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Chinese Restaurants in DenverA Digital History Project

Eric NewcombeDr. Carr Childers

HIST 50517 December 2019

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Abstract

What can the history of Chinese restaurants in Denver, Colorado tell us about the

Chinese-American immigrant experience during the era of exclusion (1882-1943)? This small

research project will focus on the history of Chinese restaurants in the city of Denver during the

era of exclusion for the purpose of understanding the role that Chinese restaurants played in

providing an access point for Americans to the culture of Chinese immigrants. Through the use

of analytical tools including textual, spatial, chronological, visual and network analysis tools, this

research project will attempt to answer this question in a comprehensive manner. The subjects of

this research project will include the five oldest extant East Asian restaurants in the greater

Denver area. This research will illustrate that Chinese restaurants bridged the perceived

exoticism of Chinese culture in America with a familiarity that American citizens needed in

order to take part in the culture with some ease.

Explanation of Research

The history of Chinese food and Chinese restaurants in the United States of America is a

topic that goes far deeper than just the story of a popular cuisine in the nation. The history of the

Chinese restaurant is one that reflects the tumultuous and varied experiences of Chinese

immigrants in the United States of America. From a useful source of labor to a hated people to

one of the most popular cultures in the nation, Chinese immigrants and culture have been on the

forefront of American perception and attitude toward the foreign immigrant. In the present day,

however, Chinese cuisine and Chinese restaurants are among the most ubiquitous and popular

establishments in the nation. How then, did the United States of America go through this

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nuanced process of total discrimination and exclusion to acceptance and love of Chinese cuisine

and culture?

It is clear that part of this answer lies within the Chinese restaurant itself. After the

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and subsequent laws that prohibited Chinese immigration,

existing Chinese immigrants in the United States were relegated to service industries, with main

examples being laundry services and the restaurant. Throughout the exclusion era, from 1882

through 1943, with the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and beyond the restaurant became a

hallmark of Chinese communities, or Chinatowns, and a symbol of accessibility for American

citizens into the Chinese culture. Through an examination of these Chinese restaurants, a greater

understanding of the manner in which Chinese American immigrants facilitated cultural

exchange and acceptance can be understood.

Discussion of Research Questions and Working Hypothesis

The research questions that I am using to guide this project include the following

questions. What can an analysis of Chinese restaurants indicate about the Chinese-American

immigrant experience during the era of exclusion (1882-1943) in Denver, Colorado? What can

an analysis of the extant East Asian restaurants tell us about the immigrant experience today?

These research questions are at the heart of this project and reflect the chronological and

geographic boundaries of this project.

The purpose for the chronological boundary stems from the passage of the Chinese

Exclusion Act of 1882. It was after this point that Chinese immigrant to the United States was

severely limited and immigrants that were already within the US were unable to return home.

This is a valuable beginning point as it marks the time when Chinese immigrants in the United

States were forced to become a part of American society as they were unable to return back to

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China. Similarly, the year 1943 is important as it marks the end of the Chinese Exclusion Act of

1882 was formally lifted and repealed by the United States of America. This marks the point

when greater numbers of Chinese immigrants began to come to the United States. As a result of

greater immigration and exchange between the two nations, opinions and perceptions of Chinese

culture shifted greatly.

The geographic boundary of these questions also has to do with the practicality of this

research project and some of the conceptual elements as well. Denver, Colorado is close enough

to Colorado State University to allow for the given research to be done within the allotted time

frame. My working hypothesis is as follows: Chinese restaurants aided in the facilitation of the

accessibility of Americans into Chinese culture and reflect the experience of Chinese-American

immigrants in Denver. The exterior architectural features, interior design elements and signage

of Chinese restaurants bridged the perceived exoticism of Chinese culture in America with a

familiarity that American citizens needed in order to take part in the culture with some ease.

Discussion of Methodological Approach

The manner in which I plan to answer this question is through an identification of

Chinese restaurants that were established during my chronological boundary and within my

geographic boundary. Initial research to identify these restaurants will be done through an

examination of secondary and primary sources with particular focus on city directories. After the

identification of these restaurants, additional forms of analysis will allow me to fully present an

answer to the question. Textual, spatial, chronological, visual and network analysis will all play a

role in answering this question.

Text analysis will be done in the form of analyzing different menus from Chinese

restaurants. I will be using Voyant Tools, a text analysis software program to analyze the

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different menus from the Chinese restaurants. This text analysis software will allow for me to

identify and analyze patterns in the text of the menus. The purpose of this will be to see if there

is a correlation between the blending of architectural and the food that is offered at the

restaurant. Spatial analysis will be done via the location of the Chinese restaurants in the greater

Denver area. The software program that I will use will be Google Maps or ArcGIS. Either

software program will allow me to create a map using the latitude and longitude of the

restaurants that indicates the location and spatial relationship between Chinese restaurants. This

spatial analysis will hopefully yield results about the location of Chinese restaurants within

Denver, their proximity to one another and their proximity to the Chinatown in Denver.

Chronological analysis will take form through the visualization of the establishment of

Chinese restaurants within the defined research boundary. Using tools such as Knight Lab

timeline, I will be able to recreate a timeline that adequately represents the chronological

development of restaurants within my given geographic boundary. Data regarding the date of

construction, prominent alteration or additions, the architect and builder will all be valuable for

both chronological analysis and visual culture analysis. This chronological representation will

allow for me to analyze the creation of these Chinese restaurants within the context of the

broader history. Visual Culture analysis in this case will take part in the reading of the websites

of the restaurants themselves. Using a framework to analyze each website I will establish the

visual culture of each website. This analysis will yield results that will indicate the intended

audience, authenticity and perceived exoticism of the restaurants themselves. Finally, network

analysis will take the form of identifying the placement of the Chinese restaurant in the

community of Denver. I will be using Palladio, a network analysis software program. Palladio

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will allow me to create a dataset that will visualize the correlations between the restaurants and

the community of Denver.

Using these analytical tools, I hope to present a more comprehensive answer to my

research questions. The breadth of analytical tools will allow for a much greater understanding of

the relationship between these Chinese restaurants and the communities/regions that they were

within.

Methodology

Chronological Analysis Application

Summary and Overview

Understanding any historical event must include some form of chronological analysis.

This project is no different and requires a robust chronological analysis of the Chinese immigrant

experience in Colorado. This chronological analysis will serve to provide context to the Chinese

immigrant experience in Colorado and how the surrounding events of the time impacted the

creation and establishments of Chinese restaurants in Denver, CO. Beginning with the

Burlingame Treaty in 1868 which normalized relations between the United States and Qing

China, increased immigration from China to the United States commenced. From this point

forward, events of importance at any level, local, state, or national, will be put on the timeline to

provide context to the larger question about the history of Chinese restaurants in Denver. You

can view the timeline at the following link:

https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?

source=1ulyYGkYHK2NBU48w2zNHt4-

oEwTlJ8V0pRjYWmUb1Jc&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650

https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1ulyYGkYHK2NBU48w2zNHt4-oEwTlJ8V0pRjYWmUb1Jc&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650



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Methodology

In this chronological analysis I will be using Knightlab Timeline creator. This tool will

allow me to create a timeline through Google Sheets and present chronological analysis with

visual representations to go along with events that are placed upon the timeline. Initial research

was done through both the internet and in scholarly works to establish the context necessary to

understand the history of Chinese restaurants in Denver.1 Significant events were pulled from

multiple sources and placed on the timeline with the goal of presenting a larger picture with

regard to the history of Chinese restaurants.

Figure 1 Screenshot of spreadsheet used to create timeline.

In order to present a timeline that was as visually pleasing as possible, images were used

in conjunction with the events that were placed on the timeline. The visual images were chosen

largely from Wikipedia Commons and other free use websites to ensure that there was no

1 See bibliography for sources referenced and used.

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copyright infringement. Images were selected to represent the event that they correspond to, or

the overall message of the event itself.

Figure 2 Screenshot of timeline

Initial Analysis

It is clear from the chronological analysis that the history and story of the Chinese

immigrant in Colorado is one of persecution and turmoil. From their arrival in the late 1800’s to

the Denver Riot in 1880 and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, it is obvious that the Chinese

immigrant experience mirrors that of other Chinese immigrants in other locations. Despite these

similarities, there are some unique aspects that are worth pointing out that came to the forefront

from the chronological analysis.

The first would be the impact of national events upon the perception of Chinese

immigrants in Colorado. The clearest example of this would be the impact of the discovery of

bubonic plague in San Francisco’s Chinatown and the resultant shut down of the border to

Chinese and Japanese immigrants by the governor of Colorado in 1900. This clearly indicates

that the larger context of national events had an impact on the state and local level in Colorado.

This can also be seen through the influence of the Panic of 1873 and the resultant Long

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Depression from 1873-1879, which increased racial tension and violence against Chinese

immigrants in several locations around Colorado.2

In addition, through the chronological analysis it is clear that there is a gap in this story.

After the Denver Riot in 1880, Denver’s Chinatown was not completely destroyed or razed.

Sources indicate that Chinese immigrants continued to work and that by 1900 there were several

Chinese laundries and restaurants that were run by Chinese immigrants. However, the historic

record is clearly incomplete at the oldest extant Chinese restaurants in Denver was established in

1976. What this chronological analysis indicates is that there is a need to fill the gap in the story

and to understand how the Chinse restaurant developed in Denver during the period of 1900-

1970 and to see what this can tell us about the Chinese immigrant experience in Denver during

this time.

Spatial Analysis Application


My goal in this spatial analysis was to map the East Asian (Chinese, Japanese,

Vietnamese) restaurants that were established in the 1980’s in Denver, CO. Given that this is

when a significant portion of some of the oldest East Asian restaurants in Denver were

established, I wanted to see their proximity to one another and identify if there was a correlation

among their geographic location or their proximity to the historic Chinatown in Denver. The map

currently shows the five restaurants that were established in the 1980’s, one restaurant that was

more recently established, but is named for the historic Chinatown (Hop Alley), the historic

location of Chinatown and the only existing plaque recognizing Denver’s Chinatown.

Methodology

2 William Wei, Asians in Colorado: A History of Persecution and Perseverance in the Centennial State, The Scott and Laurie Oki Series in Asian American Studies (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016).

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I identified the location of these restaurants by first using an internet search to acquire the

address of the restaurants themselves. Once I had the address of the restaurant, I entered the

address into Google Maps and Google Earth to ensure that I had the same location in each

platform. I then used Google Earth to acquire the UTMs for each location. Using the UTMs and

the appropriate address, I entered each location into their own layer of Google My Maps to plot

their location on the map.

The location of Denver’s historic Chinatown and the location of the plaque that

designates its original location were both acquired from an article from History Colorado and

approximated by me on Google My Maps.3 These locations also went onto their own layer so

that the viewer could differentiate between the historic locations and the more recent ones. The

goal in plotting these locations was to identify the proximity of more recent East Asian

restaurants to the historic Chinatown.

I then used functions within Google My Maps to alter the colors and shapes of the icons

to better delineate the differences between the historic locations and the more recent restaurants.4

3 “The Rise and Fall of Denver’s Chinatown | History Colorado,” accessed November 6, 2019, https://www.historycolorado.org/story/colorado-voices/2019/04/11/rise-and-fall-denvers-chinatown.4 To view the map in Google My Maps use the following link: https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1VDAQrRcaMGGZzCnBCmXJGxxAvVU55vgk&ll=39.71957255575338%2C-104.99417596367186&z=12

https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1VDAQrRcaMGGZzCnBCmXJGxxAvVU55vgk&ll=39.71957255575338%2C-104.99417596367186&z=12

https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1VDAQrRcaMGGZzCnBCmXJGxxAvVU55vgk&ll=39.71957255575338%2C-104.99417596367186&z=12

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Figure 3 Icons in Green=1980’s restaurants, Icons in Red=Historic

Initial Analysis

There is no correlation between the location of the oldest East Asian restaurants that

continue to exist in Denver and their proximity to the historic Chinatown. In addition, while

there is no distinct grouping of the restaurants, it is interesting that none of them are located near

the city’s core downtown location. This is especially interesting given the central location of the

historic Chinatown. That being said, it is clear that the majority of the restaurants lie in the

southern portion of the city and pushed to the periphery of Denver proper.

Further Questions

- What would a mapping of all of the East Asian restaurants currently in existence in

Denver illustrate? What might this indicate regarding the historic restaurants and their

proximity to the historic Chinatown?

- If there is no current Chinese ethnic enclave in Denver, are there other East Asian ethnic

enclaves that do exist and what is their location?

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- Would a mapping of the East Asian restaurants throughout time indicate a migration of

Chinese people from the core of Denver to the periphery as a result of perception toward

Chinese immigrants?

Next Steps

This is a straightforward map that serves the initial purpose for spatial analysis. I would

like to put this data into an ArcGIS map to have additional layers for additional time periods that

would illustrate where Chinese immigrants created restaurants throughout the twentieth century.

Using multiple layers would allow for there to be both a spatial argument and a temporal

argument.

Textual Analysis Application


My goal in this textual analysis was to analyze the menus of the five East Asian

restaurants that were identified as being built in the 1980’s. These restaurants all have their

menu, or some version of their menu on their websites. The primary goal of textually analyzing

their menus was to see if there were some dishes that showed up on multiple menus, as this

might give a hint about how food changed over time, or what dishes were necessary for an East

Asian restaurant to survive in Denver. Similarly, this analysis was used to see if the phrasing of

the menus was similar or if there were drastic differences between the restaurants themselves.

Methodology

The restaurants that were chosen were first identified through my spatial analysis. These

restaurants were created in the 1980’s and are the extant restaurants in the greater Denver area.

Through an internet search, I found their website and used that to navigate to their menus. On

each website the navigation and presentation of the menu was different and required some

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manipulation to ensure that the data from the menu could be used. Although each of the

restaurants will receive their own articulation below, there are some similarities among the

process that can be articulated here. Voyant Tools is the text analysis program that I will be using

to analyze the text of the menus. It is important to note here that none of the prices were used in

this analysis, only the names of the dishes and any descriptions that were provided underneath

the dish titles. If there were no additional descriptions of the items, then the name of the item was

the only text used. Below is an articulation of each restaurant that was analyzed and the specific

process by which I pulled the data.

China Jade

The China Jade website is one of the more simplistic websites of the five restaurants that

were analyzed.5 After navigating to the website home, I clicked on the tab for menu. On this tab

of the website the menu is presented as direct text on the website page. There were two

categories, Appetizers and House Specials. I chose to not use the appetizers and analyze the

House Specials, something that I would do for all of the restaurants. Instead of copying and

pasting the information from the website, I typed the name of each dish into a Microsoft Word

document, creating a new line for each dish that was taken from the menu. Items that were not

used or pulled from the menu of House Specials included the dish number (i.e. H1, H15) the

Chinese characters that were nest to the name or the price of the dish. After typing each of the

names into a word document I then saved the document as a plain text file and entered the plain

text file into Voyant Tools to analyze the text.

5 The website for the China Jade Restaurant is as follows: http://www.china-jade-restaurant.com/

http://www.china-jade-restaurant.com/

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Figure 4 China Jade Text Analysis

Imperial Chinese Restaurant

The Imperial Chinese Restaurant website is more robust and designed than that of the

China Jade Restaurant.6 Using Google to navigate to the website of the Imperial Chinese

Restaurant, I began at the home page. From there I located the “Our Menu” drop down tab in the

upper right-hand corner. There are numerous options to be chosen including dinner, lunch and

signature dishes. Given my methodology for the China Jade Restaurant and in an attempt to keep

my data as equal as possible, I used only the signature dishes from the Imperial Chinese

Restaurant. After navigating to the Signature Dishes page, I was presented with text on the

website page. The Signature Dishes menu from the Imperial Chinese restaurant included dish

names, descriptions of the dish, variations of the dish, depending on protein chosen, and prices.

The only information that I omitted was the prices. I then typed the dish names, descriptions and

variations into a Microsoft Word document giving each new dish a new line. I saved the Word

document as a plain text file and then entered the plain text file into Voyant Tools to analyze the

text.

6 The website for the Imperial China Restaurant is as follows: https://www.imperialchinese.com/

https://www.imperialchinese.com/

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Figure 5 Imperial Chinese Restaurant Text Analysis

Sushi Den

The Sushi Den restaurant website is even more stylized than that of the Imperial Chinese

Restaurant.7 Similar to the other restaurants, I used Google to navigate to the Sushi Den’s home

webpage. From there I located the “Menu” tab at the top of the home page. There are a variety of

option on the menu page, but the one that I chose to stay as consistent as possible was the

“Dinner Menu” option. This was chosen partly due to the established methodology, but also as a

result of the cuisine that Sushi Den purveys for its customers. Clicking on the Dinner Menu link

takes you to a word document that is a scan of the dinner menu. I included all of the information

from the dinner menu with the only omission being the prices. This information was typed into a

Microsoft Word document that was then saved as a plain text file. The plain text file was then

uploaded to Voyant Tools for text analysis.

7 The website for Sushi Den is as follows: https://www.sushiden.net/

https://www.sushiden.net/

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Figure 6 Sushi Den Text Analysis

Twin Dragon Restaurant

The Twin Dragon restaurant is one of the more simplistic websites of the grouping that I

have identified.8 While not as simplistic as the website of that of the China Jade Restaurant, this

is not nearly as sophisticated as that of Sushi Den or Imperial Chinese Restaurant. I used Google

to locate the home page of the Twin Dragon Restaurant. From the home page I clicked on the

menu tab in the upper right-hand corner. This tab takes you to the menu page, which has the text

of the menu embedded into the webpage itself. Given that there were no house specials or Chef’s

specials, I chose to include the entire menu. In line with previous methodology, I chose to omit

the appetizers and the prices of the dishes themselves. I typed the names of the dishes and any

other information into a Microsoft Word document and then saved that document as a plain text

file. I then uploaded the plain text file into Voyant Tools for text analysis.

8 The website for the Twin Dragon Restaurant is as follows: https://www.twindragonrestaurant.com/

https://www.twindragonrestaurant.com/

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Figure 7 Twin Dragon Text Analysis

New Saigon Restaurant

The New Saigon Restaurant was the most complicated of the restaurants when it came to

the menu. In addition, their website was the most highly stylized of the restaurants in this

selection.9 I used Google to navigate my way to the New Saigon Restaurant homepage. From

there I clicked on the “Menu and Order” tab that is located at the top of the screen. The menu

from New Saigon is expansive and includes a tremendous number of dishes that needed to be

culled in order to fit with my methodology. To fit within my methodology, I included the Chef’s

Specials and the Beef and Pork dishes in my text analysis. I clicked upon each link that contained

these categories. I then copied and pasted the dishes, their descriptions and prices into a

Microsoft Word document. The reason that I did this rather than type the dishes into the

document is because of the Vietnamese names of the dishes which include a large number of

accents and other punctuation that I was unsure that I would be able to recreate. After copy and

pasting the menus into the Microsoft Word document I deleted the prices and the menu numbers

9 The website for the New Saigon Restaurant is as follows: https://newsaigon.com/

https://newsaigon.com/

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and then converted the file to a plain text file. Once I had the plain text file I uploaded it to

Voyant Tools for text analysis.

There is an interesting issue with this menu. When I converted the Word document to a

plain text file, it is clear that the computer is unable to recognize some of the punctuation and

characters of the Vietnamese text and has entered them as question marks on the file. When

uploaded to Voyant Tools this continues to function as it should and does not take into account

the question marks, but not all of the words in the title of the Word document are present in the

plain text file. Given that little will be drawn from the names of the dishes, I will omit them and

keep the descriptions, which are in English.

Figure 8 New Saigon Text Analysis

All Menus

Finally, in an attempt to understand the menus in a comparative context, I uploaded all of

the plain text files into one run of Voyant to see what the textual analysis would yield. The

documents were not compiled into a single document, but rather uploaded individually into the

same corpus. Voyant Tools recognizes this and analyzes all of the data together while separating

each corpus so that similarities and differences can be analyzed.

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Figure 9 All Menus Text Analysis

All Menus, Just Dish Names

Given the lack of clarity among some of the other analysis, it was recommended that

another set of analysis be done with some caveats. Since the previous rounds of text analysis

were done with dish descriptions, this had the possibility of affected the preponderance of words

in the analysis. It was recommended that the dish names be isolated and normalized across the

different menus in order to see if there were patterns within the text in this format. In order to see

if this pattern was reflected within the menus, certain changes to the data were needed to ensure

that the program would identify the dish names in their entirety.

Each menu was culled to just the dish names and then placed into a single document. The

spaces between the dish names were then deleted. The purpose behind this was to get Voyant

tools to recognize the dish name as a single entity, thereby allowing the program to address

patterns within the dish names. All of the dishes from the menus were then placed into a single

document and run through Voyant.

While this was certainly an interesting and useful experiment, as it allowed for a greater

understanding of the functions and manifestations of the program, it yielded little results. After

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the analysis of the dish names, it is clear that there are some similarities, but none so great as to

distinguish a pattern that would point to the influence of single culture or region. Part of this may

be due to the small sample size and the variety of cuisines within the small sample size. A

greater sample size of restaurants within a similar cuisine would possibly yield different results.

Figure 10 All Menus, but just Dish Names

Initial Analysis

The textual analysis of the menus from the restaurants that have been chosen have

yielded some interesting results. It is clear from the textual analysis that the menus that have

been analyzed are somewhat what I expected them to be. The words with the highest frequency

are general food related terms like, beef, chicken, pork, and shrimp. Given that East Asian

cuisine usually offers a variety of proteins with any single dish, this was something that I

expected to see in the word clouds of the text analysis.

What I did not expect to see or what I found to be particularly interesting was the use of

Szechuan and Hunan as descriptors that would be used for understanding the flavor of dishes.

Both of these terms refer to regions in China that are world renown for their cuisine and

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particular flavor, but I am surprised to see that they are the sole descriptors of some of the dishes.

I think that anyone would be hard pressed to find an average American that can explicate the

flavor differences between Szechuan and Hunan cuisine, myself included.

Equally as interesting as the use of Szechuan and Hunan descriptors as above is the

amount of text that was used to describe the cooking technique in the dishes. Words that are used

to describe the cooking technique are apparent and are frequently used throughout these menus.

This indicates that while the flavors of the dish are important to advertising to customers, so too

is the manner in which the dish was prepared as East Asian restaurants highlight the difference in

their cuisine.

Text analysis also revealed that there is a high amount of similarity amongst these

different menus when it comes to certain words. High frequency words like sauce, shrimp, beef

and pork are seen throughout all menus indicating that although these restaurants represent

different East Asian cuisines, there is a significant amount of similarity among them that links

them together by the food that they highlight in their menus. This is clearly seen in the word

cloud visualization of all of the menus and the word count for the highest frequency of words.

Figure 11 Highest frequency words. All menus.

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However, it is clear that each of the menus is attempting to highlight the differences in

their cuisine through the use of distinct words. As is evidenced by Figure 8 each menu is clearly

delineating itself from one another by highlighting different ingredients, styles of cuisine and

cooking techniques.

Figure 12 Distinct Words as compared to other corpuses. All menus.

What is equally as interesting from this text analysis is what is absent from the menus.

None of the menus that were analyzed contained any American or traditionally western food

items. This is of importance because it means that the cuisine of the region that is being

presented is clearly accepted and eaten by the public. Despite this absence, there are two

restaurants that have alternate menus at their restaurants that include more ethnic dishes that is

not available to patrons as they walk through the door. This is important as it shows that there is

still some lack of acceptance of some of the foods that are eaten in these regions. For example,

there is a distinct lack of offal or intestines on any of the menus, which is a staple in Szechuan

cuisine.

Further Questions

I. Did any of these menus change over time from the creation of the restaurant to the

menu that they currently present?

II. Are there certain dishes that are made for some patrons that are friends of the

restauranteurs?

III. Does a multiplicity of cuisines negate the textual analysis?

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IV. Would a comparison to a menu from a traditional East Asian restaurant in China,

Japan or Vietnam yield the same results as the one above?

V. What does the dishes that are offered reflect about Denver and the area that these

restaurants were created in?

Network Analysis ApplicationSummary and Overview

This application will address network analysis. The purpose of this network analysis will

be to see how the five selected restaurants fit within the community of Denver. More

specifically, it will show to what extent they interact and in what manner they interact with the

identity of the Denver community. Given that the goal of this project is to fully understand how

these restaurants fit within the Denver community, a network analysis can aid in this explanation.

The website of each restaurant will be the locus of this network analysis. Each website

will be analyzed by me to see what elements of Denver they interact with. By creating a data set

that links the restaurants to Denver’s culture, identity and community, a network will develop

that will show similarities and differences for how these restaurants interact with the community.

This is very much an abstract network analysis. While it is clear that there are distinct

connections between the Denver community and these restaurants, highlighting those

connections requires some subjectivity. The visualization of these connections will be of great

value in understanding the manners in which these restaurants see themselves in the greater

Denver community.

Methodology

Each website will be analyzed to see how it portrays its interactions with the Denver

community. Using an excel spreadsheet, two columns will be created to formulate a database to

be analyzed. One column will be the “source” column and the other will be the “target” column.

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The source column will be the name of the restaurant and the target column will be its

connection to Denver.

Once the database is created, it will be saved as a csv file that will then be uploaded into

Palladio, a network analysis tool. I will then use Palladio to manipulate the visualization of the

data to best represent the network that has been created.

Figure 13 Network Analysis East Asian Restaurants

Initial Analysis

In analyzing the placement of these restaurants in Denver there has been some interesting

insights. The first is that not all of the restaurants exist in Denver proper. There are three of the

five that would be considered to be in suburbs or different neighborhoods of the greater Denver

area. Despite this geographic reality, each website clearly notes that they are in or a part of

Denver proper. In addition, it is interesting that almost all of the restaurants claim to be

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“Denver’s Best.” I see this as another way to establish legitimacy and authority within the

Denver community.

Secondly, it is interesting to see that there is so much connectivity and claim to being a

part of Denver by illustrating a feature in a magazine or news article that shows that they are a

prominent restaurant within the Denver community. All of the restaurants have some mention in

Westword Magazine and almost all have mentions in the 5280 Magazine, both Denver staples.

With regard to some of the differences, the most notable being the highly lauded Sushi

Den. It is clear that Sushi Den has the most visibility in the Denver community from their

website. They have the highest number of mentions in Denver publications and news sources and

their press shows that they have several sister restaurant locations in the area as well. Another

outlier is China Jade. This restaurant’s website is severely limited and clearly not focused on

public interaction. Its limited

Further Questions

I. What role does magazine coverage play in keeping a restaurant around?

II. To what extent does involvement in the community ensure that a restaurant will be

extant?

III. Are there other factors that would impact the restaurant’s place in the community of

Denver?

Visual Culture AnalysisSummary and Overview

The purpose of this visual culture analysis is to analyze the manner in which these

Chinese restaurants interact with the public. The manner of this visual culture analysis will be of

their websites. Aside from their actual buildings, it can be argued that their websites are their

most public facing entity and their clearest declaration of their identity. By examining their

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websites through a visual culture analytical lens, it can be possible to learn about who they think

that they are as a restaurant and how they fit into the community of Denver.

MethodologyChina Jade Restaurant

Figure 14 Homepage of China Jade

I. Source Title: China Jade Restaurant (Chinese Restaurant)

II. Type of Source: Website

III. Source Date: Copyright 2019

IV. Source Author/Creator: N/A

V. Purpose of the Source: Public Outreach, provide information about hours,

location, menu and contact. No online delivery.

VI. Where is the Source Archived: china-jade-restaurant.com

VII. Source Content10

a. Preservation of First Impressions and Reactions

i. Initially this is a boring website. The homepage is full of basic colors

of white, black and grey. There are no photos of food or the restaurant,

cues to type of cuisine or other visual information to aid in the

understanding of what this restaurant’s main goal is. It is very simple 10 Luc Pauwels, “A Multimodal Framework for Analyzing Websites as Cultural Expressions,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17, no. 3 (2012): 247–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01572.x.(This framework is borrowed and adapted to fit this project from this journal article.)

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and the information that I desire would be easy to find. The hours,

location, menu and contact information are all in easily located places,

but there is little done here in the way of enticing the viewer to

continue. In addition, there is a large add for a completely different

restaurant at the top of this website, which does not serve the purpose

of the restaurant website itself.

b. Inventory of Salient Features and Topics

i. Website Features and Attributes

1. This website had a tab for menu, location, hours and contact.

Each tab merely brings you down the page to where the

information is located. There are not multiple pages to this

website, there is only one page.

2. This is an interactive map located near the bottom of the page

that allows you to see the location of the restaurant and to view

the surrounding area.

ii. ‘Negative Analysis’ (Significantly absent topics and features)

1. There is a distinct lack of interaction with this website. There

are no pictures, links to press releases or online ordering. The

menu does is just text on the page and there is no interactivity

within the website.

c. In-depth Analysis of Content and Formal Choices

i. Verbal/Written signifiers

1. This is the most simplistic of websites. There are no written or

verbal signifiers about what type of cuisine, ambience or

experience the diner will have in this restaurant. The subtext of

the title merely describes it as a “Chinese Restaurant.” The

menu items do have some Chinese characters next to them, but

do not provide any additional description aside from the title of

the dish itself.

ii. Typographic signifiers

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1. The typography of the website is non-descript. The title of the

restaurant is in cursive, but does not denote an East-Asian or

Chinese theme that might signify the type of cuisine or food

that is being served. Similarly, the typography of the menu is in

the simplest of typography, signifying nothing unique about the

culture of the food.

iii. Visual representation signifiers

1. There are very little visual representations of this restaurant’s

food or ambience. In fact, the largest visual representations on

this website are the advertisements that flank and swamp the

page. I count nine different advertisements in this small

website and it is clearly dominated by them. They are in

brighter color and are more centrally located than that of the

other information.

iv. Layout and design signifiers

1. The layout of the website is significantly simple. There is a

distinct design throughout the website with a consistent color

scheme and typography, but there is little to be said about the

impact of the design or layout with regard to culture or visual

analysis.

d. Embedded Audiences, Goals and Purposes

i. Analysis of intended audience

1. The intended audience of the website is clearly the patrons of

the restaurant. However, given the simplicity and lack of flair

or design on the website, it is clear that there is not an intended

demographic or set audience in mind.

ii. Analysis of embedded goals and purposes

1. The goals and purpose of the website are to place the

information in a publicly accessible location. Unlike other

websites that are attempting to establish a reputation and

ambience prior to a visit to this restaurant, there is a distinct

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lack of purpose in that area. Rather, the goal of this website is

to be allow those that are seeking the cuisine to be able to find

it.

Twin Dragon

Figure 15 Homepage of Twin Dragon

I. Source Title: Twin Dragon


III. Source Date: N/A

IV. Source Author/Creator: N/A

V. Purpose of the Source: Public outreach. To provide information about hours,

location, menu and contact information. Explain who this restaurant is and

explain length of time that they have been in business. No online delivery

VI. Where is the Source Archived?: twindragonrestaurant.com

VII. Source Content


i. The Twin Dragon website is initially more inviting and visually

pleasing than that of the China Jade website. There is color, cultural

signifiers, distinct typography and photos to entice the viewer and to

pull them into the website. It also displays the pertinent information

that a website is want to do right away which is a useful feature. There

is even a photo of the exterior of the restaurant so that people can

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easily identify where they might dine in at this restaurant. It seems

easy to navigate and clearly has a set goal in mind.



1. Like other restaurant websites it has tabs for home, menu, bar,

contact/location and an about us section. In addition, there are

instructions for delivery orders including map that allows

people to ensure that they are in the delivery boundaries of the

restaurant.


1. While it is clear that there are most of the salient features

needed for a restaurant website, it is clear that there is one

glaring absence. The ability for online ordering is not present

here, although they do place a significant amount of

information for how to contact them to order over the phone.



1. This website includes several verbal/written signifiers to

identify what cuisine and food will be served at this location.

The most obvious is the name and logo of the restaurant. The

subtext at the head of the home page claims that this is

“Denver’s Best Chinese Restaurant.” In addition, just below

this heading is a letter from the “host” of the restaurant, which

one could assume would be the owner of the restaurant. The

letter from the owner identifies cooking method, common

ingredients, a lack of MSG and claims that the recipes are all

from China made, “…in the old-style, as they were created and

prepared generations ago.” It should also be noted that the one

phrase that is located at the head of the website just below the

logo is, “Celebrating 43 years of excellence!” The goal of this

is clearly to engender some sense of authenticity.

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a. It is clear that the verbal and written signifiers are here

for the purpose of creating an inviting atmosphere and

establishing an authority on the cuisine that they are

providing. The message from the first page of the

website is that this is a restaurant that understands

Chinese cuisine and is ready and willing to serve it to

its customers and to the community that it exists within.


1. While the majority of the typography of the website is basic

Calibri or Times New Roman, the typography of the logo in the

upper left-hand corner is clearly meant to evoke some

recognition with the culture of China. The loopy almost cursive

like font ensconced with the Chinese characters within the red

logo are meant to denote the culture and cuisine that the

restaurant represents.

2. This can also be seen in the heading and background photo that

are used to flank the information of the website. Although most

of the people that visit this website would be unable to read the

Chinese characters, it is clear that they are Chinese characters.

The visualization of the characters is enough to signal to the

viewer the type of culture and cuisine that is being purveyed

here.


1. There are several visual representation signifiers that aid the

viewer in understanding the culture that the website is trying to

convey to the viewer

a. Logo (Upper Left Hand Corner)

i. This is clearly a crest of some kind that includes

a set of twin dragons. Aside from the obvious

symbolism to the name of the restaurant, there

are many other elements that lend itself to

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understanding that this is a Chinese restaurant.

The red color, the dragons themselves and the

Chinese characters all signify to the viewer

some sense of authenticity.

b. Banner Photo (Just above tabs)

i. The banner photo contains much of the same

signifiers as the logo to claim some authenticity.

Chinese characters, the color red, the woven

ornament with a photo of a family within the

ornament also relays a sense of family and

togetherness that is often associated with dining

and eating.

c. Background Photo (Seen on the left- and right-hand

side of website)

i. The background photo has a similar goal here as

the logo and banner photo. While clearly

attempting to place the viewer within the

cultural context of the cuisine that is being

represented, it too is attempting to establish

some authenticity and authority of the cuisine

that is being presented by situating itself with

understandable cultural signifiers that the

viewer can relate to. The wispy almost fog like

tenor of the photo, its stylistic line drawings and

Chinese characters are recognizable factors of

Chinese art and visual representation that a wide

audience would be able to relate to.

1. It should be noted here that the buildings

in the lower section of the background

photo match some of the architectural

stylings of the restaurant itself.

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1. There is not much to be said about the layout and design of this

website. Much like the China Jade website, this is clearly a

simple web design that is meant to provide the necessary

information to viewers so that they will order from or visit the

restaurant. There is more style in the design of this webpage

though and it had more thought put into it. The simplicity of

the tabs at the head of the homepage show that this website

focuses on utility and function over flair.



1. The intended audience of this restaurant’s website is an

audience that wants authentic Chinese food. This can be seen

through the several signifiers that are attempting to establish

legitimacy and authority within Chinese cuisine. This can

partly be seen in the “About Us” section in which press

releases and other announcement of awards are proudly

displayed.


1. The goals of this website are to present necessary information

to perspective guests, but also to establish some legitimacy and

authority within the realm of Chinese cuisine. It is clear that

there is also a desire to show that this restaurant has some place

in the community through its accolades and awards.

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Sushi Den

Figure 16 Homepage of Sushi Den

I. Source Title: Sushi Den


III. Source Date: 2019

IV. Source Author/Creator:

a. Website Concept: Man Marketing

b. Website by: Side One Media

c. Photography: James Florio


location, menu and contact. There is a lot more here than the other websites

though. There is opportunity for feedback, career opportunities, press releases that

show the reputation of the restaurant and significant bright color photos to attract

visitors.

VI. Where is the Source Archived?: sushiden.net

VII. Source Content


i. My first impression of the Sushi Den website is that it is very polished

and professional. The home page contains the necessary links at the

top of the home page and has a section of widescreen photos and

messages that is set on a slideshow. These photos are of high quality,

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bright in color and clearly are meant to convey the quality of the

restaurant. As you scroll down it is clear that this website is about

presenting the fancy nature of the restaurant and its high stature. As

with the other restaurants there are cultural signifiers that are meant to

place the website within the cuisine that it is displaying, but it is still

very familiar. I think that it can be a little busy and attempts to do too

much on the homepage as you are bombarded with photos and

information to the point that it can be difficult to know where to start,

but otherwise this is a nice website.



1. Tabs for this website include the following: reservations, menu,

location, gallery, Chef’s table, FAQ, about us, gift card, news

and tabs for social media (Facebook, Twitter and Instagram)

a. You can make reservations online. There is an

interactive map embedded into the website. You can

also buy gift cards from the website.


1. There is not very much that you cannot do from this website.

However, you cannot order online, which in this case is a

function of the type of food that they are serving. Other than

that, this seems to be a fully functional website.



1. There are several written signifiers that are attempting to

establish this as a high-quality restaurant. the most telling of

these is their “About Us” and “News” tab in which the creators

of the website have written significantly about who the owner

and purveyor of the restaurant it and what the restaurant stands

for. Although less on the nose than other restaurant websites, it

is clear that the written and verbal signifiers here are meant to

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convey a sense of high-class dining and an experience that is in

line with other top sushi restaurants.


1. There are very few typographic signifiers on this website. Even

the logo is stylized, but not in a traditionally Japanese

typography that one might assume it would be. The rest of the

typography of the website is basic block lettering that does

little to establish the restaurant and the food that it sells as

authoritative within the cuisine.


1. While the typography is not mean to establish any authority

within the cuisine, it is clear that the visual representations of

the food, drink and atmosphere are meant to establish

authenticity and authority over the cuisine. The bevy of photos

that are present throughout the website clearly indicate that this

restaurant is of high quality. The photos are often of high-

quality food, sake or even of people preparing the food. The

photos are highly stylized and clearly taken for the sole

purpose of marketing and attracting visitors. This is also

evidenced by the use of professional photographer.

a. Logo. This is the other important visual representation

here. While the logo is somewhat simple, just the name

of the restaurant with a small fish at the top, it was

meant to convey those aspects of Japanese cuisine that

would be important to the viewer. Simplicity, freshness

and high quality are all a part of the logo. It is not

crowded by other visual representations; the fish is

discernable and apparent and it looks just stylized

enough to represent the culture of the restaurant.


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1. The layout and design of this website was professionally done.

It screams of professionalism and a modern design that is

meant to attract an internet and technologically literate

audience. This is clear when compared to the websites of China

Jade and Twin Dragon that are more simplistic in web design.

The moving parts, multiple access portals and high-quality

design and photos indicate that this was professionally created.

This is important to note because it says something about the

restaurant itself. It conveys a message that the restaurant itself

is important and professional.



1. The intended audience here is someone that wants to have an

authentic and high-quality sushi meal. The website design,

visual representation and other signifiers all are meant to attract

a visitor of ample financial means that wants to have an

authentic and unique dining experience. I would also argue that

the intended audience is somewhat younger than other

websites. This is due to the inclusion of social media and the

overall scheme of the website.


1. The goals and purpose of the website are similar to that of the

other restaurants. Its primary purpose is to be a public interface

and to act as advertisement for the restaurant. Secondarily, it is

meant to establish the restaurants reputation as a high-quality

restaurant and one that can deliver an experience that the diner

is seeking. Finally, it is meant to establish the restaurant as an

authoritative and authentic dining experience within a cuisine

that is somewhat exotic.

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New Saigon

Figure 17 Homepage of New Saigon

I. Source Title: New Saigon Vietnamese Restaurant



IV. Source Author/Creator: GTG Marketing

VIII. Purpose of the Source: Public outreach. To provide information about hours,

location, menu and contact. There is a lot more here than the other websites

though. There is opportunity for feedback, career opportunities, press releases that

show the reputation of the restaurant and significant bright color photos to attract

visitors.

V. Where is the Source Archived?:newsaigon.com

VI. Source Content


i. The New Saigon restaurant website is clearly professionally done. Its

home page consists of many of the features that Sushi Den’s website

contained. Clear tabs at the top of the page, large, color, high-quality

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photos that display both the restaurant and people inside. This website

is easy to navigate, has good visibility and is clearly trying to establish

itself as a restaurant that has a place in Denver’s community. Within

the home page there are three mentions that they are the best

Vietnamese restaurant in Denver. Clearly, they are attempting to

establish their reputation and the authority in Vietnamese cuisine.



1. This website has less features that than of Sushi Den. The tabs

at the top of the website include: Home, About Us, Menu and

Order, Gallery and Awards. In addition, there are links for

social media connectivity at the bottom of the website.


1. Much like the other websites, there is no online ordering here.



1. There are several written signifiers at the beginning of the

website that are attempting to establish New Saigon as a pre-

eminent restaurant in Denver. On the homepage alone there are

three mentions that this is the best Vietnamese restaurant in

Denver. Similarly, there is a whole page devoted to awards,

honors and customer reviews. Rather than provide descriptions

of their food, the majority of written signifiers here are about

reputation. Even the menu does not contain large amounts of

descriptions. Rather, it contains the names of the food.


1. The typography here is nothing of note. The typography of the

written material is blocked and bolded. What might be of note

is the color scheme. Black background with gold lettering as if

to denote some class and style.


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1. There are several visual representations of the cuisine and

culture that the website is attempting to portray. Much like the

other websites this includes pictures and representations of the

food, but there are some others as well. The first is a simplistic

representation of a spoon and fork crossed one another at the

base of the heading. Although simplistic, this visual

representation signifies the main purpose of the website as

well. Above the name of the restaurant is a line drawing of a

building that I have been unable to identify. It is not the

restaurant itself, but clearly it holds some significance.


1. The design of the website is pretty basic. The most complicated

tab is the Menu and Order tab which has a jarringly large

number of options to choose from. It is worth noting that this is

where the majority of visual representations of the food are as

well. The gallery tab focuses more on the restaurant concept

than the food itself.

d. Embedded Audiences, Goals and Purpose


1. The intended audience of this website is exceedingly similar to

that of Sushi Den and Twin Dragon. It is meant to be for

people that are looking for authentic Vietnamese food and a

restaurant experience that will help to engender this

experience. The focus on awards and visual representations of

food would also indicate that this is a location that would

attract people interested in food culture or “foodies.”






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Imperial Chinese Restaurant

Figure 18 Homepage of Imperial

I. Source Title: Imperial: A Fine Chinese Restaurant



IV. Source Author/Creator: Denver Website Design (CYMAX Media)


location, menu and contact information. Explain who this restaurant is and

explain length of time that they have been in business. They do have online

delivery.

VI. Where is the Source Archived?: imperialchinese.com

VII. Source Content


i. The Imperial Chinese Restaurant website is a nicely designed and easy

to use website. It has bright colors, high quality photos as a layout that

is easy to navigate and follow. There are several symbols and

signifiers that establish this as a legitimate Chinese restaurant. While

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not as flashy as some of the other websites, it is clear that all of the

pertinent information is located here.



1. Tabs from the website include: Home, Our Menu, Location,

Order Online, About Us and Contact. The location tab includes

an interactive map that allows users to find the restaurant and

see their proximity to it. In addition, this is the only website

that allows for online ordering. The online ordering does take

place through a secondary website called ChowNow.


1. The only glaring absence of features in this website would be

the links to social media.



1. As with the other websites there is a clear claim to be Denver’s

Top Chinese Restaurant. Much like Twin Dragon there is also

a letter from the owner about his journey to the US and how he

came to own the Imperial Chinese Restaurant. Both are in an

attempt to establish the restaurant as an authority to Chinese

cuisine and within the Denver community. It should also be

noted that there is a section that lists the Specialty Dishes of the

restaurant, highlighting the cuisine.


1. Most of the typography here is common and does not denote

anything of importance. What is unique is the logo of the

restaurant. The Imperial logo is in large block gold lettering

with a distinctly Chinese flair. Much like the logo of the Twin

Dragon or Sushi Den the typography of the logo hints at the

cuisine and culture that is represented in the website.


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1. Aside from the numerous photos of food that are on the

website’s homepage, the other major visual representation

signifiers would be the red background and the faint flowered

background of the whole website. Similar to Twin Dragon

these visual representations of Chinese culture are meant to

embed the viewer into the culture that they are entering without

jarring them to a form of exoticism that would be unappealing.


1. The layout and design are exceedingly similar to other

websites. The layout is simplistic, but easy to navigate and the

design is functional rather than ornamental.

d. Embedded Audiences, Goals and Purpose


1. The intended audience here is very similar to that of the Twin

Dragon website. This is intended for someone that wants an

authentic, but not pretentious version of Chinese food that they

can enjoy.










Initial Analysis

The visual culture analysis that was performed upon the websites of the extant restaurants

yielded some interesting results. It is clear that the goal of each website is to have an outward

facing page that will attract diners and bring attention to the restaurant. In addition, each website

provided their menu so that viewers could preview the food options that were available to them

Newcombe 43

prior to visiting the restaurant. What is more valuable is what is apparent in the differences

between these restaurants.

The differences in their websites highlights some of the other goals that these websites

have. The first difference is the length that they will go to in order to establish their authenticity

as a restaurant of their particular culinary niche. Visual culture analysis indicates that these

restaurants use visual culture to cue to their viewers that they are authentic purveyors of a cuisine

that is not local to the area, but that is authentic to the region or location from which the cuisine

hails from. This can be seen in the other types of typography and images that are located on the

websites themselves. These images and symbols, while not always food related, create a culture

of authenticity that is highly sought after by patrons and viewers alike.

The second major difference highlights the audience that the restaurants are trying to

reach. The overall style of the website, the use of design company and the layout of the website

all indicate that there are different audiences that are targeted here. This variation in audience can

indicate a difference in the perceived quality of food and atmosphere of the restaurant itself.

Finally, the visual culture of the websites is also an indication of an attempt by the

restaurants to bridge the cultural divide between the diner and the cuisine that is being offered.

Given the region that these locations are in and the cuisine that is being offered, there is a gap in

the cultural comfortability between patrons and restauranteur. It is clear from the visual culture

analysis that the visual culture that is created on the websites is an attempt by the restaurant to

put the patron at ease as they break out of their comfort zone and try a new cuisine. This can be

seen through the focus on images, awards and accolades, and overall style of the website.

Further Questions

I. Would a visual cultural analysis of the architecture of the restaurants yield the

same result?

II. Would oral histories from the owners match the perceived culture of the websites

of the restaurants?

Interpretation and SignificanceThrough the multiple different avenues and applications of analysis, it is clear that the

Chinese restaurant is a useful tool for understanding the Chinese-American Immigrant

experience in Denver, CO. Each form of analysis illustrated the larger narrative of immigration

Newcombe 44

in Colorado and in the United States of America. By looking at Chinese restaurants through the

lenses of spatial, chronological, textual, visual culture and network analysis a greater

understanding of how these locations are places of cross-cultural exchange was made clear.

Although this analysis also made clear that there is a gap in the historiography of the Chinese

restaurant in Denver, the examination of the extant Chinese restaurants indicates that these are

locations of cross-cultural exchange and that they are arbiters of that exchange by lowering the

perceived exoticism of the immigrant culture.

The significance of analyzing Chinese restaurants in Denver is that it explains more about

the Chinese immigrant experience on the whole. While this could be done with the restaurants

from any particular ethnic group, it is clear that this is particularly true of Chinese restaurants in

Denver. The other significant element here is that an analysis of these restaurants allows for a

greater understanding of the extant restaurants in the current community of Denver. By

understanding their history and the culture that they currently create, they are situated in the

complex fabric of Denver as a city.

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Bibliography

Wei, William. Asians in Colorado: A History of Persecution and Perseverance in the Centennial State. The Scott and Laurie Oki Series in Asian American Studies. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016.

William Wei, “History and Memory: The Story of Denver’s Chinatown,” in Western Voices: 125 Years of Colorado Writing, ed. Steve Grinstead and Ben Fogelberg (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2004).

Liping Zhu, The Road to Chinese Exclusion: The Denver Riot, 1880 Election, and the Rise of the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013).

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