”

While some may say this is inequality, many women at the time were glad to leave the fields

Transportation innovation

- Large highways and road systems helped trade and eased transport- Steamboats helped bind the west and south (along with increasing immigration)- Erie Canal was built in 1825 and connected the Hudson with the great lakes

o Built under Governor DeWitt Clintono Dramatically decreased cost of transit and time to transporto Food was cheaper; lessened hunger

- The Iron Horseo Many investors disliked the railroad because it was a better alternative to the

canal Quicker, faster, cheaper

o Still very unsafeo Eventually became more safe, and eventually more feasible

- Moving west to install transportation equipment, and the use of that equipment all helped expansion to the west

o Catalyzed by additional need to move west

- Different regions now had distinct specialtieso South raised cotton o Midwest grew grain and livestocko NE made manufactured goods/textileso Products were sent through the railroad: Railroad linked America

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

- Marshall, the federalist judge, is now gone- Replaced by Roger B. Taney, a more democratic chief justice who valued good of the

people and public interest more than strict contractual obligations- When Charles River Bridge’s contract was being “violated” by the Warren Bridge Co,

Taney sided with Warren for the sole purpose of bettering the public

Chapter 15

Reviving Religion and the second great awakening

- New religious teachings sprung up o Deism came along with the enlightenment in Britain

Claimed that Churches only exist for profit, and believed that god exists in a realm incapable of human understanding

Idea was published in “The age of Reason” by Thomas Paineo Unitarians thought God came in a single form, not in the father, the son, and the

holy spirit form- Second Great Awakening

o Spread through the masses by huge camp meetings Meant for sinners to repent Camp meetings were huge and filled with people Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright were known preachers

o Feminization of religion Women were accepted into churches Were generally the most fervorous followers Men liked it because more converts = good Women, moved by the gospel, later turned to running charitable

organizationso “burned over district”

New Englanders (near where Puritans settled ironically) were so blistered by sermons preaching hellfire and repentance that the area was given the name

o Religious diversity Second Great Awakening widened divide between classes Prosperous and richer denominations grew in the rich east, while Baptists

and Methodists grew more in the south The issue of Slavery also split many churches

Reform movements

- Cruelty, war, intoxication/drinking, discrimination, AND SLAVERY - Many were run by middle class women

o Surprisingly, many were ignorant towards the plight of factory workers- Factory workers and the poor had it rough; many didn’t have a dollar to their name- Insane people has it bad as well; asylums at the time treated them like beasts who

needed to be cleansedo Dorothea Dix marched miles to get information on these asylumso Her 1843 report made waves in the Massachusetts government

- Alcoholo American temperance society formed in 1826o Pushed for an end to drinkingo Motivated by men coming home drunk and beating their wiveso While some advocated for prohibition (tee-totaling at the time) moderates

advocated for temperanceo Neal S. Dow of Maine passed the Maine law of 1851, legislating prohibition for

the first time led to more bills passed in same vain, though many were repealed soon after for constitutionality concerns

- Women in revolto Women still had much fewer rights than men, but society started to liberalize

Many more women were not getting married Cult of Domesticity- same points as before

o Many women argued for temperance and slavery Lucretia Mott was a Quaker who did not stand for women not being

recognized at the anti-slavery convention in 1840 Elizabeth Stanton suggested Women’s suffrage years before it was a

movement Held women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls in 1840 Any man (smart or not) over 21 could vote while women cannot

Susan B Anthony became an advocate for the everyday progressive woman

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate medical school

The Grimke sisters fought slavery

National Literature and transcendentalism

- Many Americans lived off of British art and literature o Most American writings were in the form of political pamphlets and were meant

to serve a purposeo Gradually more creative literature became popularo Rode the wave of nationalismo Washington Irving, James Cooper, and William Bryant were all famous writers in

the early 1800s and were the some of the first to write stories and novels- Transcendentalism

o Resulted from liberalizing puritan ideology in the 1830so Derived from John Lockeo Truth is not given; it transcends the senses and cannot be found by observation

aloneo Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were best knowno Margaret Fuller and Walt Whitman were also famous transcendentalists

- Other famous writerso Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a popular poet and Harvard professoro John Greenleaf Whittier was a Quaker poet who wrote against slaveryo James Russell Lowell was also a port and diplomato Louisa May Alcott was a neighbor of Emerson and wrote books to support her

familyo Emily Dickinson was more of a recluse who seldom published any of her

thousands of poems- Literary dissenters

o Writers who, unlike others who believed in the kindness of human nature and human progress, focused on sin and regret

o Edgar Allen Poe Pessimistic tone

o Nathaniel Hawthorne Focus on sin

o Herman Melville Moby Dick

- American Historians also started to emerge- The Boston Area had many well stocked Libraries, allowing NE to be the hub of

literature for years to come

o Many books were against Slaveryo “History has been written by Boston” said one pro-southern historian, “and

largely written wrong”

NOTE: I changed the formatting a bit here. It irks me too but I’m too lazy to change the last 47 pages of notes. The next 100 are using the same formatting though, so you’ve got that to look forward to.

UNIT III

Chapter 16

- Cotton is kingo Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (1793) lead to the South becoming the global leader in

cotton production The North benefitted through trade with the outside world The British were weary that the South held a good amount of power

The South knew it too They recognized that if war ever broke out the north would be

economically dysfunctionalo The Planter Aristocracy

A few rich planters controlled the Southern economy Strengthened rich/poor gap Women gained a bit more power as they controlled the household

(complete with many maids and servants)o Slaves of the slave system

Cotton destroys the land, and southerners were weary of that Southerners hated making only one product and being dependent on the

north for nearly everything else (textiles, manufactured goods, etc.)- Social Hierarchy

o Really rich whites A lot of slaves, large plantations, controlling minority, King Cotton’s

greatest beneficiarieso Rich Whites

A few slaves, small plantationso Poor whites

Whites in the mainland No slaves, small properties Defended the slave system because they felt that they would one

day own some

Mountain whites Poor white farmers who lived far from slave/cotton territory Believed that the slavery war was a rich man’s battle and a poor

man’s fight Looked at the issue as a third party

o Blacks Free blacks

South had a few, but most were mulattos who were emancipated or part of the handful that brought their freedom

Southerners hated them and viewed them as an example of what slave free society might bring

Southern free blacks also risk being captured and sent back into slavery

North had a bit more than the south, but progressive movements there were stifled

Blacks could live there but were stripped of many basic rights Slaves, distant last

- Where international slave trade left off, national slave trade took overo Importing slaves was banned in 1808

Ships still have to patrol to stop illegal tradingo Internal trading is growing greater than ever

Slave owners view their slaves as property They don’t care if families are separated at auctions If they have a slave and a paid worker they make the paid worker

do dangerous work because if he dies the slave owner doesn’t lose his investment

While the South romanticized slaves and the slave trade, the reality was much more harsh

“breakers” were used to whip the slaves into submission “The Black Belt” was the home to most slaves While Marriage was looked down upon, slaves still held a bit

family life in plantations Relationships between slaves were tentative, they had time with

each other and it could be ended at any minute- Slaves rebelling against the system

o Slaves would mostly take part in nonviolent protests Civil disobedience Doing work as slow as possible, breaking machines, etc.

Stole from the master’s houseo There were violent rebellions

Nat Turner’s rebellion Slaughtered 60 Virginians Didn’t really accomplish much

Amistad Slaves on a Spanish slave ship rebelled, took over the ship, and

began to sail back to Africa They ended up in long island John Quincy Adams argued for their freedom

o Rebellions only made the whites want to suppress the blacks more so they don’t rebel

Punishments were becoming more harsh More and more liberties were stripped away

- Abolitionismo American Colonization Society

Founded 1817 Wanted to send Black people back to Africa Not exactly progressive, but a better alternative to Slavery Was a perfect of example of earlier abolition movements (pre-1830) Blacks didn’t necessarily want that after they’ve been “Americanized”

o Second Great Awakening led to many considering slavery a “sin that must be abolished”

Pamphlets and literature were made by anti-slavery preachers/writers Weld’s “American Slavery as it is” (1839) Harriet Beacher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852)

o Radical Abolitionism Radical Abolitionism spread by the 1830s and advocated for a complete

end to slavery, or total abolition William Lloyd Garrison’s “the Liberator”

William Lloyd Garrison as influenced by the Great Awakening Published his anti-slavery newspaper “The Liberator” Garrison was very self-righteous

o Wanted the North to secede from the South, which didn’t technically “end” Slavery

o Many preferred reformers like Douglass American Anti-Slavery Society

Wendell Phillips was one of the founders

Many founders rallied behind Garrison’s word Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the world

Advocated a violent end to White supremacy Fredrick Douglass

Escaped slavery in 1838 Published his narrative in 1845

- Southern response to Abolitionismo They were angered by many things

Numerous Anti-slavery movements in general Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 Nullification Crisis of 1832

o Apologist whites looked for justification Argued that slavery was justified by Christian values and by the teachings

of Aristotle Whites were bringing slaves from the barbaric jungle to good

Christian homes They said Christianity was emphasized by planters and helped

better the life of the Slave Also Argued that slaves were in a better position than the “wage slaves”

of the northo “Gag Resolution”

Passed in 1836, the Gag resolution forced all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled and ignored

John Quincy Adams fought vigorously to have it repealed 8 years latero Anti-Abolitionism

Southerners attacked post offices to burn abolitionist propaganda In response, the government of Washington, in 1835, ordered that

postmasters do it themselves- Anti-Abolitionism in the North

o While there was fervorous support for abolitionism in the north (especially leading into the 1830s and 1840s), there were many who were also against it

o The textile producers would lose money if slavery was abolished, since that’s there the cotton comes from

o Some acted violently to stop the Abolitionists from spreading their agendao In 1835, Garrison was held by the rope and dragged through the streets by an

angry mobo Eventually, by 1850, the North went whole hog for abolitionism and viewed the

south as an unfree and hateful institution

Chapter 17

Note: I blatantly *borrowed* these notes from Mr. Bartlett. You should thank him.

Territorial expansion dominated American diplomacy and politics in the 1840s.

Three major “hot spots” of US expansionist desires: Oregon country [jointly controlled by GB & US but filling up fast w/ US settlers, Texas [rebellious northern province of Mexico] and California [controlled by Mexico]

Democrats promote territorial expansion more aggressively than Whigs, but almost all Americans are “thinking big” about their country & its growth potential

Newspaper columnist John L. O’Sullivan coins the term “Manifest Destiny” in the 1840s; it means the sense among most US citizens that the country is divinely blessed and divinely commanded to spread out further and further across North America (& perhaps Central & South America, too), bringing democracy, freedom, free market prosperity, etc. Other peoples (Mexicans, Native Americans) should embrace this divine plan or get out of the way (or be pushed out of the way).

Slave owning US citizens who had been settling in Texas (northern Mexico) since the 1820s rebelled in 1836, declaring themselves the Lone Star Republic; they quickly asked to be admitted to the Union as the state of Texas, but Northerners fearful of more slave states blocked admission for several years. [Mexico said its northern province was in rebellion but was never an independent nation.]

Presidential election of 1844 (Democrat James Polk v. Whig Henry Clay) results in Polk’s victory, campaigning on a platform of acquiring TX, CA, and OR. The winners see this election result as a mandate for Manifest Destiny.

Even before Polk is inaugurated, the outgoing president manipulates Congress into admitting Texas to the Union in 1845. Northerners & free soilers in the new Liberty Party are suspicious of the Slave Power Conspiracy pushing for Texas’ admission. Mexico is outraged.

Eventually war breaks out b/w US & Mexico in 1846, mostly over the disputed status of Texas, and the US wins a quick & decisive military victory—final treaty ending the war is signed in 1848.

US public opinion is generally pro-war to start (except in New England), but the Wilmot Proviso turns it into a sectional controversy (w/ the South more pro-war and the North more anti-war)

Coupled with the 1846 Oregon Treaty w/ GB (splitting the Oregon Territory in half, w/ GB taking the northern part and the US taking the southern part), some Northerners see the Slave Power at work again, asking this question: “Why did the US settle for half of Oregon [most likely free soil] without a fight, but went to war w/ Mexico over Texas, CA, & everything in between [slave territory & potential slave territory]?”

- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoo After much trouble, the treaty was finally signed in 1848o America gains Texas and the Oregon territory, which included Oregon,

Washington, and Californiao Treaty passed through Congress

- The results of gaining the Mexican territoryo The US was MUCH largero Their military was seen as much more advanced, complete with advanced

technologies and intelligent generalso Countries South of the US looked at them with a watchful eye, even though the

Mexicans didn’t lose ALL their land and they were paid 18.25M$ for ito Land was originally fought after because the South wanted to expand Slavery,

and this notion, after coming to fruition, caused some heated arguments The Wilmot Proviso was entertained in Congress, which proposed that

Slavery be illegal in all lands gained in the Mexican session Many feel that the Mexican War and the new land gained by its victory is

one of the principle causes of the civil war

Chapter 18

- Popular Sovereigntyo 1848 democratic nominee General Lewis Cass stood in favor

o Stated that people in their respective states should vote on slavery separatelyo Many people liked it

Self determination Politicians didn’t have to make controversial motions

o Most proponents of PS were pro-slavery, since PS tended to expand it- The Election of 1848

o Taylor (whig) vs. Cass (Democrat)o Whigs tended to just go with the flow and not stand strongly on issueso Both Candidates had ties to slavery

Led to the creation of the free soil party Party was completely against slavery Attracted members on both a political and moral basis Appealed to the American worker, since slaves put him out of a

job Foreshadowed the creation of the republicans 6 years later

o Taylor won through his wartime popularity and rhetoric- Sectional Balance, Slavery, and all that mess

o The South had equality in the senate and controlled the supreme court and executive branch, but was on edge about slavery

The balance of slavery was about to be destroyed with new free states coming in

Anti-slavery measures are starting to become more prevalento Texans were butthurt over losing some of their land, were about to violently take

it back Foreshadows eventual violence

o Underground railroad Way to free the slaves and take them from North to South Harriet Tubman freed many slaves “Stationmasters” gave safehouses

o Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave act

Southerners were furious that the North was a safe haven Passed the fugitive slave act of 1850, stating that all slaves that

have escaped to the north must be returned to their masters Slaves also cannot testify in court The federal commissioner who handled fugitive slave cases would

be paid double if the slave was found guilty “slave power conspiracy”

Passed as a compromise to avoid southern states seceding John C. Calhoun, basically on his deathbed, fought for the south

entirely while Henry Clay pushed for this bill as a compromise Henry Seward was a northern abolitionist who pushed against

concessions on godly principle against slavery, championing a higher cause

Other things for the north: California is admitted as a free state Territory dispute between TX and NM goes to NM Abolition of slave TRADE

Other things for the south: Texas received $10M in compensation NM and Utah decide on slavery by popular sovereignty

Many southerners didn’t like the compromises, but in the end both sides tried to hide their hatred for one another

2nd era of good feelings from 1850-1860ish Like the first one it wasn’t that good of a feeling

North generally won out at the end of the compromise California being a free state gave free states more representation The money to Texas was very little The “bloodhound bill” (fugitive slave act) was a sore thumb to

northernerso Advanced abolitionist efforto Furthered hostility

- Fall of the Whigso After Taylor died and Fillmore replaced him, Franklin Peirce won the 1852

electiono The Whigs ran Winfield Scott, who while qualified, had an irritating personality

The Whigs were very split over slavery Southern Whigs didn’t support Scott Free soilers stole some votes from him He ultimately lost

o Signaled death of the Whig partyo Were taken over by the Grand Old Party (GOP, Republicans)

- Gadsden Purchaseo $10M of land south of NM territory to help run a railroad through the area

Was easier than going through the Rockies on already bought land No problems with Indians

- Kansas Nebraska Acto Stephen Douglass pushed in 1856o Split Nebraska territory into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska

Both would decide slavery vs. non-slavery through popular sovereignty Technically Missouri Compromise said that they can’t do that, but

Douglass shoehorned it in South really liked it Northerners called him a traitor Fueled Slave Power conspiracy

Chapter 19

- Books turn the tideo Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe Told the story of a slave, Uncle Tom Used powerful imagery to make a point Convinced many to not follow the fugitive slave act or enforce it Southerners despised it and anyone who stood by it One of the causes of the civil war

o The Impending Crisis of the South Hinton R. Helper Argued that poor whites are the ones worst affected by Slavery Southerners banned and burned the book Republicans used it as a political pamphlet

- Kansaso HORRIBLE implantation of popular sovereigntyo People were killing each other left and right

“mini” civil war started in 1856 It continued into the national civil war 5 years later

o Lecompton Constitution was passed People would vote on whether the constitution said “with slavery” or

“without slavery”. Even going against slavery allowed residents who currently had slaves to

keep them Free soilers hated it; boycotted polls Got passed

o Brooks and his cane Charles Sumner of MA took a steaming shit on Kansas in his speech

He said the pro-slavery people there are savages Preston Brooks didn’t like that, so he hit him repeatedly with his cane Southern sympathizers sent him more canes Only went to show how embroiled the north v. south conflicts are

- Election of 1856o Buchanan (democrat) won against Fillmore (American) and Fremont (republican)o The 1860 election was going to be much more interesting

- Dred Scott Decisiono Dred Scott lived for a long time a free man, and sued because he shouldn’t be a

slaveo The Supreme Court decided that he was a slave, and therefore couldn’t sueo Chief Justice Robert B. Taney wanted to go farther

He stated that a man has rights to his property (slaves) no matter where he went

Cited 5th amendment, saying that the government cannot take a man’s property without due process of law.

o Republicans did their best to defy the ruling; Southerners were ANGRY- Panic of 1857

o The Gold bubble from the 1849 California gold rush popped, and the Crimean war (53-56) was expensive. The war artificially increased the demand for products, and when the artificial demand ceased to exist businesses crashed.

o The North (grain growers) suffered more than the south (cotton) Emphasized “cotton is king” Drove Southerners into a deeper war frenzy

o The Homestead act was going to make western land really cheap to fix the economy

Vetoed by Buchanan Southerners hated it because it encouraged “gang labor slavery”, and

northern businessmen hated it because their workers would have a better solution.

o Tariff of 1857 Duties were reduced to 20% Republicans used Tariff as scapegoat Made it a hot topic in the election of 1860

- Lincoln vs. Steven Douglasso The Lincoln-Douglass debates (for the senate seat)

Freeport Illinois was a famous one, led to Douglass’s Freeport doctrine

Lincoln asked, “If a state votes slavery down, according to the Dred Scott decision, would they be allowed to?”

Douglass stated that no matter what the court said the states have the final say

o Lincoln LOST to Douglass for the senate seat- John Brown

o Ran a riotous revolution for freeing the slaveso It failed miserably, though he went down as a martyro “This is a beautiful country” were his last wordso Southerners were furious at him, northerners were furious that he was executedo While he failed at much in life, he was successful at being a martyr

- Democrats not doing wello Douglass was the forerunner for the democratic party

Southerners were split over him because of his Freemont doctrine and his move on the Lecompton resolution

His platform stood for popular sovereigntyo Some members pushed for John Breckinridge

Pushed for expansion of slavery and annexing Cubao Constitutional Union Party formed

Middle of the road group Full of old Know-nothings and Whigs Nominated John Bell

o Republicans want to take advantage of party splintering Many liked their policies Southerners felt that picking Lincoln the “rail splitter” would split the

union- Election of 1860 leads to succession

o Lincoln sweeps fragmented democratso South Carolina stated that it would leave the union if Lincoln is elected

They actually did Other southern states soon followed

o The Confederate States of America is formed Jefferson Davis elected president Buchanan (Lincoln wasn’t president yet) didn’t do much to stop them

o Crittenden Amendments were meant to issue compromise Prohibits slavery north of the old Missouri Compromise Any territories, new or old, south of the line can have slavery

Northern territories can enter the Union with slaves or without; states cannot have slaves

Lincoln rejected it on a matter of principle

Chapter 20

- Lincoln, in his inaugural address, claimed that no conflict can arise unless the south provokes it

o Secession had its challenges Organizing who gets what (debt, land, treasury, military, etc.) The west? Fugitive slaves

- War beginso Fort Sumter

South Carolina, the first state to secede, held on to Fort Sumter Lincoln, who wanted to give them food supplies, sent a garrison that was

taken as a threat by the South Carolinians Battle soon erupted, with the Southerners winning Pissed off the North, who wanted the Union to be strong and started to

hate the south even moreo Lincoln’s call to arms

Calls for 75k minute men He said he only needed them for a few months Gross miscalculation

War is officially declared on the confederacyo The win at Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call to arms lead to some more southern

states breaking off TN, VA, and AK They almost reluctantly joined; they just didn’t want to fight their

southern brotherso What to do with Border States?

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (later) Lincoln did anything he can to make sure these states stay part of the

Union They provide buffer for the main North States Some control important channels for the confederacy (like

Kentucky)

Lincoln could not publically say that he was fighting to free the blacks, since some border states owned slaves, so he argued for keeping the union whole

o The Native Americans Most large tribes sided with the confederacy, since many of them had

slaves The confederacy promised them benefits upon winning the war

One rebel Cherokee branch sided with the Union, but were not paid back after the war and were actually forced to make concessions

o Southern advantages and disadvantages in the early stages of the war They didn’t have to “win” to win

They were defending their lands, so all they had to do was keep the Union out; they win in a stalemate

Union soldiers had to penetrate enemy lines and drag them out into surrender

Southerners had to fight for their way of life High morale coming into the war

Though they didn’t have factories to make mechanized goods, they stole from the Union’s supplies

Eventually, though, this didn’t work very well and the Southern troops lacked many basic supplies

North had control of the sea with their superior navy Due to their focus on trading, they have a lot of boats

North had more people and weapons They could manufacture large quantities of weapons that the

south could not They also had more manpower, outnumbered the seceding states

in population 22M:9M Northerners weren’t very prepared for war

Many were shopkeepers or factory workers thrown into the battlefield

The Northerners lacked as many great generals as the south did- King Cotton’s downfall

o Foreign intervention was a key asset to both parties British people did not want the government to intervene on behalf of the

south Many read Uncle Tom’s Cabin and hated fighting for slavery Many also were OK with dealing with the inevitable cotton famine

Many Americans sent over food to the British when it hit Union soldiers captured cotton supplies from the south and sent

them to Britaino King Wheat and King Corn proved to be more important

The north produced these very efficiently with huge reavers and plows Food > textiles come wartime

- Diplomacyo The Trent Affair

Union ships stopped a British mail streamer and removed two confederate diplomats bound to Europe

British were outraged and prepped for war, unless return of the prisoners and an apology was given

Slow communication gave both parties some time to cool down Lincoln still reluctantly released them

o The Alabama Used a loophole to traffic British arms and was led by confederate armies British tried their best to stop this type of thing from happening but

Northerners still disliked Britain for ito Dominion of Canada

Canada (a British territory) was targeted by Northerners Many Northerners were in a mood for war They were enraged after the Alabama scandal

The Canadians didn’t like the north either The British Parliament established “the dominion of Canada” in 1867 to

bolster Canadian morale politically and spirituallyo The French

The French took the New Mexico territory in the heat of war They believed that the union would lose and the US would be too weak

to enforce the Monroe doctrine They were wrong; post war Secretary of State Seward stormed to get the

land back The French just ceded it

- Davis Vs. Lincolno Confederacy had a weak constitution

It was centered on giving states a lot of power, but then the confederacy itself had no power

o Lincoln was generally liked as president, while Davis, in typical pro state fashion, was hated by congress

- Lincoln limits wartime libertieso Lincoln believed that small infractions to the constitution (which he swore to

protect) or OK if it means saving the Union Included supervised voting, which is essentially intimidating voters Suspends Habeas Corpus Suspends free speech/free press

o Davis couldn’t get away with such measureso Draft

Many hated the draft You were forced to fight You could get out of it for $300 (a good amount of money that

only the rich could afford to spend) Similar feelings in the South

o Many felt that they were fighting for the rich slaveholders while they didn’t fight themselves (if you own 20+ slaves you were exempt)

New York Draft riots 1863 Some lives were lost, but the riot was meant to send a message “Down with Lincoln!” “Down with the draft!”

- Economic stresses of waro North

Taxes were raised Income tax was enacted Money was printed without backing (greenbacks)

Increased inflation but gave the government some much needed capital

Led to creation of banking systemo Banks that join the system can use paper moneyo Some banks didn’t and issued “rag money” which quickly

depreciatedo Similar to the banking system killed by Andrew Jackson in

1831o Replaced by Federal reserve in 1913

Sold bonds to make $2.61B The economy did very well, factories sprouted up to help with wartime

demand Gave them an edge over the south

Many shopkeepers sold shoddy products to make more money “profits over Patriotism”

Homestead act of 1862 helped push pioneers out west Women took many jobs in the factories (Recurring war theme) U.S. Sanitary commission

Assisted Union Armies Elizabeth Blackwell

o South Morrill Tariff Act suspended the low tariffs passed in 1857 Only sold enough bonds to make $400M They started to print money, but it wasn’t back and it went overboard

Over 9000% inflation Not a DBZ reference, this actually happened

Chapter 21

- Emancipation Proclamation (?)o 1863o All slaves in the confederacy were now emancipated

In 1863 the war was still going on; he couldn’t actually do thiso DID NOT APPLY TO BORDER STATES

He had the power to remove slavery from here, but he promised them that he won’t

o The intended effect of the Emancipation Proclamation only came to fruition after the 13th amendment was passed in 1865

o Mixed feelings Many Abolitionists agreed with it, but some felt it didn’t go far enough

since it actually did nothing Many others claimed that the war wasn’t about slavery and the

proclamation is turning the war into a slavery vs. non slavery issue when it should just be N v. S

- The battles rage ono Lincoln wanted to enlist blacks in the army

Gives blacks a job post-slavery Black people have a passion to win, so that slavery could be abolished Lincoln could use all the help he can get The Confederacy relied on slave labor, but only enlisted blacks when it

was far too late- Bad Union Generals

o Lincoln replaces GOA McCellan with A.E. Burnside Burnside was clearly unfit for the task He lead an attack on Lee’s strong point at Fredericksburg and got

decimated “Burnside’s slaughter pen” Over 10,000 Union soldiers died

o Command was given to Joseph Hooker Lee pulled some Military genius and flanked Hooker’s troops It worked very well but one of Lee’s top generals died (Stonewall Jackson)

o Command was given to George G. Meade Battle of Gettysburg Union won! Lincoln came back months later to deliver the Gettysburg Address

o Command eventually given to Ulysses S. Grant “victor at Vicksburg” Won many more battles throughout 1863 Lead the way to let William Sherman capture Georgia Lead the Wilderness Campaign, where many soldiers were lead to their

deaths for victory Lowered public opinion of grant Cold Harbor

o William Sherman A very brutal general who stormed the Georgian countryside Burned Atlanta to the Ground His tactics were some of the first to be described as “total war” (no holds

barred) His Army steamrolled through Georgia, SC, and even went deep into NC

- Politicso Many felt that Lincolns power in war was going unchecked

Many felt that his commitment to abolition was too strong/not strong enough

Congressional committee on the conduct of war Radical Republican committee Disliked expansion of presidential power

o Democratic party Lingering connection to secessionists After the death of Stephen Douglass, the party started to split War Democrats

Patriotically supported Lincoln For war Against slavery

Peaceful Democrats Against war Pro-slavery Extremist faction called “copperheads”

o William L. Vallandigham was an exampleo Lincoln considered him a confederate sympathizer and

banished him to the confederacyo Election of 1864

Lincoln needed to retain Republican support The Republicans joined the War Democrats to form the Union

party Lincoln was nominated by the Union Party, and Andrew Johnson,

a war democrat was nominated as the VP to show that the parties were bridging the gap

Lincoln won by using influence from both parties- Appomattox Courthouse

o Robert E. Lee was forced to Surrender in April 1865o Attitude towards the south didn’t change much; Northerners still disliked themo Lincoln walked through the streets and slaves came rushing to him to thank

“father Abraham”- Lincoln Assassination

o In Ford’s theater, days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth

o His death greater bolstered his public opinion People forgot his shortcomings and only cared about his huge

accomplishments People in the South and Northern Copperheads cheered, but eventually

some southerners realized what good Lincoln has done- After effects

o Many contentious issues were laid to rest Secession Nullification

o There was still a bitter relationship between N and So Reform Bill of 1867 was passed in Britain to make it a true democracyo While Slavery was over, segregation was just beginning

Chapter 22

- What to do after peace?o War leaders?

In chains mostly Some eventually pardoned

o Economic life Southern economy was in shambles No transportation system Cotton system collapsed

War No more workforce (slaves) Rich cotton plantation owners were reduced to a modest living

o Slaves While Slaves were emancipated, Slave owners wouldn’t go down without

a fight Threatened slaves Recaptured them Tried to battle it off legally

Slaves eventually were emancipated and given freedom Slaves began to learn how to read and write Some facilities were provided to them Freedman’s Bureau

o Tasked with helping blacks and poor whiteso Taught 200k blacks how to reado Blacks were thrilled to learn so they can be on the same

playing field as white and to learn the writings of godo Whites thought it destroyed white supremacyo It was killed in 1872

Many Slaves went north or went out west to escape the cotton belt Slaves started to join churches

o Johnson’s presidency Democrat, forced into office by Lincoln’s assassination Came from humble beginnings

- Politics surrounding reconstructiono Lincoln’s 10% reconstruction plan

States would be re-integrated into the union if 10% pledged to stay with the Union and pledged to respect emancipation

They would then have a reconstructed state government and slowly but surely admitted back in to the union

o Wade-Davis Bill Required 50%, not 10% Stronger safeguards Congress shoehorned it but Lincoln vetoed it

o After Lincoln’s assassination, Johnson slightly changed Lincoln’s proposal Disenfranchised some stronger confederates Said that if confederate states ratify the 13th amendment, revoke

secession formally and repudiate debts they would be back in the Union Kept much of Lincoln’s 10% plan

o Black codes Many Southern states passed laws to keep blacks down and “rise king

cotton from the dead” Passed laws that essentially kept black people back in chains

Systems of indentured servitude In Massachusetts a government can fine a black man and put him

back to work Black people were given rights, but many were still taken away

Can’t serve on juries Can’t vote In some places, they couldn’t rent/lease land

Northerners hated them because they felt that the war was for naughto Congress had rebels and Yankees

Northern congressman were infuriated that confederate war generals/politicians had power in the United States

When they were to themselves they passed very North Biased regulations

o Homestead acto Pacific Railroad acto Morrill Tariff

They locked the Southern representatives out the first day Southerners suddenly had more representation

Slaves count as a full person now Increased representation in Congress and Electoral college

Civil Rights Bill Republicans passed legislation to give blacks American citizenship

and to make cuts at the black codes

Passed through Johnson veto Fourteenth Amendment

Sweeping reformso Gave civil rights to freedmeno Reduced proportionality representation in electoral

college and congresso Disqualified confederates from holding public officeo Guaranteed federal debt while repudiating confederate

debt States can only enter the union if they ratify this one too

o Johnson suggested no one dido Every southern state but Tennessee rejected it

o Congressional vote of 1866 Johnson was not liked

Known for being lenient towards south Also known for being loud-mouthed and was accused of being

drunk during a speech Republicans dominated with 2/3rd majority in both houses

Republican control was assumed Radicals began to take power

o Charles Sumnero Thaddeus Stevens

Some moderate republicans took the time to focus on states’ rights

All republicans wanted to enfranchise black voterso Reconstruction act of 1867

Split the south into 5 military district Each district was controlled by a union general Policed by blue clad soldiers Temporarily disenfranchised thousands of confederates Made all states gives blacks the vote

Still no education Still not land stipends

By 1877 federal muskets were removed from the southern states White “redeemers” took back their home representation Mostly democrats

o Corruption in government

“Carpetbaggers” swindled a lot of money through the government for personal greed

Similar to political machines, like Boss Tweed in New York- The vote

o 15th amendment Guaranteed black’s right to vote No women yet though

Women’s rights advocates temporarily suspended their cause to work for black suffrage

Woman’s loyal league raised 400k signatures to push for prohibition of slavery

Stanton and Anthony fought to get sex-discrimination removed from the 14th/15th amendment, but to no avail

50+ more years until women can voteo Union League

With the right to vote bestowed upon them, blacks moved into politics Union League was formed as a pro-union organization based in the north Educated blacks and were pro-republican

o Blacks in politics Black men started to participate in political conventions Even Black women had minor participation Between 1868 and 1876 two black senators served in DC White senators, some of whom owned slaves, called any white allies of

the freedmen in congress “scalawags” and “carpetbaggers”o KKK

Southern Whites were deeply embittered by new changes Formed the “invisible empire of the south” or the Ku Klux Klan Mainly terrorized blacks moving up in life and intimidated them from

voting Force Acts were pushed through congress in 1870, but KKK did their work

already White resistance on the whole undermined black political empowerment

- Johnson and his (not) impeachmento Tenure of Office act

Johnson had to get consent of the senate to remove his cabinet members if they were already approved by the senate

Passed through Johnson’s veto

Edwin Stanton served Johnson begrudgingly as secretary of war, but was secretly informing and helping the radicals

Johnson fired him Tenure of Office act was set to prevent that

o Congress cited high crimes (most of which didn’t really happen) to start the impeachment process

Congress handily passed impeachmento Benjamin Wade would take over, but he (while republican) wasn’t very liked

Johnson hinted that he would pass all republican legislation were he to stay in office

o Johnson just managed to stay in office and avoid impeachment- Alaska purchase

o Russians were selling Alaskao In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward bought the land for $7.2M

He wanted to expand Many thought it wasn’t worth that “Seward’s folly”, or “Seward’s Icebox”

o Why did the government sanction this? Russians were friendly to the north during the civil war Area was rumored to be teeming with resources (in the later years it was

discovered that Alaska is FILLED with oil)

UNIT IV

Chapter 23

Note: I blatantly *borrowed* these notes from Mr. Bartlett too. Further thanking is in order.

After the soaring ideals and tremendous sacrifices of the Civil War, the post–Civil War era was generally one of disillusionment. Politicians from the White House to the courthouse were often surrounded by corruption and scandal, while the actual problems afflicting industrializing America festered beneath the surface. The popular war hero Grant was a poor politician and his administration was rife with corruption. Despite occasional futile reform efforts, politics in the Gilded Age was monopolized by the two patronage-fattened parties, which competed vigorously for spoils while essentially agreeing on most national policies. Cultural differences, different constituencies, and deeply felt local issues fueled intense party competition and unprecedented voter participation.

Periodic complaints by “Mugwump” reformers and “soft-money” advocates failed to make much of a dent on politics. The deadlocked contested 1876 election led to the sectional

Compromise of 1877, which put an end to Reconstruction. An oppressive system of tenant farming and racial supremacy and segregation was thereafter fastened on the South, enforced by sometimes lethal violence. Racial prejudice against Chinese immigrants was also linked with labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s.

Garfield’s assassination by a disappointed office seeker spurred the beginnings of civil-service reform, which made politics more dependent on big business. Cleveland, the first Democratic president since the Civil War, made a lower tariff the first real issue in national politics for some time. But his mild reform efforts were eclipsed by a major economic depression that began in 1893, a crisis that deepened the growing outcry from suffering farmers and workers against a government and economic system that seemed biased toward big business and the wealthy.

Chapter 24

- Railroads come to existo Railroads began to take shape in the late 19th centuryo Railroad companies were given large amounts of western land to expand onto by

the government Cleveland really stepped up the land giving Some didn’t like it because rich companies got stuff for free Acted as a subsidy to spur growth in the transportation industry Railroads increased value of land

o In 1862 Congress began to fund the first transcontinental railroad During the civil war “union” pacific railroad Omaha Nebraska west Money was mostly given in the form of very generous loans

o The building began Mostly Irish “paddles” working on the railroad Indian attacks were pretty common and many died Most lived in tent homes that moved along the railroad as it was

completedo Different companies took control

Rail laying from California was run by the Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad started in Nebraska The two companies met and the trains “kissed” near Utah in 1869 Over time some companies fluctuated in terms of economic

status/sustainability

o Prevailing attitudes? Some expected too much and were angered when it wouldn’t meet their

expectations Safety

Many felt that railroad cars were extremely unsafe They were pretty right Kerosene lamps in wooden chambers, bad engines, and so on New technology (Westinghouse air brake, safer cabins, etc.)

helped alleviate the concerno Effects

Great economic boom Cities grew Greater immigration More settlers out west A lot of land was destroyed by the railroad barging its way through Many made millions off of the new industry

- Corruption and moneyo Investors would make millions essentially overnight off railroadso Corruption became rampant

Investors became greedy and wanted as much money as possible Watered down stocks by grossly overestimating values and profiting on

the dividendo Rich didn’t care about the public and only wanted more moneyo Monopolization

Few controlled the entire industry Disliked competition and realized that working together yields more

profito Stocks

Stocks were made to split up the company between many Lessens risk

o Americans were slow in demanding change Many liked free enterprise 1870s had a depression Government was forced to step in

Wabash St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinoiso 1886o Individual states cannot regulate interstate commerceo Increase in federal power

Interstate Commerce Acto 1887o Busted “pools” and monopolies (sort of) o Required railroads to openly publish rateso Setup Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)o First of many government institutions that regulate

businesso Allowed for conflicts between businesses to be resolved

peacefully- Mechanization

o There came to be a growing elite Greater wealth Greater wealth gap

o Steel manufacturing Iron alloy with greater strength/rigidity Helped manufacture tools/machinery The Bessemer process was a new way of making steel that made it

extremely cheap and cost effective to produce Carnegie was the largest steel manufacturer

Made millions (a lot in his time)o Investors came from all around the world

Europeans mostly Foreign capitalists wanted a piece of American markets

o Patents A great number of patents were issued for new inventions Showed emergence of IP Inventions like telephones and the lightbulb drastically changed the life of

many Thomas Edison was a notable inventor with hundreds of patents

(lightbulb guy) Lightbulbs made working hours longer as factories can be safely lit

- Controlling the marketo Vertical Integration

Carnegie Having a foot in all industries related to the principle industry Company owns the mine, the refinery, and the distribution Centralized profit and cut needless losses/middlemen

o Horizontal Integration

Rockefeller Creating trusts between competitors Rather than work against each other, they work with each other to make

more money Rockefeller’s “Standard Oil Company” had a foothold in every other oil

company Weaker competitors who weren’t part of the trust were outsold

o Interlocking directorates J.P. Morgan Took advantage of the depression in the 1890s Put his own people in the board of directors in every competing bank Gave him some control over their operations

- The big guyso Carnegie

Controlled the steel industry Produced 1/4th of the nation’s steel Used the Bessemer process Made over $40M with $25M of which turning into salary Spent the later years of his life giving his wealth back to society Helped found the Carnegie institute Donated over $350M

o JP Morgan His bank still exists Symbol of capitalism Colluded with Carnegie for mutual benefit

o Rockefeller Oil Capitalized on a new industry

Kerosene lamps were booming When Edison invented the lightbulb, Rockefeller was losing

demand Rockefeller improvised: he used the highly explosive residue of

kerosene production to make gasoline and powered cars with it By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the US Played dirty

Getting spies Forcing special rebates from the railroads

- Social Darwinism

o Social Darwinists believed in “survival of the fittest” Rich are “more fit” than the poor and therefore have withstood the test

of time Self-justification for greed by the rich

o Prevailing attitude of the rich/middle classo Served as a roadblock to social reform

Many felt like the poor could not be helped They would always be poor because they can’t not be weak

- Sherman Anti-trust acto Meant to regulate trusts and to prevent them from exploiting the peopleo Only served to do nothing (had no real enforceable power)o Ended up curbing labor unions (pseudo counterproductive)o Law remained ineffective until 1914 when new provisions were passed

- Southo Reconstruction era is slowly endingo Poor whites and blacks tended to be the labor force

Tobacco was pushed into machines to make cigarettes, increasing need for raw product

James Buchanan Duke made cigarettes and a lot of money off of themo Southern industrialization

Standard industrialization (factories, etc.) did not fare well in the south Railroad system stagnated the south and kept them as a resource hub South had a push to centralize cotton manufacturing in solely the south

South still detested the north Northern capitalists made cotton mills in the south due to quicker

exchange of materials and lower taxes Rural southerners (poor ones) were considered hillbillies

Worked on the rich man’s land Were paid in “store credits”, not cash Forced them to stay on the land

- Impact of the Industrial erao Many had MORE money

Poor had slightly better living conditions Middle class formed/grew significantly Rich became richer

o Most worked on a clock Instead of dawn dusk, factories worked by the hour Changed social dynamic

o Women Women gained some independence Went to work (less manual labor was necessary) Greater social opportunities Careers led to delayed marriages and smaller families

o Workers’ rights Workers worked very hard in factories for measly pay Employers and businesses had judges in their pockets Led to inequality Labor unions/revolts were stifled by government Had a serf like system with company towns

Company owned everything in the town the workers lived in Monopolized EVERYTHING

Companies “black-listed” troublemakers to prevent them getting hired Labor Unions

National Labor Uniono 1866o 600k memberso Designed to unite workers across the nationo Disregarded Chinese and tolerated women and blacks, but

blacks had the colored national labor uniono Effected greatly by the 1870s depression

Knights of laboro Rose from the ashes of the NLUo Began in 1869 as a secret society but outed itself by 1881o Campaigned for economic and social reformo Terence V. Powderly led strike against Jay Gould’s Wabash

Railroad in 1885o 3M workers part of it at height

Downfallo Knights of labor failed half of the “may day” strikes of 1886o Haymarket square

Protest against Chicago police Suddenly dynamite was thrown and a dozen

people were injured 8 anarchists were caught KoL were for some reason linked to them Destroyed their reputation

American Federation of Laboro 1886o Brainchild of Samuel Gomperso Controlled multiple self-governing unions under one roof

(federation meaning)o Disliked socialism AND capitalism’s current

implementationo Gompers wanted more to go to the workerso Organized a “closed shop policy”

Walkouts Boycotts

o Weathered financial panics well: 500K membership by 1900

Over 23k strikes between 1881-1900 Labor unions helped create labor day

o Act of congress in 1894o Celebrated the working man

Chapter 25

- Urban Lifeo Larger cities

Sky scrapers Modern means of transportation

Railroads Helped with people in larger cities getting where they needed to

go Subway was built Still relegated by race and social class Poor sanitation

Filth and animals crowded the street Plumbing was a joke

o Large department stores formed that gave a shopping space for the upper middle class and employment for the poor

o Large apartment houses came about Fit many people VERY unsanitary Showed firsthand how bad over population was Slums and “Dumbbell tenement”

Lung block in NY and Flophouses- Immigration

o Most immigrants USED to come from Germany and Irelando 800k Chinese immigrants came along but were faced with hate

Took jobs at lower pay Whites felt under cut Nativist movements

o “New immigrants” came in the 1880s Jews Italians, Croats, Greeks, Slovaks, and Poles Came fleeing despotic rulers and never lived in a democratic system Many were illiterate and impoverished Old immigrants (1840s-50s) disliked new ones Melting pot or dumping ground

o Why did they come? Europe was overpopulated too United States was painted as a land of opportunity where the poor can

make it big (mostly rumors/hogwash) Running away from oppressive religious persecution (where did we see

that before?) and mandatory military involvement Many wanted to stay here for a bit, make their fortune then head back

home to their familyo Persecution of minorities

Russians targeted Jews Government did virtually nothing to help immigrants

Local governments, run by rural representatives were worse Proved unable to deal with such rapid growth Governments were run by corrupt “bosses” who promised favors

to those who voted for themo Abused immigrant vote this way, though it did help them

get public facilities in their neighborhoods Nativism

Against foreignerso High birthrate and low standard of living made the new

immigrants loathed by otherso Old-immigrants/natives felt that they were a burden on

societyo Blamed immigrants on corrupted local government

o Hated them for their willingness to work on “starving wages”

Anti-foreign organizations came abouto Like the “know nothings” of the pasto American Protective Association

1887 1M+ members Urged voting against Roman Catholic

representatives o Unions

Language barrier made it hard to work with them The unions disliked them because their strikes did

nothing; the boss can fire everyone and hire a bunch of dirt cheap immigrants

Restrictive lawso Past from 1882 onwardo Made it harder to enter the countryo 1882- Chinese exclusion act

First ever act of its kindo 1885- prevented the importation of foreign workerso 1886- Statue of Liberty from France

Ironic- Protestant ministers apply church doctrine to everyday life

o Social Gospel Church deals with social issues

o Settlement houses Jane Addams was a rich white woman who did a lot of charitable

volunteer work and established the hull house, the most prominent American settlement house

Other woman followed in her steps to make more settlement houses Protected woman/child rights and were centers of activism

Pushed against child labor and protected women workerso Women

Women got more opportunities to work Usually only single women worked Laws were put in place to regulate women working

o Churches confront the urban challenge Gospel of Wealth

Churches tried to tackle wealth inequality head on Liberal protestants

1875-1925 Pushed against taking bible literally Revived social gospel movement Helped reconcile Religion and modern thinking

o Church of Christ, Scientist Christian Science Founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879 after she claimed that god helped

heal her The start of every snake oil remedy ever Church had several hundred thousand members but her death in 1910

o YMCA/YWCA formed to educate young men and womeno Darwin

Pushed evolution Many held creationist point of view, but by 1875 most scientists were on

board Religious folks were split

Conservatives claimed evolution was hogwash Others said bible shouldn’t be taken literally (liberal Protestantism

anyone?) As science became more explanatory, faith in religion dropped

- The Lust for Learning

o Towards the end of the Civil War, a greater emphasis was placed on providing an education to the nation’s youth. Before the Civil War, there were private academies, but the concept of a high school, as well as a grade school, education being a birthright to every American citizen really began to manifest in the post-Civil War era. The number of public high schools increased from only a few hundred to over six thousand. Taxes were being used to pay for free textbooks for students in these school systems, and many schools were created to train teachers (these were known as “normal schools”). Kindergartens, a type of schooling designed for young children that was originally adopted from Germany, gained strong support.

o The surge of immigration in the 1880s and 1890s further fueled the interest in public schools, especially in private Catholic parochial schools. These schools,

designed to educate future priests, became a major pillar of the nation’s educational structure.

o Public Schools did have their faults. For example, they usually excluded adults who lacked an education. However, the Chautauqua movement, a movement designed to increase the literacy and the education of adults, partially remedied this failure in the education system. The organizers held lectures nationwide to help educate the adult populace, and partially due to their efforts, the illiteracy rate was nearly cut in half (20 percent to 10.7 percent) from 1870 to 1900. This drastic drop in literacy rate was also caused by the success of the public school system in large cities. Though normally known for their overpopulation and lack of sanitation, large cities in the industrial era had surprisingly effective school districts.

- Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People

o Though there was a push for public education, the South lagged far behind. Negatively affected by the war and stuck in a seemingly endless state of poverty, the south lacked an education system that was as effective as the North’s, and its citizens, especially non-whites, paid the price. The non-white illiteracy rate was 44% in 1900, 4 times that of the national average. Some help came from the North, but Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave, was the foremost champion of black education. In his autobiography which he published in 1900, “Up from Slavery”, he retells his struggle to obtain an education, and spent his entire life making education more accessible to African Americans. While not pushing for social reforms to truly end inequality (a trait which labeled him as accomodationist by many) he still pushed to give black people a better chance in life.

o Washington’s commitment to teaching the young black community guided the curriculum of the Tuskegee institute. The institution taught young black people some of the essential skills needed in life, and hired black professors to teach them. One notable professor was George Washington Carver, an agricultural chemist who devised new ways to harness the power of the peanut, sweet potato, and the soybean.

o Other black leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois took a more radical approach to achieving equality, demanding complete social and economic freedom for blacks. He was one of the few who marked Booker T. Washington as an accomodationist, citing him as an “uncle Tom” who was condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Du Bois helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, and it remains as one of the most active organizations dedicated to achieving racial equality even today. A scholar, graduating with a Ph.D from Harvard (the first of his race to do so), Du Bois was also an accomplished historian, sociologist, and poet. He died at the age of 95 during his self-exile to Africa in 1963, leaving behind a historical legacy.

- The Hallowed Halls of Ivyo University education was becoming more open to all

Co-ed schools and schools for African Americans came about Morill Act of 1862 gave federal land grants to aid with building

educational institutions “land grant colleges” Hatch Act of 1887 extended funds

o Rich donated to educational institutions Carnegie and Rockefeller dumped their millions into the education

system Many other money barons gave $150M+ Multiple private schools were founded from this money

Cornell Stanford UChicago Johns Hopkins

- Mind and scholarly reformo Colleges shifted from general studies to specialization

Students began to select courses best suited to their needs Colleges either distanced themselves from religious connections or

embraced them fullyo Snake oil remedies began to hold less weight as people became more educatedo Pragmatism, or recognizing that an idea must be tested and tried and true to be

correct, was the prevailing attitude in this erao Books and the press

Public libraries became better Carnegie donated $60M+ to funding libraries

“poor man’s university” Media sensationalism became a thing

Propaganda type art and what we would call “clickbait” in our time became more prevalent

“yellow journalism” Reformers in journalism

Edwin L. Godkin pushed for civil service reform and honesty in government

Henry George was an idealist who pushed for a 100% tax on profit to end poverty (very few actually liked it)

Edward Bellamy published “looking backward”, where a man falls asleep and wakes up in the year 2000, looking back on the effects of the world from 1878 onwards

- Morality, sexuality, and marriageo Victoria Woodhull pushed for “free love” and a more open discourse about

sexuality in 1871o Anthony Comstock was the exact opposite

Believed this was all obscene Confiscated pictures and abortion pills One of his biggest accomplishments is driving 15 people to suicide (ew)

o Urban centers cause divorce Long working hours and bad lifestyles strained families Wives no longer dependent on husbands; can work themselves Divorce rate was way up

o Charlotte Perkins Gilman Feminist visionary Published “women in economics” in 1898 Argues for centralized efforts to give women jobs (huge

kitchens/nurseries for women to work together)o National American Women Suffrage Association and other pro-suffrage

movements NAWSA Elizabeth Caty Stanton head the association By 1900 Carrie Chapman Catt helped the suffrage cause Wyoming was the first to allow women to vote in 1869, but it wasn’t until

1920 that an amendment was passed Black women felt that their issues were often left out of these

organizations and founded their own

o Alcohol Women didn’t like husbands coming home drunk National Prohibition party was organized in 1869 to pressure politicians Women’s Christian temperance Union (WCTU) formed in 1874

Championed purity Anti-Saloon league formed in 1893 Prohibition Amendment passed in 1919

o Other social reforms American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) (1866) Red Cross (1881)

o Art movements City Beautiful movement

Wanted to clean up the city and make it look beautiful, emphasizing order and monumentality.

Daniel Burnhamo World’s Columbian exposition 1893

Amusement ventures While many spent their many hours working, the entertainment

industry hit its stride Wild West shows, baseball, eventually football, and croquet

gained popularity by the turn of the century- Realism, Naturalism, and Regionalism in literature

o Realism sought to depict life like it truly was, void of embellishmentso Naturalism sought to understand the background and heredity of a subjecto Regionalism sought to understand the characteristics of a specific region

Chapter 26

- Native Americanso As Americans pushed west, Native Americans were becoming increasingly

subjugated Buffalo were hunted caused shortage

Slain for hides and for tongues/meat Lead to endangerment of the buffalo Native American’s chief resource

Native Americans were being pushed out of their land by settlers/railroads

o Reservation system Giving the Indians specific portions of land to call their own

Essentially colonies Indians were separated from their ancestral lands Indians became corrupt to get more government resources

o US v. NA Aggressive whites would anger peaceful Indians Indians were outraged by treatment by the whites Many battles had no mercy (mutilated corpses, innocent women/children

killed) General Chivington’s massacre (US NA) (1864) Fetterman massacre (NA US) (1866)

Battle of Little Bighorn Indian Triumph in the plains war One of the few

The US won out in the end, their goal was to pacify the Indians and keep them from fighting

Fed wanted to back up their land claims with force Wanted to have a safe and stable path for locomotives “taming” the Indians was a good way of insuring that

o The End of the Trail Debate over what to do with the Native Americans

Humanitarians called for kindness and peaceful integration Hard liners called for forced containment and brutal punishment

Christian reformers forced Indians to follow their ideologies The military outlawed the “sun dance” The ghost dance took over, but it was stamped out in 1890 at the

battle of wounded kneeo Over 200 hundred Indians were slain by American forces

Dawes Severalty Act Tribes no longer “own” land They are placed on 160 acre reservations (each going to a family

head) If they behaved like “good white settlers” they would gain title to

their holdings + citizenship in 25 years “education”

The Government would educate Indians in the American lifestyleo Carlisle Indian School in PA taught Native Americans

English and taught them the white way of lifeo “kill the Indian save the man”

- Homestead Act and the westo Specifics

Passed in 1862 A settler, for a small fee can claim 160 acres to farm After 5 years, they can claim it to own

o Meant to stimulate growth Benefits the family farm (“the backbone of democracy”)

o Often failed Land given was struck by drought

Led to farmers becoming extremely poor Also led to “Dry farming” which used shallow cultivation to

irrigate the lando Not good for land but the only way to farmo Created the “dust bowl”

Stronger strains of crops were imported from Russia Land barons would cheat a way to get more than the allotment allowed

Dummy homesteaders would claim land and give it to the corporations

o New states formed North + south Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming Republicans wanted more electoral votes

o Oklahoma land Government made land in fertile Oklahoma free to settlers “sooners” jumped the gun and settled early, eventually getting evicted by

soldiers “boomers”, numbering over 50,000, settled the land in 1889 when it was

legal to do so Became a state by the end of that year 1907- Oklahoma became known as the “sooner state”

- Westward movement was a defining part of American Historyo The official border line was no longer formerly definedo Many of the poor city dwelling eastern folk wanted to move west

Most didn’t know anything about farming Couldn’t get a ride there anyway

o Last breath of the Native Americanso Expansion of agrarian lifestyles

Farmers, rather than farming food crops, would farm cash crops, which they would in turn sell in exchange for essentials

Many had to buy expensive machinery to farm more effectively Would take large loans, which led to a dependency/hatred of big

banks Taking loans to buy machinery would end up lowering prices,

which meant that the farmers made less money, create a bad cycle

“mechanization of agriculture” Crop dependency

Western farmers depending on one crop proved to be too volatile of a practice

High debt + highly volatile market = frequent crashes and loss of property

Tenant farming, where the farmers did not own the land, became a more and more prevalent option in the post-civil war era (not only in the south but also the west)

o Unhappy farmers Huge droughts struck the nation throughout the 1880s

Farmers were not able to farm effectively no food/high debt Farmers paid egregious taxes on land and goods

They had to sell their products on the cheap in a competitive market, and were forced to buy high priced manufactured goods

Railroads were extremely expensive Any complaints would be left with them “accidentally” destroying

the farmer’s crops Farmers took a stand

The National Grange Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) was organized in 1867

Designed to link farmers together and remove them from isolation

Had communal stores where members can shop Some went into government, and pushed to regulate shipping/RR

rateso Many of the laws were poorly written/not implemented

properlyo The Wabash decision nullified many of the rail road laws

As the Grangers faded out, many of its members supported the Greenback Labor party, who wished to inflate the currency (good for farmers) and help labor

- Populismo The Farmer’s alliance was formed in the 1870s

Farmers worked together to break the grip of the banks and railroads Was growing strong, but didn’t accept blacks, sharecroppers, or

farmworkerso The People’s part was formed in the 1890s, later known as the populists

Attacked wall street and the “money trust” Wanted to nationalize major industries (banks and railroads in

particular) Wanted to institute a graduated income tax Pushed for the coinage of silver

Turned into a formidable 3rd partyo Coxey’s Army

Jacob Coxey, a wealthy Ohio Quarry Owner, led an army of 50k+ people into the nation’s capital

Demanded that the treasury issue $500M in notes Coxey and his supporters were arrested for walking on grass

o Pullman strike Lead by Eugene V. Debs, a 150k member railroad union struck against the

Pullman railroad company Their wages were slashed The state government had no problem with this, but the federal

government violently shut down the strike Debs was arrested Workers were even more angry Radicals (led by Debs after he was released) formed the socialist

party Many saw a “collusion between the corporations and the courts”

- Gold vs. Silvero 1896 election was between McKinley and William Jennings Bryan

McKinley, supporter of Urban businesses wanted the Gold standard The Gold standard was non-inflationary and gave a stable value to

the dollar Urban workers/businesses liked this because the dollar would be

stable WJB supported the Silver standard

Was inflationary

Benefitted farmers who constantly had to deal with deflated values of crop and crippling debt

Gave the “Cross of Gold” speech, which was a sensation across the US

WJB’s plan was extremely controversial Made the silver in the silver dollar worth 50 cents, meaning that it

isn’t completely backed Designed to inflate

o WJB won in the south and the west, but McKinley dominated the population centers of the north and the east

McKinley, though controlling less of the map, won handily McKinley’s victory was the starting point of republican domination of the

executive brancho The Gold Standard Act of 1900

Allowed paper currency to be redeemed freely in gold The Silver movement was largely dead

UNIT V

Chapter 28

Progressivism boomso The world was becoming too complicated to run itself

Progressives pushed for government jurisdiction on public life, politically, socially, and economically

The Social gospel movement pushed progressive ideologies based on Christian teachings

o Authors published works to highlight problems in society How the poor lived

Henry Demarest Lloyd- Wealth against commonwealth (1894) Thorstein Veblen- The Theory of the leisure class (1899) Jacob A. Riis- How the other half lives (1900) Added to the progressivism movement

“Muckrakers” were investigative journalists bent on exposing social ills and corporate/political corruption

Coined by president Roosevelt in 1906 Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the cities (1902) Focused on social evils

o Immoral “white slave” traffic of womeno High number of industrial accidents

Also focused on corrupt officialso David G. Phillips, in his series in the cosmopolitan called

The Treason of The Senate, claims that 70 of the 90 senators don’t represent the people, only RRs and trusts

Aided the progressive movemento Political progressivism

Transferring power back to the people Progressives wanted to end corruption “the initiative” was passed to allow citizens to propose legislation Referendums allowed the people to vote on legislation

Reforming elections Recalls were pushed to help the public remove bad officials “Australian Ballot” helped make the voting process more secretive

o Saved people from the wrath of “bosses” Wanted to remove graft

o Capping donations to politicianso Restricts individual donors and corporations

Direct election of senators Ends corruption by allowing public to vote 17th amendment was passed in 1913

o Spread of progressivism Cities started having more bureaucracy

City planning Management of urban affairs City manager systems got rid of some corruption

Down with the slumlords! Progressives cleaned up the slums Attacked juvenile delinquency and prostitution (red-light districts)

o Women Female suffrage

Progressives felt that allowing women to vote would better the voting process

19th amendment passed in 1920 Settlement houses

Gave middle class women a chance to see firsthand the struggles of the poor

Exposed them to the problems facing America Lead to greater political activity

Rejection of “separate spheres”? Women were thought (in the 19th century) to only exist to provide

for the family at home Rather than rejecting this notion, women felt like their

involvement in settlement houses was an “extension” of their duties.

Muller v. Oregon Defended the notion that laws can be passed protecting women

(specifically women) from work place hazards Close many male jobs to women Awfully discriminatory, but in the good way Indirectly allowed more workplace safety regulation to be passed

WCTU Against alcohol Pushed prohibition Women didn’t like when husbands came home drunk, sought

reform Allied with the anti-saloon league 18th amendment passed in 1919

o Triangle shirtwaist fire Example of safety laws not being followed Factory caught ablaze in 1911, leaving 146 dead

Teddy’s square deal for laboro Three Cs

Control of corporations Consumer protection Conservation of natural resources

o Coal strikes Pennsylvanian workers went on strike Wanted higher wages, but the owners didn’t care

Coal supplies began to fall Roosevelt took his “big stick” and forced the mines to cooperate Miners got a 10% pay boost and a 9 hour workday Union wasn’t officially recognized however

o New departments Teddy urged congress to make a department of commerce

1903 Bureau of corporations probed businesses involved with interstate

commerceo Began the process of “trust busting”

Elkins Act of 1903 Busted rebate system Railroads now have a penalty for giving rebates to shipping

companies Hepburn Act of 1906

Free passes were restricted in railroads Fought corruption

Roosevelt only wanted to bust greedy, bad trust, not moral good ones Bused Northern Securities company (JP morgan) in 1904 after an

anti-trust suit Took 40 more trusts to court “big stick policy” Still supported benevolent business ventures

o Never truly “busted” most trusts, just limited themo Taft actually busted more trusts than he did

o Caring for the consumer After the publishing of Upton Sinclair’s “the jungle”, many wanted reform

in sanitation Roosevelt passed policies to “care for the consumer”

Meat Inspection act of 1906 added federal meat inspections Food and Drug act of 1906 prevented mislabeling of foods

The environmento Earlier measures

Desert land act of 1877 Government sold arid land extremely cheap Contingent on owner irrigating the soil

Forest Reserve act of 1891 Authorized the president to set aside land for natural parks

Carey Act of 1894 Gave land to the states under the condition that it be irrigated

and settledo Land in the deserts of the west

Newlands act of 1902

Money collected from sales of land will be used in irrigation projects

One of Roosevelt’s measures Roosevelt dam build in 1911 Hetch Hetchy Valley controversy

San Francisco wanted to build a dam Conservationists wanted to preserve the valley Roosevelt wanted to preserve the land, but at the same time not

let it go to waste The end of Roosevelt

o The panic of 1907 After Roosevelt is elected for his second (then presumed final) term, an

economic downturn hits Many blamed him Lead to fiscal reform

Aldrich Vreeland Act authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed with various kinds of collateral

Federal Reserve Acto Taft (sponsored by Roosevelt) (Republican though slightly progressive) vs. Bryan

(democrat) in 1908 election Taft won

o Roosevelt was gone, but not forgotten Swore to not run again, could have easily won third term Opponents viewed him as a radical Sought a middle road between unbridled individualism and paternal

collectivism Made strides in conservation Increased the power of the presidential office Square deal “grandfathered” the new deal by FDR

Taft takes controlo Much more passive than the rough ridero Not as politically savvy, and therefore not as well likedo Dollar Diplomacy

Taft used American investments to boost American political interests abroad

Encouraged Wall street to place surplus dollars into foreign nations Wanted to push into Chinese Manchuria

Secretary of State Knox proposed that the US buy Manchurian railroads and give them back to the Chinese under a self-liquidating arrangement

Japan and Russia rejected it Taft looked really bad

Caribbean Money was spent (privately and publically) to effect the region Region proved unstable; revolutions occurred US government was involved in the revolution in Nicaragua,

troops stayed there for an additional 10 yearso Trustbusting

Taft had 90 suits against trusts in his 4 years Pushed for the dissolution of the standard oil company (Rockefeller) in

1911 Government claimed it violated the Sherman anti-trust act of

1890 Court claimed that regulations that “unreasonably” restrained

trade were illegal Pushed for the end of US steel (Carnegie) in 1911

Roosevelt was angered; he set up the mergers that prompted the suit

o Taft causes contention Payne Aldrich Bill

Once made to be a moderately reductive bill, senate reactionaries stapled on numerous upward tariff revisions

Taft signed the bill, angering his supporters Environmentalism gone bad

Taft pushed for more environmental measures than Roosevelt ever did

Regardless, it was overshadowed by the Ballinger-Pinchot incidento Secretary of the interior Richard Ballinger opened lands in

Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate developmento Chief of the Agriculture department’s division of forestry

Gifford Pinchot was against thiso Taft silenced Pinchot, citing insubordination, and

conservationists and Roosevelt’s friends (of which there are many) were extremely angered

Republican party was split

Mostly due to Taft’s lack of political ability Weakened by internal divisions, Republicans lost badly in the

1910 midterms Roosevelt is so angered he gets back into the running

1912 election is going to be spicy Roosevelt claims that his statement only applied to three

CONSECUTIVE terms Taft won the republican nomination anyway, but Roosevelt left

and made his own third party

Chapter 29

- Election of 1912o Taft v. Wilson (with Teddy Roosevelt in his own third party [Bull-moose Party]o Wilson pushed for the “New Freedom” program, which called for anti-trust

legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductionso Taft and Roosevelt divided the republicans, leading the Wilson winning

Only had 41% of the vote Still #1, but a minority president nonetheless

o New Freedom vs. New Nationalism (Teddy) New Nationalism pushed for women’s suffrage and a broad system of

social welfare Kind of like the New deal New Freedom pushed for Enterprise, free functioning unregulated

markets, and vigorous enforcement of anti-trust lawso Wilson was a man known for his eloquence

Very well educated Idealist Understood the intricacies of government

- New Freedom beginso Wilson tackles the Tariff

Underwood Tariff passed in 1913 Substantially reduced Tariff rates To make up for lost revenue, Congress passed a graduated income tax Technically unconstitutional, so 16th amendment (legalizing income tax)

was passedo Reforming the banking system

Before Wilson, banks were unreliable and could not be mobilized in times of financial stress

In 1908, Congress authorized an investigation led by Republican senator Aldrich

Wilson restructured the banking system through the federal reserve act Created a Federal Reserve board Oversaw a nationwide system in which 12 regional banks

(technically privately owned) regulated the currency and issued paper currency

o Taming the trusts Federal Trade commission act of 1914

Regulated industries involved in interstate commerce Broke down unlawful competition and unfair trade practices

Clayton Anti-trust act of 1914 expanded on the Sherman Act Broke down Holding companies, which were companies that

controlled >50% share in multiple smaller companies, which essentially made it a monopoly.

Exempted labor and agricultural organizations Samuel Gompers hailed it as “The Magna Carta of Labor”

o More progressive policies Federal farm loan act of 1916 made credit easily available to farmers Warehouse Act of 1916 authorized loans on the security of stable crops Seaman’s act of 1915 required a fair wage for seamen Workingmen’s compensation act of 1916 granted assistance to federal

workers in times of disability Gave workers a more stable life Cornerstone of progressive policy

More regulation/criminalization of child labor Adamson act of 1916 established an 8 hour workday

- Wilson’s foreign policyo Wilson HATED imperialism

Called for an end to dollar diplomacy Repealed the Panama tolls act of 1912, which exempted American ships

from tolls (this tolls act angered Britain upon passing, so they would have been thrilled by it being repealed)

o The Jones Act Gave the Philippines territorial status Still not independence, but the Filipinos were happy regardless

o Haitian revolts lead to Wilson eating his words Haitians kill their dictatorial president

Wilson reluctantly sent troops to protect American lives Wilson later used troops to quell revolts in the Dominican Republic

o The hints of war A Serbian patriot killed the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary in the

summer of 1914 Vienna, with the backing of Germany, presented an ultimatum to

Serbia Russians backed Serbia, and all the nations began to mobilize Germans attacked French through Belgium, and because they

went through Belgium, Great Britain got involved too Alliances began to matter

Central powers o Germanyo Austria Hungaryo Turkey + Bulgaria (later)

Allieso Franceo Britain o Russiao Japan + Italy (later)

Americans were happy that the war was all the way over in Europeo Neutrality?

America wanted to remain neutral Americans were anti-German and pro-British

Riots began in the streets; Germans weren’t looked at all too favorably

German immigrants were German’s only hope, but even they were clearly outnumbered

The war was financed by American bankers Mostly traded with Allies Central powers didn’t like this very much They could have traded with Americans, but the British navy was

preventing them from doing soo The Lusitania

German U-boats were their key piece of technology Advanced submarines Could target ships without being easily seen

Attacked the passenger liner, called the Lusitania, in May 1915

128 Americans were killed Germans argues that the British were transporting supplies on

that ship (true) and claimed using “human shields” (the Americans) was a war crime, and Germany is not at fault

Even William Jennings Bryan felt like this, and resigned from being secretary of state

After another such incident in August 1915, Germany relented, stating that they would not sink passenger ships WITHOUT WARNING

They didn’t follow this in 1916, when they sunk the French “Sussex”

Wilson threatened them with breaking diplomatic relations Germans reluctantly agreed

o Wilson won the 1916 election pretty handily Ran on a “no war” campaign That worked well Had most of his support come from the working class and renegade Bull-

Moosers, who republicans failed to capture.

Chapter 30

- War beginso Germany commits to sinking ANY ships in the Warzone

Includes American ones Germans felt that they should no longer worry about who to shoot

“total war” Wilson cut all diplomatic relations with Germany, but refused to go to

war until he had to Still planned to arm merchant ships Failed in Congress, and Wilson was salty about it

o The Zimmerman Telegraph Intercepted March 1st, 1917 Showed German secretary Arthur Zimmerman pressuring the Mexican

government into attacking the US Having joint force to talk down the US (and in their home

continent) was meant to be strategically beneficial Germany promised Mexico some land holdings after “they won

the war” Lead to Wilson asking for a declaration of war

He disliked it, but claimed it was necessary

Wanted to make the world safe for democracyo A lot of people didn’t want to enter the war

Wilson sought to convince them Committee on Public Information

Run by George Creel Propaganda machine All forms of media were taken over

Silencing critics Anything German was banned (music, kindergarten, etc.) Socialists were targeted (including Eugene V. Debs) Schenck vs. US confirmed legality of limiting free speech

It worked, too well Anti-German was EXTREMELY strong

- 14 pointso Wilson proposed his 14 points to congress in 1918o First 5 points were the most important

1- abolish secret treaties Freedom of the seas (for Germans too) Removal of economic barrios Reduction of arms Adjusting colonial claims and nailing the coffin of imperialism

o The 14th point called for a league of nations to maintain global peaceo After the Germans were defeated, the 14 points were about to be put in place

Paris Peace Conference in 1919 All eyes looked to Wilson as he defined his plan for post-war fixes

Part of the “big four”: Orlando (Italy) Lloyd George (Britain) and Clemenceau (France)

Wilson pushed hard for the League of Nations He managed to convince the entire conference to join it Congress (on the backs of republican senators known as

“Irreconcilables” wouldn’t let the US join it though, essentially rendering it moot

o When Wilson brought the treaty back home for approval, the treaty was meddled with by Senator Lodge

He pinned so many additions to it that it was a shadow of its former self

Wilson had to force the democrats to vote AGAINST it

It lost in congresso Wilson tried to win through referendum in 1920o At the same time as the presidential raceo Harding won, and therefore the League of Nations never

came to fruition Clemenceau pushed for claiming the German Rhineland

Against Wilson’s idea of self-determination Compromise: the Saar basin will be under League of Nations

control for 15 years, then can decide their own fateo Hint: they went back to Germany

France was also sworn to be protected by Britain and America if Germany invaded

o Senate didn’t approve thiso France was salty

Japan wanted to keep their Chinese holdings Wilson objected, but relented when Japanese threatened to walk

out Japan promised to return the land at a later date

- Treaty of Versailleso Germany had to pay enormous reparations to the war

Their economy was already weak Germany was left out of the talks regardless Very vengeful, rather than reconciling

o Germans had to limit their military to a point where it was nearly uselesso Led to an economic collapse in Germany

Indirectly led to a German hatred of the allied powers Hitler came to power through the German need for revenge Calls into question the merits of having such a damning “treaty”

- Ramping up productiono Some minor preparation measures have been in place since 1915, but the

country was in all not prepared for waro War Industries Board was formed to ready the economy

Ran by Bernard Baruch Set a precedent of a centrally planned economy during war time Disbanded right after the war ended

o “Labor will win the war” Unemployed males were drafted

Incentivized people to get to work

Increased military participation at the least National War Labor Board was headed by Taft and designed to make sure

workers were treated well Industrial Workers of the World

Radical labor organization Members, known as the Wobbles, disliked the war Many protested, and those that did were beaten, arrested, or

thrown out of town AF of L doubled its membership by the end of the war Increased prices outpaced the increase in wages

Strikes Strikes were not only split by workers, but also split by race African American strikes were relatively common Violence during these strikes were emphasized by gang presence

- Suffrage movemento Women pushed for voting rightso As women were entering the workplace they gained independence, and they

wanted to be representedo National Women’s Suffrage Association

Supported the war Because they supported it, Wilson supported it, as a necessary war

measure o 19th Amendment was passed in 1920, giving women the voteo However, the Sheppard Towner Maternity Act of 1921 provided women

assistance in maternal/infant care, solidifying traditional roles

Chapter 31

The communistso Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, 1917o American communist movements sprung up

Anti- communist Strike in 1919 in Seattle Many disliked communism and blamed it for labor troubles

o Red scare Nationwide crusade against left-wingers 1919-1920, though anti-communist sentiment lasted well through the

century Random terror attacks occurred throughout the nation

Congress passed laws barring the advocacy of violence to secure social change

Some saw this as being against freedom of speech 1920-> 5 members of the NY senate were denied seats because of

their socialist views, even though they were rightfully electedo American plan

Unions wanted a close “all union” shop Conservative businessmen, running off the red scare, proposed an open

shop, no union policy that they hailed as “The America Plan”o Anti-redism and Antiforeignism plagued America

anti-foreign movementso KKK

Similar to the anti-foreign “nativist” movements of the 1850s Hated Catholics, Jews, pacifists, communists, internationalists,

evolution, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, birth control, as well as blacks

Believed that diversity was destroying American culture Spread in the bible belt

Bible belt was where fundamentalism thrived Ran into legal troubles

Embezzlement charges instigated a congressional investigation Lawmakers tried to make lynching a crime (It wasn’t before?

Murder was illegal right?)o While the KKK symbolized the extremist side of anti-immigration sentiment,

many still believed in the root issue Emergency Quota Act of 1921 restricted the number of European

immigrants Immigration Act of 1924 replaced this, strengthening it much more People from other countries started to hate America more and more

o Horace Killen and Randolph Bourne championed alternative conceptions of an immigrant’s role in society

Kallen believed that newcomers should practice their individual ceremonies and preserve their cultural heritage

Leads to cultural diversity Bourne believed that, in a multicultural age, immigrants should interact

with other races Prohibition (?)

o 18th Amendment

Connected with the Volstead Act Legal abolition of Alcohol

o Many believed it would end crime In theory it would, but preventing sale of something does not get rid of it Many people were bribed; nearly everyone still drank, if at all more than

before Deadly moonshine filled the markets

o Gangsters and the start of organized crime Illegal alcohol profits were used to bribe police Trafficking required large effort; large groups began to form

Al Capone netted millions off of the prohibition Skirted by the law until being convicted of tax evasion

Racketeers (those who influenced honest merchants into paying “protection fees”) infiltrated positions of power

Fundamentalismo The world progressed

Scientific breakthroughs, like the Darwinian theory of evolution, massive health reform and teaching reform

o Fundamentalists disliked change Believed in sticking to traditional values Flourished in the bible belt “Scopes Trial”, where a teacher was found guilty of teaching evolution,

and fined $100 Landmark trial in American History William Jennings Bryan was on the prosecution, died 5 days in

from a heart attack Took many of their values from the bible, and though many of them held

true in the 19th century, advancements in the 20th century disproved many

The power of industryo After the introduction of cars and electricity, industry boomed

Oil had greater demand (good for Rockefeller, since kerosene lamps were sooo last century)

Assembly line production (pioneered by Ford) was put into use Fordism Cars were cheap enough for the masses Cars turned from a luxury to a necessity

The steel business boomed

New roads and highways were constructed to transport the masses Regardless, they had their problems

More accidents Gangsters rode away in cars to escape the scene quicker pollution

o While mastering production, businesses had to control consumption Advertising was revolutionized Sports stars gained popularity (Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, etc.)

o Humans learn to fly The Wright brothers are the first to invent and fly a plane in Kitty Hawk,

NC December 17th, 1903 By 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic By the 30s and 40s flying by plane was safer than by train or car Planes were flown in the great war, and though they were relatively

crude towards the beginning, eventually they became a formidable threat

o Radio With the advent of radio by Gugliemo Marconi in 1890, Information could

be broadcasted much easier Paved the way for wireless phonographs, radiotelephones, and the TV More commercials! Revolutionized the way Americans took in media and learned about the

world around them A changing world

o After the advent of TVs movies came along Created a whole new field of celebrities Films graduated from silent to “talkies”

o For the first time ever more people lived in urban areas than in ruralo Birth control movement existed; uncalled for at the timeo Women pushed for the right to voteo In general, there was an erosion of traditional values

Angered fundamentalists and the elderly (not mutually exclusive) Younger folk and “flappers” embraced the new culture

o Jazz, a music style created on the basis of breaking norms, was the music of the 1920s

o Racial pride in cities like Harlem grew Had a connection with blues

Harlem Renaissance was a black artistic revivalist movement United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was formed to promote

the resettlement of Americans blacks in their own “African Homeland” by Marcus Garvey

Wanted to keep blacks in their own strong societyo Modernism

Ideology centered around questioning social conventions Writers and artists of the 1920s followed it

F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemmingway H.L. Mencken William Faulkner Gertrude Stein Called “The lost generation”

The market booms (or does it?)o Stock exchange led to massive profits

Buying stocks on margin (with small down payment) was a way for the middle class (and sometimes the poor) to buy many stocks at a time

Made many people extremely “rich” This led to everyone having money, but since the stocks were bought on

margin the money wasn’t actually thereo Government debt skyrockets

Mellon (congressmen) set forth to lower taxes on the poor and the rich Shifted tax burden on to middle class Decreased debt by a lot, but it wasn’t near a safe number yet ($26B ->

$16B)

Chapter 32

Warren G. Hardingo Not entirely fit for the job of president

Hated disappointing others Hired cronies (Fall, Dougherty)

o Made bad decisions appointing supreme court justices Many were reactionaries They killed child labor laws, and invalidated minimum wage laws for

women in Adkins v. Children’s hospitalo Anti-trust laws were mostly ignored under his administration

Mostly due to Hoover

Advocated for a laissez faire approach Post-war

o Washington returned railroads to private management in 1920o Labor, no longer subsidized by the government, fell

Strikers were labelled as “reds” (red scare) Rebellions were often clamped by the government Labor union membership fell 30%

o Veterans were not getting paid their dues Veterans bureau was created in 1921 American legion founded in 1919 (veteran’s group)

Lobbied for veteran’s benefits Bonus bill

Veterans were promised a “bonus” 20 years after the war (1945) They wanted it early during the depression Government wouldn’t give it to them Huge protest in Washington

Hoovero Hoover v. Smith 1928

Hoover won Landslide victory Everyone except the bible belt south + MA voted for him

Hoover was poor but worked his way into Stanford American success story

o Agricultural Marketing Act Set up federal farm board Built upon allowing farmers to help themselves Designed to buy up surpluses Didn’t work out as planned

o Hawley Smoot Tariff Increased tariffs on non-free goods Foreigners hated it When you increase tariffs to disincentivize imports, other countries will

hate it and pass their own tariffs to disincentivize your exports. Crash

o causes Speculative bubbles

Stocks were rising, so people assumed they always were going to People started buying on margin

Soon people were buying on margin with money they couldn’t pay back UNTIL the stock goes up, which it totally always will

When stocks went down, those who bought on margin were screwed over, and the banks lost all their money.

Overproduction There was a surplus production of goods Led to decreasing prices, and therefore lower profit

o Black Tuesday (10/29/1929) was when the market crashed Unemployment soared 25%+ “Hoovervilles” formed as millions lost their homes and life savings

o Hoover’s actions He didn’t do much and believed the depression would resolve itself

Felt feeding Americans would undermine them Gave money to Belgians, even food to pigs, but not food to

Americans Poor version of “trickledown economics”

Hated “socialist” bureaus People hated him for this Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was made to loan money to

banks Helped banks get back on their feet

Norris La Guardia Anti-injunction act Outlawed anti-union contracts

Chapter 33

FDR beats hoover in 1932 electiono FDR’s policies were much more involved than Hoover’so Hundred days

In the first 100 days of his presidency, FDR passes tons of laws All part of his “New Deal”

o Relief Recovery Reform Relief: short term goals for fixing immediate issues

CCC gave employment to the unemployed Federal emergency relief act

o Gives money to corporations to fund projects that hire workers

o Civil Works Administration was a part of this, and gave temporary jobs during the winter

WPA Recovery: fixing long term problems

NRA -> PWAo NRA Competition cut in favor of cooperationo Price levels were set by the government, as well as

minimum wage and maximum working hourso Ruled unconstitutional by the Schechter decisiono After the NRA was cut, the PWA was formed to create

public works, and hired citizens to do so Government dictates prices AAA gave money to farmers to NOT FARM

o Artificial scarcityo Increases priceso Later followed by the soil conservation and domestic

allotment act of 1936 and the second agricultural adjustment act of 1938

Reform: preventing something like this from ever happening again Social Security

o Younger people put money into a fund that older people use, and when the younger people become old the younger people of the future fund them

o Totally not a Ponzi scheme

FDIC created by the Glass Steagall banking act, and

insured people’s deposits in an event of bank foreclosure

SECo Designed to watch over stock markets/corporations to

prohibit unfair/unsafe trading practiceso TVA

The Tennessee valley was equipped with government run hydroelectric power, and its cost/performance ratio was compared to private practices

More socialist/planned economy philosophyo Labor reform

Wagner Act Also known as the NLRA

Helped unskilled workers form Unions Committee for Industrial Organization

Lead by John L. Lewis For unskilled workers, but was a wing of the knights of labor

(skilled labor organization) Known for sit-down strikes, where workers would refuse to leave

and do no worko Approach did lead to the memorial day massacre, where

police fired at protesting union members, but was otherwise effective

Was eventually renamed to the CONGRESS of Industrial Organizations, for a larger scope

Had 4M+ members by 1940 Fair labor standards act

Set standard wages and hours 40 hour work week/40 cents an hour/no work before age 16

o Housing FHA was created to give small loans to house builders to get the people

off the streets USHA was created to lend money to the states for low cost

constructiono Roosevelt pushed to regulate the currency

Inflation would increase purchasing power (Ok I guess) Wanted to accomplish this by lowering interest rates and incentivizing

loanso Roosevelt used “fireside chats” to calm the masses

Dust bowlo Prolonged drought struck the middle US in the great plainso The already poor were now stuck without proper air to breatheo Many of those who lived in the dust bowl went out west to California

Were not very welcome The Grapes of Wrath anyone?

Native Americanso Collier promoted the Indian Reorganization act of 1934

“Indian new deal” Gave Indians the right to establish a local self-governing body

o Some Indians followed it, others disliked it Post 1936 election

o FDR won again Was elected due to his focus on “the forgotten man” Landslide victory

o Court packing scandal Roosevelt had trouble passing new deal reforms

Many were called unconstitutional by the supreme court Many were very extremist, but nevertheless had support from

congress Roosevelt wanted to change the supreme court

Wanted to add new judges and incentivize retirement This would allow him to appoint new ones that would not vote his

laws unconstitutional Congress said NO, and many disliked him Some saw this as corruption, and some disliked it because it was

government overreacho Embracing Keynesianism

John Maynard Keynes’s idea Government would intervene in the economy to encourage

consumer spending More money = good Inflate the currency with low interest rates in a recession to

increase purchasing power, than deflate the currency with high interest rates during a boom to stabilize currency and avoid overambitious investing

After the “Roosevelt Recession” of 1937, Roosevelt pushed toward more Keynesian policies

Failures of the new dealo Campaign donors

New deal supporters donated A LOT to FDR People didn’t like this much 1940 Hatch Act prevented excessive campaign contributions

o Lack of effectiveness By the late 1930s the new deal hadn’t accomplished that much Tons of various “alphabet soup” committees which weren’t very effective Farm surpluses were worse than under hoover Unemployment was still sky high

o Abuse of power Roosevelt was accused of being a socialist (pretty true) and mad with

power Court packing scandal didn’t help this sentiment After hating the dictatorships of Europe, the people became weary

o The program costs A LOT Debt more than doubled from $19.4B -> $40B in 7 years Inflation spiked tremendously

o While the new deal was ineffective, WWII was just around the corner WWII was credited by many to have ended the depression Created a demand for product Though it took the country out of depression, it had a cost

Debt went from $40B -> $250B in 6 years Millions of lives were lost Inflation continued to go up

Chapter 34

Congress passes neutrality legislationo Reasons

Arms dealers were profiting from the war Selling weapons to war powers didn’t work well in World War I

o Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 No American can legally sail on a ship of a warring party No transporting weapons to a warring party No making loans to a warring party Very different than the neutrality measures of WWI

o The issue with Spain The loyalist nation of Spain had a revolution on its hands Rebels were supported by Germany/Italy Loyalists were loosely supported by USSR, but 3k volunteer American

Soldiers, named the Abraham Lincoln brigade, further assisted them FDR enhanced neutrality legislation to prohibit arms deals to both the

rebels and the government Appeasement

o After the invasion of China by Imperial Japan in 1937, the world was uneasy FDR delivered his quarantine speech in the fall of 1937

Alarmed by Germany/Italy aggression Wanted to take steps to contain the enemy

Isolationists went up in protesto They loathed more waro FDR ran on a campaign of peace (just like Wilson…)

Followed soon by the Japanese sinking an American ship (the Panay) in Chinese waters in late 1937

o Germany began to ignore the Treaty of Versailles Introduced draft in Germany in 1935 Began to march his troops through the German Rhineland Started to persecute the Jews (now known as the holocaust) Began to produce weapons (and A LOT of them) In 1938, Hitler took over Austria, which turned some heads

o Britain and France sought to stop the German war machine Rather than force neutrality, they wanted to give in to some German

demands to stop their aggression Munich conference of 1938 was called

Britain and France convince Hitler to not expand past the Sudetenland

Had to give him that land Hitler agreed, but later destroyed Czechoslovakia in return

The war beginso The USSR signed a nonaggression treaty with Germany in 1939

Meant to last 10 years Called “The Hitler Stalin Pact”

o Without a threat in the eastern front, Germany attacks Poland Britain and France were forced to declare war Poland gets destroyed in 3 months regardless

o America’s Neutrality act of 1939 allowed Europeans to buy American weapons, but only if they

transported the weapons in their ships FDR set danger zones that American ships cannot enter

Holocausto Jews were targeted throughout Hitler’s regime

They controlled businesses, so when the businesses tanked they were to blame

Many considered Jews to be backstabbers who lost Germany WWIo Kristallnacht

The night of broken glass 30k Jews were shipped to concentration camps

o Refugees were refused Hundreds escaped Germany, but were denied access into Cuba AND

America FDR tried to get them in, but southern democrats and immigration laws

prevented it FDR created the War Refugee board to get Jews to safety 150k+ Jews were saved

America’s involvement in the war shiftso Britain wasn’t doing so well

Americans liked the British (fought together before, similar lifestyles, etc.) Many Americans pushed for involvement to help Britain Isolationists kept true to their doctrine After some contention (and Britain getting hammered by Germany) FDR

authorizes some destroyers to be sent to Britain, in exchange for a few defensive base sites, in 1940

o Roosevelt runs on an anti-involvement campaign Broke the two term tradition and won Won nearly by a landslide Won mostly due to anti-involvement rhetoric

o Lend-Lease act “Send guns, not sons”

Would send a limitless supply of arms to “victims of aggression” Tough fight in Congress, but passed

Marked the official end of neutrality Lead to increased production of goods -> helped the economy The US is now technically aligned (though they really have been

for a while) Germany saw it as an unofficial declaration of war

Started attacking American ships (didn’t do so previously) American ships convoyed British ones, but German U-boats still

shot at them Lead to the neutrality act of 1939 being largely scrapped

Germany targets Russiao Germany was getting cocky

They destroyed Poland, occupied France, and Britain was doing very little Germany could see world domination in their sights With no real enemies in the western front, Germany went to push east

o Attacked USSR in 1941

Violated non-aggression pact Roosevelt upped aid 11x to the soviets ($1B -> $11B)

Atlantic Chartero Britain and US go to talkso Wrote up the Atlantic Charter

Opposed imperialism; stated that there would be no territorial changes Self-determination of the inhabitants of those lands Pushed for disarmament for global security Very similar to the 14 points, since both had the goal of peace and

limiting further aggression Pearl Harbor

o Japan was dependent on materials from the US No one liked this, but FDR held off the embargo to prevent Japan from

attacking other nations to get them Embargo was finally placed in mid-1941

o Talks between the Japanese and Americans began Americans wanted Japan to pull out of China in return for renewing

(limited) trade relations Japan refused the deal America couldn’t attack first so they waited

o December 7th 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, an Hawaiian naval base “A date that will live in Infamy” The US issued a formal declaration of war on December 11th, 1941

Chapter 35

US enters the waro ABC-1 agreement

Get Germany first, as they are the greatest threat, and could take over Europe if left unchecked

Once Germany is down all the allies can focus on Japano Executive order 9066

Japanese internment Unnecessary, unfair, and ultimately racist Kept loyal Japanese people in what were essentially concentration camps Known as one of FDR’s biggest blunders (this and the court packing

scandal) Korematsu vs. US upheld the constitutionality of internment

o New deal was done Ultimately unnecessary; government created demand was no longer

needed after war created REAL, tangible demand (as opposed to “fake” government demand)

CCC, WPA, National Youth Administration, and others were all dissolved Getting ready for war

o Ramping up production Money wasn’t an issue, but getting things produced was Production during WWII dramatically increased as a demand for goods

was created in a downtrodden economyo War production board (WPB) oversaw massive military orders

Halted manufacturing of non-essentials Sought to focus ALL efforts towards the war Even farmers were hired to feed the soldiers

o Dealing with the economic effects of increased production Inflation skyrocketed after a sudden influx of employment and demand Office of Price Administration (OPA) artificially changed prices back to

stable levelso National War Labor Board (NWLB) imposed ceilings on wage increases

Labor unions, with all this newfound employment, were back in full force Smith-Connally Anti-Strike act (1943) criminalized striking in a

government operated facility, in the name of pushing the war effort forward.

o Men AND Women in the workforce As men went into the battlefield, women were (again) needed in the

factories Rosie the Riveter was a symbol for the working woman Not many women even wanted to work in factories, however After the war ended many were unemployed, though many by

choice Regardless, WWII was a defining point for women’s rights

Many workers moved from the small towns into the big cities to work in the factories

Women’s army corps (WACs), Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and U.S. Coast Guard Women’s reserve (SPARs) all enlisted WOMEN for non-combat duties in war

Women tend to only get equality when they have to risk their lives for some reason

After men returned from the war, the new domestic lifestyle lead to the “baby boomers” generation

o The Bracero program brought Mexicans over the border to help the US farm and cultivate crops

o Native American “code talkers” Native American men were hired to speak in their native language

(undecipherable by the Japanese or the Germans) to relay confidential messages over radio

25k+ men hired Many of these boom cities were located in the west and in the north east, but not the

southo FDR worked to reform and industrialize the South

$6B spent on creating industry The cotton picker revolutionized the farming industry; cotton no longer

needed a lot of manual labor to harvest Led to many African Americans moving north

o Fair Employment Practices commission (FEPC) prevented discrimination in hiring (or at least was intended to)

People rooted for the “double V”, victories against dictators abroad and racism at home

NAACP membership increased to the 500K mark Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in 1942

Holding the Home Fronto Unlike in Europe, America had no defensive battles at homeo The war brought the country out of depression

GNP increased from $100B -> $200B from 1940 to 1945 Corporate profits rose $6B in 1940 to almost double that by 1944 Once the price caps were removed, prices skyrocketed more than 33%

o During this era, millions were employed by the government Transitioning back to private control would be difficult Debt was skyrocketing as the government funded war and these

programs War had cost $10M AN HOUR at its height Debt went from $49B -> $259B from 1941 to 1945

D-dayo Stalin was getting overworked

He could not handle the eastern front forever without support from the west

He pushed to meet with Churchill/Roosevelt to incentivize involvemento On June 6th, 1944, French Normandy was invaded

“D-Day” Paris was liberated by August

Roosevelt’s 4th termo 1944 election: Roosevelt vs. Deweyo Roosevelt’s VP was Trumano Roosevelt won yet again

Partly due to his consistency and being an incumbent Also due to the war going well (even though he ran on a campaign of

peace last time) Hitler’s final push

o By 1944, Hitler was getting destroyed Allies had clearly superior fire power Germany was surrounded and repeatedly bombed

o Hitler failed in attacking Antwerp Meant to be a surprise attack to destroy a key airbase Worked initially, but bombers prevented further damage Was eventually a German loss

o By 1945, Germany was fully surrounded Soviets were at the walls of Berlin by April So were the Americans

FDR died this month too, but the troops pushed on Truman took over

Hitler committed suicide by the end of the montho May 7th 1945 was considered “V-E (Victory in Europe)” Day

Japan gets nukedo Japan gets put on the defensive

America wins naval bouts against them General MacArthur leads the American fleet America captures Manila America makes landfall in japan

America takes control of Iwo Jima Cost many lives, but gave Americans a strategic foothold in the

regiono The atomic bombs

Japan is known for fighting until the end Use Kamikaze bombers to win battles Japan will do anything to win, and America wanted to get a clear

and concise victory Potsdam conference

Allied leaders told Japan “Surrender or be destroyed”

America bombed Japan with standard weaponry, but it seemed to do nothing

America started to research new technologies Albert Einstein, among other scientists, ran the Manhattan Project An atomic bomb was being developed As usual, they were given a blank check and all the resources they

needed On August 6th, 1945, An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima

180k people were injured/killed by a the single bomb 60k more died eventually of radiation caused disease Stalin joined the effort against Japan, and that combined with the

bomb was still not enough to force a surrender Another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

Japan surrendered, with the only condition that Hirohito still be an emperor (with no power)

Deals were accepted V-J (Victory in Japan) day was September 2nd, 1945

The US had 1M casualtieso A lot, but not nearly as much as otherso Those dead from wounds was reduced due to breakthrough medicationso US mainland was also virtually unscathedo The US also had great military leaders like Eisenhower and MacArthur

UNIT VI

Chapter 36

- Yalta Conferenceo Great Britain, the US, and USSR all met in February 1945

Worked together to sort out war issues Seen as a diplomatic effort between allies

o It was decided that the USSR would attack Japan in 2-3 months after Germany fell

Under the condition that USSR would regain control of territory they lost to the Japanese

Some land used to be Chinese land, and some saw it as the US betraying the Chinese

o They were NOT drafting a peace settlement More of a diplomatic understanding Not very concrete terms

- The US and the USSR

o Capitalism vs. Communism Entirely different economic systems The US considers Communism totalitarian; hated it immensely

o The US cut lend lease funding to the USSR in a dire time of need Stalin was not pleased The US still gave money to Britain during this time

o The USSR created a defensive “sphere of influence” around them Against Wilsonian “14 points” ideals Americans considered the USSR an “empire”

o However, they were still allied Seemingly (only) united against a common enemy Many of their actions during the war foreshadow future conflict Soon after WWII, the Cold War began

- Planning for post-waro Bretton Woods Conference

New Hampshire 1944 Allies established International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Encouraged trade by regulating exchange rates Founded the World Bank

Promotes growth in poverty stricken areas of the world The US provided most of the funding

o War Memorial Open House meeting San Francisco, April 1945 First UN meeting

Successor to the League of Nations Had no veto power like the LoN No permanent member (US, USSR, Britain, France, China) could

have action taken against it without their consento Biased much????

Designed for cooperation Established UN charter

US Senate approved it US would host the UN in NYC

The Atom bomb World issue, basically designed for the UN to regulate The UN failed miserably

o The US was greedy and didn’t want non-proliferation

o The Soviets even suggested taking the nukes apart, but Truman didn’t like it

o The suspicious Soviets agreed, as at the time they were most likely in the process of developing their own

o Set a dangerous precedento Reconstruction

Germany Nuremberg War Crimes trial sentences Nazis to harsh punishment Germany+Austria was divided into 4 military occupation zones

o France, Britain, US, and USSR each controlled one zoneo France, Britain and US zones joined to form West

Germany, and the USSR formed east Germanyo West Germany essentially ran itself, but the east was used

as a “satellite state” by the USSR as a part of their sphere of influence

Actions here were indicative of future conflicto An “iron curtain” split the two regions of Germanyo The USSR imposed a no-fly-zone over East Berlin and

prevented powers from entering, but the US did anywayo The USSR couldn’t really enforce it, so they let it happen

and eventually lifted the blockade in 1949 As the governments of West and East Germany were created, the

Cold War materialized Japan

Japan cooperated with the US to speed up reconstruction It was successful, as the MacArthur constitution was signed in

1946o Renounced militarismo Provided gender equality

Japan grew to be a world leader in just a few decades time China

After the war, a communist regime took control of China US was not pleased; they supported the other side Seen as a cold war defeat A third of the world, and almost the entirety of Asia, was

communisto Marshall Plan

July 1947

US plan to aid ailing allied nations post war Even suggested giving aid to Soviets, provided they make very large

government reforms Almost designed to make them refused They did

Called for spending $12.5B over 4 years to help Huge success

Bolstered European economy, which in turn helped Americao Truman recognized the state of Israel on May 14th, 1948

Holocaust survivor sympathy Supporting Israel complicated Arab relations

- The Cold War beginso Containment doctrine

Theorized by George Kennan in 1947 Called for using force to contain the spread of communism and soviet

influence Truman ran with this with the “Truman Doctrine”, issued a month after

Kennan Asked for $400M aid to help “save” Greece from communism

o America begins to re-arm The National Security Act Formed the National Security Council (NSC) and

the CIA “Voice of America” was a government run radio channel formed in 1948

that spread propaganda Resurrected the draft

o NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Formed in Washington, in April 1949 Basically an Alliance

VERY against typical American ideology Alliances historically haven’t turned out well

Purpose was “To keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in”

o The Arms Race The soviets detonate a nuclear bomb in September 1949 Truman responded by developing the H-bomb, which was exploded in

1952 Strongest weapon known to man

Thousands of times more powerful than the atom bomb The soviets countered by exploding their own H-bomb in 1953

o Getting out the alleged communists Truman embarked on a massive “loyalty” program

People were weary of communist spies The Loyalty review board was created Companies or people considered “disloyal” to the US were either

resigned or dismissed Smith Act of 1940 (basically a modern sedition act) was passed

Convicted many alleged “communists” Law’s constitutionality was upheld by the Dennis vs. US decision

of 1951 House of Un-American Activities Commission (HUAC)

Made to investigate “subversion” Richard Nixon (name sounds familiar) was known as “the red

hunter” who convicted Alger Hiss in 1950 Truman realized quickly that this was turning into a witch hunt

Vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill Authorized the president to arrest/detain “suspicious” people

during an emergency Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of selling US nuclear secrets to

the soviets While they did sympathize with the USSR, selling nuclear secrets

was a debatable claim Sentenced to death

o Was the first time that someone had been executed for espionage during peacetime

o This, and sympathy for the Rosenberg’s now orphaned children, sobered up some of the red hunting Americans

- 1948 electiono Republicans won control of Congress in 1946; not looking good for Trumano Dewey vs. Truman 1948

Truman won Was the underdog Ran on a “screw it if I win I win and if I lose I lose” mentality Won through the farmers, the workers (he opposed the Taft-Hartley law)

and blackso Truman came back proposing the “Fair Deal” to congress

Called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and an extension of social security

Failed because many opposed raising the wage Housing Act of 1949 and Social Security Act of 1950 were still passed

though- Korean War

o After the fall of Japan, Korean lands were split between the US and the Soviets US controlled the South, USSR controlled the north Tension arose between the communist north and the democratic south

o On June 25th, 1950, the North attacked the South Truman was quick to fly to assistance Containment doctrine was coming into effect

o NSC-68 Recommended that the US QUADRUPLE defense spending Near WWII levels Truman pushed for this to enforce containment doctrine, and it passed

o The US took advantage of the USSRs absence from the UN security council one day to pass legislation that clearly defined North Korea as the aggressor

o While the US was “participating in the UN action” it became clear that they were the ones primarily sending troops

o MacArthur is on his high horse Consistently makes decisions by himself during the war without

consulting the government Felt as if he was fighting with one hand behind his back, and that “there

was no substitute for victory” Truman removed him from command for insubordination on April

11th,1951o By July 1951 peace talks began, though they did stagnate for 2 years

Chapter 37

- McCarthyismo Joseph McCarthy was a Republican Senator who targeted “Commies”o McCarthy claimed that the government was filled with communists

Very similar to Salem Witch Hunt Many “traitors” were targeted and jailed Was a deterrent to free speech Many stayed clear of him to avoid imprisonment

o McCarthy went too far when he claimed the American Military was communist

Military men fought back Army-McCarthy hearings showed McCarthy’s true colors Discredited, he died 3 years later of Alcoholism

o McCarthyism was a symbol of the anti-communist, “red hunting” mentality in the 1950s United States

- Civil Rightso Jim Crow

Jim Crow laws were legislated segregation measures “separate but equal” Blacks were given the short end of the stick; their “alternatives were far

inferior to those of the whiteso Only ~20% of blacks were registered to vote (less than 5% in deep south states)o Segregation, like McCarthyism, was a black mark against the US

Political speakers went on about how the US can’t fight tyrannical Soviet communism while practicing such horrible acts at home

The US put efforts into silencing these criticso Fighting back

Due to International and domestic pressures, light desegregation measures were put in place, but African Americans needed more

Montgomery Bus boycott Rosa Parks boarded a bus and sat in the “whites only” section and

refused to move She was arrested, and it sparked civil unrest Martin Luther King (MLK) helped organize a boycott against the

Montgomery bus system MLK

Young Pastor Not very exposed to racism, but his oratorical skill and adherence

to biblical ideology and non-violence (the latter inspired by Gandhi) put him at the forefront of the civil rights movement.

formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to mobilize black churches to fight for civil rights

4 black students in 1960 organized a “sit in” They would sit at the whites only counter and refuse to move The number of students who joined increased exponentially, to

upwards of 1000 in just a week Southern Black Students formed the Student Nonviolent

Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to add to these efforts

o The Federal government legislates equality Truman hears of black veterans being lynched and couldn’t stand it

Ended segregation in federal civil service in 1948 Though his successor Eisenhower didn’t focus much on race issues, the

liberal supreme court took the burden of fixing America’s race issue Brown v. Board of education

1954 decision that desegregated public schools Claimed that they were inherently unequal Many were furious, and integration wasn’t going to come easy

Central High School 1957 Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus, mostly to insure re-election

by his anti-integration constituents, openly defied Brown v. Board Sent national guard troops to prevent the “little rock 9” from

entering central high school Eisenhower, wanting to assert federal authority more than

anything else (He refused to comment on the supreme court decision) sent in troops to bring back order

- Eisenhower comes to powero Eisenhower entered the white house in 1953

Former general Republican Pushed for small government reforms

Curbed the TVA Cut back on military spending, though it was still VERY high

o Operation Wetback 1954 Captured over 1M illegal immigrants and sent them back home

o Federal Highway Act of 1956 Contrary to his small government ideals, Eisenhower backed a $27B (A

LOT) highway building program In case of war, the military can be easily mobilized Regardless, we still use this highway system today Benefitted the automobile and oil industries immensely Made problems of air quality and energy consumption worse

o Revamping Foreign Policy In 1952, Republicans called for a “new look” in foreign policy

Rather than just containment, the state department wanted to “liberate captive peoples” and thwart communism all together

However, they still wanted to decrease military spending Policy of Boldness (1954)

Relegates army/navy, builds upon air force Huge “super bombers” can rain hell on the soviets or the Chinese

if deemed necessary (known as massive retaliation) Eisenhower tried to scale back the cold war by talking to Soviet leaders

who took power after Stalin’s death in 1953 Nikola Khrushchev, the new leader, denied Eisenhower’s

diplomatic efforts The goal was to have a mutual inspection system, but it failed to

come to fruition Hungarian Uprising

Hungarians rose up against the Soviets Appealed to the US for help; they received none Even “massive retaliation” proved too costly for such a conflict

o Vietnam There were many nationalist uprisings in South East Asia

Mostly in Communist nations The US was all too glad to aid the rebels

The US has been aiding France in their Indochina war already Upwards $1B/year France was not accomplishing anything

Eisenhower holds back After just getting out of a war in Korea, he was hesitant Nixon (VP at the time) as well as the joint chiefs of staff supported

intervention Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Victory for the Nationalists Vietnam was split in two at the 17th Parallel in the Geneva

Convention The US never signed these Geneva records, but threw their

support to the nationalists The nationalists were far outclassed by the communists; The US

was backing the losing horseo Cuba

Communist Castro ousted previous dictator Batista (who made huge economic deals with the US) and denounced America

The US responded by cutting ties with Cuba and putting economic sanctions on them

End of an US imperialist puppet state- Nixon v. Kennedy

o Vice President Nixon ran against JFK in 1960o Nixon gained popularity from the “kitchen debate” with Khrushchev

Nixon extolled American Consumerism over Soviet economic planningo The democrats nominated JFK, a young millionaire senator

He was a catholic, which brought up some concerns in the bible belt He was much more energized than Nixon on TV, which turned the tide

o Kennedy wins

Chapter 38

- European relationso Berlin Wall

The Soviets were becoming increasingly threatening When meeting with JFK in 1961, they threatened to cut ties with

west Germany and make a treaty with the east Threatened to cut off western access to Berlin

The Soviets erected the Berlin Wall in August 1961 Blocked East -> West population shift Stood for nearly 3 decades Symbolized the bitter Cold War conflict/post-WWII division

o EEC Post- Marshal plan, Western Europe was prospering European Economic Community (EEC) was formed to create a free trade

area among participating European nations Later known as the European Union (EU) Trade Expansion Act of 1962 was passed by Kennedy to cut tariffs

to promote trade in the EEC From 1962-1967, there were talks that ultimately lead to

increased trade between the US and the EEC Process was known as globalization France grew wary of American Influence in Europe

America’s goal was to have a dominant presence in the region economically

France vetoed Britain’s request for common market membership as part of the “Atlantic Community” (US formed alliance), fearing

that their relationship with the US will give the latter more influence

They developed their own nuclear weapons Didn’t like Americans meddling in Europe

- Issues overseaso Laos

Revolution in 1954, freeing themselves from the French Communist sentiment was rising, America didn’t like it Already spent too much money in Europe, and didn’t have enough

firepower to solve the issue through the military Achieved a shaky peace diplomatically in the Geneva convention of 1962

o Flexible response JFK wanted to make sure the US could deal with threats with a

proportional amount of firepower Initiated by the “Brushfire Wars”, where US involvement was too little,

while at the same time avoiding the nuclear optiono Vietnam

JFK ordered Military Advisors to South Vietnam in late 1961 Ran a successful coup against the right wing government leader Ngo

Diem in 1963 While JFK claimed that he wanted to avoid war, he was entangling

himself into some deep commitments War did not escalate much until Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

o Modernization Theory Proponents believed that Asian, African, and Latin American countries

can turn into modern industrial powers by following the west’s own path. Walt Whitman Rostow- The Stages of Economic Growth

o Cuba After Castro took over Cuba, it became communist The US did not like this, nor did they like Cuba’s new alliance with the

USSR They led an invasion, known as the Bay of Pigs, to oust Castro

It failed miserably JFK took full responsibility

America and the USSR were on the brink of war America demanded a naval quarantine of Cuba The US said that any attack on Cuba would be considered a

declaration of war

After a near direct confrontation (for the first time in the entire cold war), Khrushchev flinched and pulled the missles out of Cuba

o Known as the Cuban Missile Crisiso Khrushchev was ultimately hounded by the Kremlin and

turned into an “unperson” After the Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK gave a speech in favor of lowering

tensions with the USSR Encouraged Americans to look at the USSR differently Origins of “Détente” policy

- The fight for civil rights o Kennedy was committed to ending segregation

Freedom Riders were deployed to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers

Were targeted by white groups Lead to violence Federal Marshals were sent to protect the Freedom Riders in the

south Had a good relationship with the King family (of MLK)

Wiretapped their phones a bit, but overall the relationship was solid

Voter Education Project was made to get southern blacks to register to vote

Integrated Blacks into universities James Meredith, a 29 year old air force veteran, was enrolled in

University of Mississippi Required 400 field marshals to escort him to his class

o In the peaceful March on Washington in 1963, MLK lead 200k demonstrators in support of JFK’s anti-discrimination legislation

Legislation was motivated by the hosing/mistreatment of blacks across America

In September 1963, 4 young black girls were killed in an explosion in Birmingham

o Kennedy is assassinated LBJ takes over Continues with the policies of JFK

- Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Societyo Passed the Civil Rights act of 1964

banned racial discrimination in private facilities

Also passed an executive order mandating federal contractors to take “affirmative action” against discrimination

o All part of his “Great Society” A new deal like program that aimed to transform the American way of life

o LBJ easily wins the 1964 electiono Congress is extremely supportive of the Great Society (known as the Great

Society Congress) o Embarked on a “war on poverty”

Billion dollar program targeting the lower class Created a Department of Transportation and Department of housing and

urban developmento 4 main accomplishments of the Great Society

Aid to education Funneled aid to students, not schools Was a way to fund parochial schools without hearing the

separation of church and state argument Medical care for the elderly and indigent

Medicare = aid to the elderly Medicaid = aid to the poor Benefitted the people, but cost the government a lot of money

Immigration reform Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the “national

origins” quote set in 1921 Passed laws that made it easier for entire families to immigrate to

the US Increased population/diversity long term

A new voting rights bill The Civil Rights Act, among other reforms, was already ending

segregation Voting was still nearly impossible for blacks in the south, as they

were targeted and unfairly victimized if they wanted to enter the process

o In Mississippi, a massive voter registration drive was run during the “Freedom Summer” of 1964

o Civil rights workers (black or white) were being killedo Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was denied a seat

at the national democratic convention

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voting registrars to southern states

Greatly increased the black voting turnout- Race Retaliation

o MLKs peaceful protests were only met with violent responseso Militant protestors, led by Malcolm X, turned to violence

Huge riots against police brutality Pushed for black separatism, rather than peaceful co-existence

o Black Panther party and Black Power Group formed as part of the black power movement The movement’s goal was to speed up integration into American society,

through violent means if necessary Emphasized going back to African roots and shedding corrupting western

influences o Violent rioting was counterproductive and only increased tensionso Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965, and MLK in 1968 o After their assassinations, many of the measures put in place by LBJ became

successful- Combatting communism

o Dominican Republic Dominicans rose up against military government in 1965 LBJ mobilized troops to restore order Wanted to prevent another communist outbreak LBJ was condemned for using “gunboat diplomacy”

o Six day war June 1967 Israel expanded to control new territories in the Sinai Peninsula, Golan

Heights, and the Gaza strip Also took control of Jerusalem Against overwhelming odds, they beat Syria, Jordan, AND Egypt (who was

backed by the USSR) Tensions continued to increase

o Vietnam Johnson was responsible for escalating the Vietnam war

Operation “Rolling Thunder” (march 1965) LBJ slowly escalated, and by 1968 more than half a million troops

were sent to South East Asia The international community didn’t like US involvement in Vietnam

Several nations expelled peace corps volunteers France withdrew from NATO and kicked all American troops out

of the countryo Considering that they occupied Vietnam less than a

decade ago, this is a bit hypocriticalo LBJ responded by asking if the kicked out troops included

the thousands killed in Normandy (AKA sickest presidential burn ever recorded)

Not too much approval on the domestic front either Universities across the US were rife with protests Many fled to Canada to avoid the draft With the press covering the war, Americans not only confronted

the harsh brutalities of war, but also saw just how unwinnable the war was

o The Tet offensive, where the US was caught off guard by North Vietnam, was a particular example of this

LBJ didn’t deal with disapproval well Made the CIA spy on domestic anti-war activists

o The program, called “Cointelpro”, targeted the activists as pro-communist sympathizers

o LBJ was labelled a tyrant because of this As the 1968 elections drew near, LBJ wasn’t looking great

o Formidable contenders like Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy targeted him

o Nixon won the election in 1968, even though he supported the war

For all of his accomplishments as part of the great society, LBJ was forever remembered as the guy who screwed up Vietnam

- Cultural upheaval of the 1960so Rejection of Authority

Society wished to be free of sexism, racism, imperialism, and oppression More and more Americans rejected Religion Young Americans began to loathe the conservative elderly

o Protests against authority/censorship spread throughout the world in the mid/late 1960s

UC Berkeley, Columbia, and even in West Berlin/France University presidents, conservative politicians, and communist leaders

tried to suppress them, but the damage was done

o Sexual revolution Birth Control (recently invented) and Gay pride were popular causes Gay men were targeted by police, which lead to the Stonewall Rebellion

in 1969 Gay rights movement was going strong, and continues to do so today

(even the whole AIDS hysteria in the 80s being a setback)o Students for a Democratic society

Ran anti-war and anti-poverty campaigns Unfortunately led to the formation of “The Weathermen”, which was an

underground terrorist group The group led urban riots across America

o Counterculture died down around the 1970s, but the movement as a whole made society much more progressive and diminished conservative values

Chapter 39

- The economy stagnateso Some blamed an increase in women/teenagers in the workforce, while others

blamed the economic shift from manufacturing to service based businesseso The Vietnam war and aftermath of the Great Society could also be to blame, as

the money necessary to fund them was taken through high taxeso Many compared the new lackluster economy with the old booming economy,

leading to a sentiment of frustration across the nation- People hate the Vietnam war

o Nixon’s plan of Vietnamization Nixon was an expert on foreign affairs Nixon wanted to withdraw 540k troops gradually He would still give monetary/diplomatic assistance to the South

Vietnamese so they can eventually take over the war themselves Grew into “the Nixon Doctrine”

o Anti-war protesters still hated the war Nixon appealed to the “silent majority” who supported the war People still hated the war Now people hated Nixon too

o My Lai Massacre American soldiers slaughtered innocent women and children Increased hate of the Vietnam war

o Cambodia

North Vietnamese used Cambodia as a springboard to aid them in the war

Nixon ordered bombings over officially neutral Cambodia Justified this through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Kent State University held a protest in response, and the national guard

killed 4 student demonstratorso Pentagon Papers

In 1971, Declassified papers revealed how the Government, under JFK and LBJ, deceived the people about the true state of the Vietnam war

Included how the US provoked North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin, not the other way around, as was reported by the government.

o Détente Nixon went to visit communist countries to ease tensions

China agreed to normalize their relationshipo America agreed to lessen commitment to the

independence of Taiwano Called the “One China” policy

Because of this “alliance” with China, the Soviets were much more open to talks

o Agreed to an Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty), which limited both nation’s missile capacity

o Both parties still developed advanced weaponry though (ex. MIRVs)

Policy of Détente, meaning “reduced tensions”, was put in place Did end up lessening tensions America still did dislike communism though, routinely supporting

anti-communist rulers in other nations while discouraging leftist politicians

- Supreme court gets changedo Chief Justice Earl Warren was known for his liberal decisions

Brown v. Board of Education Griswold v. Connecticut in 1965 overturned a state law banning

contraceptives Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 gave all criminal defendants right to legal

counsel, even if they can’t afford it Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) decisions made sure that arresting

police officers read the accused their rights

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) and Engel v. Vitale (1962) stated that schools cannot require prayer

Nearly all of these decisions angered conservatives, who cried “impeach Earl Warren”

o In 1971, Nixon replaced Warren with Warren E. Burger Fulfilled an election promise to make sure the court was less liberal Ironically, Burger was just as, if not more, liberal than Warren Was chief justice when Roe v. Wade was passed in 1973, legalizing

abortion- Nixon on the Home Front

o Approved of welfare legislation Contrary to normal party beliefs Nixon increased funding for Medicaid, Social Security income (SSI), and

aid to families with dependent children (AFDC)o Philadelphia plan

Forced thousands of employers to meet “hiring quotas” for minority workers

Changed the dynamic of affirmative action, giving specific privileges to specific groups

Many saw this as reverse discrimination Others saw it as a way to even out the injustices of the last 2

centuries of American history Griggs v. Duke Power Co. outlawed intelligence tests or other devices

that prevented minorities or women from getting jobs Doesn’t make too much sense that intelligence tests are

inherently biased, but hey, 70s logico The environment

Nixon created the Environmental protection agency (EPA) in 1970 The first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22nd, 1970 Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Endangered species

act of 1973o created OSHA (Occupational safety and health administration)o Took the US off of the gold standard (a long time coming, since no one every

followed it) and set a 90 day price/wage freeze Meant to end inflation (nearing 5%) Invalidated the Bretton Woods Conference

- Nixon abroado War Powers Act of 1973

After the end of the Vietnam war in 1973, Nixon still bombed Cambodia People wanted reform The War Powers Act forced the president to report to Congress within 48

hours if they deployed any troops Passed through Nixon’s veto A part of “New Isolationism”, or a policy of restraint overseas

Not a single president has ever followed the terms of the War Powers Act since its passage, so take that for what it’s worth

o Energy crisis After Israel’s victory in the six day war (which was heavily supported by

the US), the entire region was in turmoil OPEC nations announced a US oil embargo

Triggered increasing gas prices Caused a recession not only in the US, but also France and Britain

In response, Congress approved an Alaskan pipeline and created lower mandatory speed limits

Opened Americans’ eyes to the country’s dependency and lack of self-sufficiency

The US formed the International Energy Agency as a countermeasure to OPEC, but the path the self-sufficiency was a long one

- Watergateo In 1972, five men were arrested in the Watergate office complex

They were going to plant electronic bugs in the democratic headquarters Soon everything was linked back to Nixon

o Agnew, the vice president, was forced to resigno Though Nixon initially denied the allegations of corruption, the “smoking gun”

tape revealed that he gave orders to the CIA to hold back the FBI from investigating

o Nixon resigned on August 8th, 1974- Ford takes office

o First unelected presidento Gave Nixon a full pardon

Did not go over well Increased American distrust in government

o Enhanced Détente Increased talks with the soviets

There were now liberal exchanges of people between east and west Germany, and there were organized boundaries and limits set for post-WWII borders

Many of these talks were a part of the “Helsinki Accords” Moscow didn’t follow through with many of their compromises, leading

to the American people losing trust in détenteo The true end of Vietnam

After the US pulled out, South Vietnam had a tough time staying afloat South Vietnam fell in 1975 In all, the United States lost a lot in this war, and while they didn’t

TECHNICALLY lose the war, their client nation did, and the US certainly didn’t win much of anything throughout the whole ordeal

- Social movementso Feminism

The 2nd wave of feminism pushed through the streets in the 70s In 1972, Congress passed Title IX

Prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program or activity

Gave women more opportunities in higher education The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) gained support in congress in 1972

Due to anti-feminists, the amendment was perpetually postponed until it died in 1982

More Backlash Conservatives claimed that feminism was destroying the American

family Treating women as equals bars them from special privileges Nixon vetoed a program to setup a national public daycare

because it “eroded the American family”o Race

Milliken v. Bradley ruled it illegal for desegregation plans to make students move across state lines

Ended “white flight” Good, since not having this provision would defeat the purpose of

desegregation Affirmative Action was controversial

Allan Bakke was denied admission to UC Berkeley and claimed it was because of his race (white)

The supreme court, in the Bakke decision of 1978, ruled in favor of Bakke and UCB was forced to admit him

o 5-4 decisiono Court declared that colleges cannot declare preference in

admissions SOLELY based on race- Election of Jimmy Carter

o Carter narrowly beat Ford for the presidency in 1976 Fun fact: Ford beat Reagan in primaries Received 51% of the total vote, but 97% of the African American vote

o Carter did well initially, but his presidency slowly devolved The economy was failing

Inflation rate was greater than 13% Oil import rates were surging High dependency on foreign trade (27% of GDP)

$60B deficit in 1980 Interest rates were extremely high

o The next energy crisis The oppressive shah of Iran, appointed by the CIA in 1953, was deposed

in 1979 The new rulers HATED the US for ousting their democratically elected

ruler in favor of a tyrannical shah Yet another oil crisis

o The Malaise speech Carter, in one of the worst political decisions in history, chided Americans

for falling into a spiritual and moral crisis Told them they were too focused on material goods “suck it up, it’s not that bad”

Carter fired four cabinet secretaries following this speech, and basically reorganized half the white house

o SALT II agreements were made between the US and the soviets, but the treaty was carved up by republicans in the senate, who disliked the soviets

o Iran Hostage Crisis Militants in Tehran stormed the US embassy and took everyone hostage They demanded that the US release the deposed shah, who was in

asylum on American soil Many condemned Iran, but Carter was unable to deal with the crisis

effectively, and the US looked weak Tried economic sanctions failed

Tried to send in a commando team failed too (by their own aircrafts colliding with each other)

Hostages were released the DAY Reagan was inaugurated Carter really got the short end of the stick on that one

Chapter 40

- Ronald Reagano Resurgence of conservatism

Championed the “common man” against big government Condemned federal intervention in local issues Disliked favoritism for minorities Claimed that the democratic party was the party of big government, and

he was the end of big government “Government is not our solution to the problem, government is

the problem.”o Ran off of Jimmy Carter’s failure

Jimmy Carter was widely regarded as a bad president and hurt the democratic party

ABC = “Anything but Carter” The fight to get on the ticket for Carter proved difficult, but he

was eventually nominated by the democratic party Reagan swept Carter in the election of 1980 On Reagans inauguration, the hostages in Iran were released

Carter fought his entire presidency for this It happened on the first day of Reagan’s

o Reagan’s anti-government agenda was received well by the Americans Taxes and entitlement programs were huge

Led to tax revolts, like in California in 1978, which led to the passage of Proposition 13, which slashed property taxes

Reagan’s budget called for $35B in cuts Mostly to social programs Got support from some southern conservative democrats (called

Boll Weevils) Lowered federal estate and individual tax rates

His economic policy was named “supply side” economics Also known as trickle-down economics of “reaganomics” Lower taxes leads to greater purchasing power in the rich, which

leads to greater investments which in turn helps the economy

The economy wasn’t initially doing well 11% unemployment in 1982 Automobile industry was tanking Gap between the rich and poor was increasing dramatically Dubbed “The Reagan recession”

By 1983, the economy began to pick up again Some said it was due to military expenditures

o For all his small government talk, Reagan spent $2T on the pentagon in the 1980s

o Created a demand for goods that factories could build GREATLY increased debt in the process

- Issues abroado The Cold War continues

Reagan wanted to take a hands on approach against the soviets To do so, he needed to greatly increase the US’s military strength Pursued a technologically advanced missile defense system called

the strategic defense initiative (SDI)o Involved satellites raining terror and destroying missileso Didn’t work too well, but it was just a thought

The USSR shot down a Korean passenger airliner that entered their airspace

US citizens were on that plane Ended talks between the USSR and the US

o The Contra Scandal Unlike Carter, Reagan wanted to deal with the socialist revolutionaries,

known as the Sandinistas, In Nicaragua They were rebelling against the longtime dictator

Reagan supported the Contras, who were against the anti-American revolutionaries

They were notorious for Cocaine smuggling and death squads Reagan sold weapons to Iran (a nation the US described as a

“terrorist” state) and used the profits to fund them Began to be known as the “Contra Scandal”

General Oliver North took the blame for essentially committing treason, then was pardoned

People were NOT happy about thiso Gorbachev takes power

Recognized the USSR is ailing

Passed policies like Glastnost (getting rid of censorship) and Perestroika (fixing the state planned economy) to liberalize and ultimately save the USSR

These programs would require funding that would take away from their military power

Gorbachev catalyzed the end of the cold war Spoke with Reagan Originally ended badly, but they signed the Intermediate Range

Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) in 1987, banning missiles from Europe Reagan still funded anti-communist militants, but the tensions

between USSR and the US did decrease- Conservatives in the economy and in the household

o Reagan’s policies, designed to make government smaller, actually just put it in debt

The lower taxes idea could have worked if he didn’t spend egregious amounts of money on the military

His actions led to one of the highest deficit rates in US historyo The moral majority

Led by Reverend Jerry Falwell, the moral majority was a conservative movement focused on de-liberalizing America

Against open sexuality, feminism, anything gay related, and abortion

Expressed their views on nearly all forms of media Tried to identify themselves as “Christian, pro-life voters” Mirrored tactics of civil disobedience (blocking entrances to abortion

centers, etc.)o Conservatism in the courts

Reagan named three conservative justices into the supreme court Led to conservative court decisions

Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks blurred the lines of identifying racial discrimination in the hiring process

o Whites could claim reverse discrimination due to affirmative action policies

o Congress passed laws in 1991 to reverse some parts of these decisions

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services overturned some key points of Roe v. Wade

Planned Parenthood v. Casey allowed states to restrict access to abortion

- The end of Reaganism o Americans were unhappy about rising debt and the Iran Contra Scandalo In 1987, Black Monday (yet another financial crash) disheartened Americanso In 1988, George H.W. Bush was elected President

While not Reagan levels or Reagan, he was still very conservative Pushed for low taxes/welfare programs while funding the military

- The end of Communismo Germans toppled the Berlin Wall in December 1989

Marked the end of the cold waro The USSR dissolved in December 1991

Gorbachev resigned as soviet president Formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

15 states formed out of the borders/puppet states of the USSR Boris Yetsin took control of Russia

Many parts of Russia (like Chechnya) tried to claim their own independence, but Yetsin sent in troops to prevent it

o The US and the USSR greatly scaled back their military firepower- Trouble in the Persian Gulf

o Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait in 1990 Iraq wanted Kuwait’s oil Saw them as a weak, easily beatable power

o The UN was angered by this move, and ordered Saddam to stop He didn’t listen The UN realized they were playing with fire; there was a lot of oil at stake

o The US sent in their own military force in 1991 February 13th marked the beginning of operation Desert Storm Lasted 4 days

o Bush was happy that the war was over so quickly The public was happy that we didn’t have another long, drawn out war “Vietnam Syndrome” is over

- Bush on the home fronto Passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990

Prohibited discrimination against Americans with disabilitieso Dealt with hot button issues

The department of Education challenged the legality of racially targeted college scholarships

Bush threatened to make it easier to prove discrimination in hiring and promotion practices

o Clarence Thomas A conservative (black) justice that was so conservative that the NAACP

didn’t want him Even through sexual harassment allegations and widespread dislike,

Thomas won his seat through an extremely narrow voteo Increased taxes

Economy wasn’t doing well Unemployment at 11%+ Record high debt

Passed a $133B tax increase He ran on not increasing taxes, but now viewed it as a necessity

Chapter 41

- Bill Clinton is electedo Formed the Democratic Leadership Council

Moved the party away from anti-business/”champion of the underdog” orientation to a more pro-growth, strong defense ideology

Wanted to stimulate the economy and fix the welfare systemo 1992 election

Ran Against the Incumbent George H.W. Bush Took credit for winning the cold war and leading the Persian Gulf

War to a swift end Many still disliked him because of the recession Clinton had a poster saying “It’s the economy, stupid”, which

suggests that that is what the people care about most Ross Perot, a third party candidate, also ran and got a surprising amount

of votes Clinton dominated presidential debates Clinton won, with a pretty large margin

o Don’t Ask Don’t Tell In a compromise measure to allow LGBT soldiers into the military, Clinton

said that they can enter as long as their sexuality is never acknowledged Repealed in 2010

o Hillary Hillary Clinton was tasked with redesigning the medical service industry Was extremely unsuccessful

Despite this, Hillary Clinton was the only first lady to hold office when she was elected to be a senator of New York

She was later appointed as Obama’s secretary of state- Anti-Government

o Oklahoma City Bombing In 1995, an explosion destroyed a federal government building, killing

168 people Was in response to the government destroying the Branch Davidian Cult

o During the 90s, many term limit laws were passed as part of the growing anti-government sentiment

o 1994 midterm elections Clinton’s policies were failing Anti-government sentiment Republicans attempted to seize the opportunity Contract with America

Led by Newt Gingrich, the contract with America was the campaign slogan for the 1994 republicans

Pushed for an assault on budget deficits and cuts to welfare programs

Many thought the republicans were pushing the envelope Policies were TOO conservative Tensions between the parties were very high In 1995 the federal government shutdown because they couldn’t

agree on a budget packageo Basically a legislative temper tantrumo Happened again only a bit more than a decade later

- More Clintono Clinton is re-elected in 1996, running against Bob Dole and Ross Perot

Won by a solid margin The economy was very healthy It’s the economy, stupid

o Forced the pass the Welfare Reform Bill in 1996 Made deep cuts to welfare grants Restricted welfare benefits to Illegal Immigrants, reflecting the growing

anti-illegal immigrant sentimento Clinton used this to his political advantage

By seeming to be more middle ground, it made the republicans look very radical

o Affirmative Action

“mend it, not end it” As states passed anti-affirmative action laws (prop. 209 for CA, Hopwood

v. Texas for TX) Clinton disliked them but didn’t want to overturn them Clinton was aware that affirmative action was not as popular, especially

among whites, as it was in the 70so The economy was still booming

There were government surpluses throughout his term Genuinely unheard of for the American government New Internet businesses led to the “dot com boom”

o Scandals Allegation of corruption in a real estate debacle known as “whitewater”

plagued him, and while he was tried no indictment ever materialized Clinton was caught in a sexual affair with Monica Lewinsky, a young white

house intern Lied about it in federal court A damning report was presented to the Republican house of

representatives The Lewinsky affair almost lead to impeachment

Proceedings were in order for the first time in 130 years He was not formally impeached

o Clinton’s legacy Marred by his various scandals, it is still generally positive The economy was extremely strong throughout his presidency Managed to maintain a surplus, which is no small feat for the American

government- Clinton abroad

o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)

NAFTA was supported by Clinton in 1993 Created a free trade zone for all the countries in North America Some didn’t like it because it allowed Mexican workers to “take”

low pay jobs from Americans The WTO furthered this sentiment

Successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Looked towards GLOBAL free trade Many disliked this, as they didn’t want to deal with the human

and environmental costs of globalizationo Africa

Somalian Rebels killed more than a dozen Americans Rwandan Massacre resulted in over 500k deaths

Racially motivated Washington made quick moves in Somalia, but largely stayed out of the

African theatreo China was developing into an international powerhouse

Clinton withdrew some early comments on Chinese human rights issues Passed a controversial trade bill in 2000 that made China and the US

trading partnerso Balkans

Large racial conflicts erupted in Bosnia and Albania NATO troops were sent, though they were predominantly American Bombing campaign in Kosovo forced Milosevic, the Serbian president, the

accept NATO forces and eventually led to him being tried for his ethnic cleansing policies

o Middle East There was a meeting in the White House between Israel Premier Yitzhak

Rabin and Yasir Arafat, the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization

Agreed originally to a principal of self-rule for the Palestinians within Israel

- 2000 electiono Coming off the Clinton years, many expected prosperity to continue

George W. Bush (R) campaigned on lowering taxes and giving the surplus back to the people

Al Gore (D) wanted to use the surplus to pay off the debt we’ve incurred over the years

o VERY close election Gore WON the popular vote, but the electoral vote was rife in scandal The Florida vote count was the determinant factor, and it was so close

that some democrats wanted a recount Supreme court said no Bush won by a hair

Gore winning the popular vote while losing the electoral vote by such a large margin casted a shadow of illegitimacy over Bush’s presidency

- The (new) Bush yearso Bush 2 was known for being very conservative

Withdrew support for international health programs that sanctioned abortion

Financed faith based social welfare programs Limited stem cell research Challenged findings of groundwater contamination and global warming

Repudiated the Kyoto Treaty which limited greenhouse gas emissions

The treaty was negotiated in the Clinton era but never ratified by the senate

Pushed for oil exploration in Alaska’s wildlife refuge Allowed Dick Cheney to collude with oil companies while forming the US

energy policy behind closed doorso 9/11

On September 11th, 2001, a large terrorist plot led to an attack on the twin towers and the pentagon

Over 3000 confirmed dead Bush reacted very quickly, citing Al Qaeda (led by Bin Laden) as the

perpetrators Fun Fact: The US actually helped Bin Laden back in his glory days

with the Taliban in Afghanistan during the Cold War Bin Laden disliked the US because they supported Israel, and he

was a bit jealous of their economic, military, and cultural dominance

o 9/11 Aftermath The Patriot Act

Permitted extensive surveillance of American citizens Blatantly violated the 14th amendment; no warrants were

necessary to tap millions of American’s phones and emails Allowed the deportation of LEGAL immigrants ACCUSED of

terrorismo Led to the creation of the Department of Homeland

security roughly a year later, designed to protect the nation’s borders

o Hundreds of immigrants were held while their Habeas Corpus rights were suspended

Military tribunals and Git-mo Suspected terrorists were tried in military tribunals where normal

court rules don’t apply

o Rules of evidence were circumstantialo Not a public trialo No real juries

Those arrested for terrorism are sent to Guantanamo Bayo Prison located in Cubao Legal limbo; many were not tried or convicted, but were

rather stuck in an eternal purgatory As expected, many of these actions sparked controversy

As in the past, extremist policies were rationalized through the imminent threat, which in this era is terrorism

the people were outraged that so many civil liberties were taken away

The people’s outrage did not translate into much direct action on the part of the politicians

And that’s all! Good luck to everyone who made it this far. Author’s note: I really spent a bunch of time on this. It’s nearly 150 pages, so it’s basically a small book. I can probably sell this if I remove the dumb jokes, and I’m really only sharing this to everyone (inside and outside school) as a token of good will. This is on the honor system here,

but reselling my stuff isn’t the greatest thing to do. If you have any questions, just ask me through whatever channel I posted this on.

Thanks, and again, good luck on APUSH.

People who wrote this: Vignesh J. (And Mr. Bartlett where credited)

Chapters are based off the 15th edition of The American Pageant (AP ed.)