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III B.Tech(cse-b) I Semester Student Handbook

For

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Faculty: Mr.P.Anjaiah

Dept. of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Anurag Group of Institutions

UNIT I

Syllabus:

Data communications and networking,network models,protocols and standards,the OSI model,TCP/IP protocol suite,Addressing, data and signals,digital transmission,,analog transmission,

Objectives:

To understand the basic concepts of various topologies and models

To understand the TCP/IP protocol suites

To understand thethe digital and analog signals

Lecture plan:

S.No. Topic No. of Lectures

1 Data communications and networking 12 network models, protocols and standards 23 the OSI model 24 TCP/IP protocol suite ,Addressing 15 data and signals 16 digital transmission 17 analog transmission, 1

TOTAL 9

Important Questions:

1. What are some of the factors that determine whether a communication system is a LAN or WAN?2. What is an internet? What is the Internet?3. Why are protocols needed?4. Why are standards needed? 5.How do the layers of the Internet model correlate to the layers of the OSI model?

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6.. What does the Nyquist theorem have to do with communications?7. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communications

8.Explain a) Define the characteristics of a self-synchronizing signal. b) List five line coding schemes discussed in this book. c) Define block coding and give its purpose. d) Define scrambling and give its purpose.

Assignment Questions:

1. For each of the following four networks, discuss the consequences if a connection fails.

a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topologyb. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub)c. Five devices arranged in a bus topologyd. Five devices arranged in a ring topology

2. What are the responsibilities of the various layers in OSI model?

3. What does the amplitude of a signal measure? What does the frequency of a signal measure? What does the phase of a signal measure?4. How can a composite signal be decomposed into its individual frequencies?

5. Which characteristics of an analog signal are changed to represent the digital signal in each of the following digital-to-analog conversion?

a. ASKb. FSKc. PSKd. QAMCASE STUDY:

1. How to use the OSI Model to Troubleshoot Networks?

2. Give a case study on one organization’s computer networks

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1. What is the bit rate for high-definition TV (HDTV) in real time?

2. Suppose a computer sends a packet at the network layer to another computer somewhere in the Internet. The logical destination address of the packet is corrupted. What happens to the packet? How can the source computer be informed of the situation?

UNIT II

Syllabus:

Band width utilization ,transmission media,switching,telephone and cable networks for data transmission,digital subscriber line,cable TV networks,cable TV FOR Data transfer.

Objectives:

To understand bandwidth of channels

To understand cable TV networks

To understand digital subscriber line

Lecture plan:

Topic No. of lectures

1 Band width utilization 12 transmission media 13 switching 24 telephone and cable networks for data

transmission1

5 digital subscriber line 1

7 cable TV FOR Data transfer. 1

4


TOTAL 7

Important questions

1. a)Distinguish between multilevel TDM, multiple slot TDM, and pulse-stuffed TDM. b) Distinguish between synchronous and statistical TDM.2. a). Define spread spectrum and its goal. List the two spread spectrum techniques discussed

in this chapter. b). Define FHSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading. c). Define DSSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading.

3. Name the two major categories of transmission media. How do guided media differ from Unguided media and what are the three major classes of guided media? What is the significance? Of the twisting in twisted-pair cable?4. What are the two approaches to packet-switching? Compare and contrast a circuit-switched Network and a packet-switched network.5. What is DSL technology? What are the services provided by the telephone companies? Using DSL? Distinguish between a DSL modem and a DSLAM.Assignments: 1. a) Distinguish between multilevel TDM, multiple slot TDM, and pulse-stuffed TDM. b) Distinguish between synchronous and statistical TDM.2. What is the purpose of cladding in an optical fiber? Name the advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and coaxial cable.Case Study:

1. Give a case study on private cable networks ?

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UNIT III

Syllabus:

Error detection and correction,CRC, Data link control,framing,flow and error control,point point protocol,HDLC,Multiple Access And Random Access,ALOHA and controlled Access

Objectives:

To understand the various error detection techniques

To understand various point to point protocols

To understand the various multiple access methods

Lecture plan

S.No Topic No. of lectures

1 Error detection and correction 1

2 CRC 13 Data link control,framing 14 flow and error control 15 point point protocol 16 HDLC 1

7 Multiple Access And Random Access 1ALOHA and controlled Access 1

7


6


1. How does a single-bit error differ from a burst error? Discuss the concept of redundancy in error detection and correction and Distinguish between forward error corrections versus error correction by retransmission.?

2. Compare and contrast the Go-Back-NARQ Protocol with Selective-Repeat ARQ. And Compare and contrast HDLC with PPP. Which one is byte-oriented; which one is bit-oriented?

3. Explain why collision is an issue in a random access protocol but not in controlled access or channelizing protocols. Compare and contrast a random access protocol with a controlled access protocol. Compare and contrast a random access protocol with a channelizing protocol.

Assignment:

1. In CRC, show the relationship between the following entities (size means the number of bits): a. The size of the data word and the size of the codeword b. The size of the divisor and the remainder c. The degree of the polynomial generator and the size of the divisor d. The degree of the polynomial generator and the size of the remainder

2.Which of the following CRC generators guarantee the detection of a single bit error?

a. x3 + x + 1b. x4 + xlc. 1d. x2 + 1

3. Explain the reason for moving from the Stop-and-Wait ARQ Protocol to the 00Back- NARQ Protocol.

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4. Compare and contrast a controlled access protocol with a channelizing protocol. and Do we need multiple access protocol when we use the 1ocalloop of the telephone company to access the Internet? Why?

Case Study:

1. Why does a circuit-switched network need end-to-end addressing during the setup and teardown phases? Why are no addresses needed during the data transfer phase for this type of network

UNIT-IV

Syllabus:

Connecting LANs,Backbone networks vrs virtual LANs,connecting devices,Backbonenetworks,cellulartelephony,satellitenetworks,SONET/SDH,Sonet Networks,Virtual Circuit Networks, ,And ATM,ATM LANS.

Objectives:

To understand the Backbone networks,

To understand the virtual networks.

To understand about SONET, ATM LANs

Lecture plan


ConnectingLANs, 1

Backbone networks vrs virtual LANs

1

Cellular telephony 1connecting devices,Backbonenetworks

1

8


SONET/SDH,Sonet Networks, 1

Virtual Circuit Networks 1

Frame Relay Networks 1

ATM,ATM LANS. 1

8


1. What are the common Standard Ethernet implementations? What are the common Fast

Ethernet implementations? What are the common Gigabit Ethernet implementations? and What are the common Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations?

2. What is the difference between a BSS and an ESS? Discuss the three types of mobility in a wireless LAN and How is OFDM different from FDM?

3. What is the relationship between D-AMPS and AMPS? What is GSM? What is the function of the CDMA in IS-95?

4. What is the relationship between SONET and SDH? What is the relationship between STS and STM ?

5. Briefly describe the issues involved in using ATM technology in LANs.Assignment:

1. What are the common Standard Ethernet implementations? What are the common Fast Ethernet implementations? What are the common Gigabit Ethernet implementations? and What are the common Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations?

2. Compare and contrast CSMAlCD with CSMAICA.

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3. How does a VLAN save a company time and money? How does a VLAN provide extra security for a network? How does a VLAN reduce network traffic? What is the basis for membership in a VLAN?

4. What is the function of a SONET regenerator? What are the four SONET layers? Discuss the functions of each SONET layer?Case Study:

1. When we have an overseas telephone conversation, we sometimes experience a delay. Can you explain the reason?

2. Can you explain why the vulnerable time in ALOHA depends on Tpf' but in CSMA depends on Tp?

3. In analyzing ALOHA, we use only one parameter, time; in analyzing CSMA, we use two parameters, space and time. Can you explain the reason

UNIT-V

Syllabus:

Network layer,logical addressing,IPv4,IPv6,Addresses, internetworking ,internet protocol,ICMP,IGMP,ICMPV6,Network layer delivery,forwarding and Routing

Unicast routing protocols, multicast routing protocols.

Objectives :

To understand about logical addresing

To understand about various networking protocols

Lecture plan


1 Network layer,logical addressing,IPv4,IPv6,Addresses

1

10


2 internetworking ,internet protocol, 13 ICMP,IGMP,ICMPV6 14 Network layer

delivery,forwarding and Routing1

5 Unicast routing protocols, 16 multicast routing protocols 2

7


1. What is dotted decimal notation in IPv4 addressing? What is the number of bytesin an IPv4 address represented in dotted decimal notation? What is hexadecimal notation in IPv6 addressing? What is the number of digits in an IPv6 address represented in hexadecimal notation?

2. Define fragmentation and explain why the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols need to fragment some packets. Is there any difference between the two protocols in this matter?

3. Why is there a restriction on the generation of an ICMPv4 message in response toa failed ICMPv4 error message? What is the purpose of including the IPv4 header and the first 8 bytes of datagram data in the error-reporting ICMPv4 messages?

4. What is the basis of classification for the four types of links defined by OSPF? Why do OSPF messages propagate faster than RIP messages? What is the purpose of BGP?

Assignment:

1. What is the address space in each of the following systems? a. A system with 8-bit addresses b. A system with 16-bit addresses c. A system with 64-bit addresses

2. Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation.

a. 114.34.2.8

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b. 129.14.6.8c. 208.34.54.12d. 238.34.2.1

3. Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.

a. 01111111 11110000 01100111 01111101b. 10101111 11000000 11111000 00011101c. 11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101d. 11101111 11110111 11000111 00011101

4. Find the class of the following IP addresses.a. 208.34.54.12b. 238.34.2.1c. 114.34.2.8d. 129.14.6.8

5. Find the class of the following IP addresses.a. 11110111 11110011 10000111 11011101b. 10101111 11000000 11110000 00011101c. 11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101d. 11101111 11110111 11000111 00011101

6. Find the netid and the hostid of the following IP addresses. a. 114.34.2.8b. 132.56.8.6c. 208.34.54.12

CASE STUDY:

1. What is the maximum number of simultaneous calls in each cell in an 15-136(D-AMPS) system, assuming no analog control channels?

2. Find out why there are two security protocols (AH and ESP) in IPv6.

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UNIT-VI

Syllabus:

Transport layer: process–to–process delivery,UDP,TCP,and SCTP, Congestion Control,And Quality of service,techniques to improve QOS,integrated services,Differential services,Qos In Switched .

Objectives:

To understand the transport layer services

To know various protocols of transport layer

To know how to achieve Quality of service

Lecture plan


1 Transport layer: process–to–process delivery,UDP,TCP,and SCTP

2

2 Congestion Control,And Quality of service

2

3 techniques to improve QOS, 14 integrated services,Differential

services2

Qos In Switched . 1

8

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Important Questions

1. Compare the TCP header and the UDP header. List the fields in the TCP header that are missing from UDP header. Give the reason for their absence.

2. UDP is a message-oriented protocol. TCP is a byte-oriented protocol. If an application needs to protect the boundaries of its message, which protocol should be used, UDP or TCP?1. Explain the significance of dual signature in SET?3.The following is a dump of a UDP header in hexadecimal format.

0632000DOO lCE217a. What is the source port number?b. What is the destination port number?c. What is the total length of the user datagram?d. What is the length of the data?e. Is the packet directed from a client to a server or vice versa?f. What is the client process?

4. An IP datagram is carrying a TCP segment destined for address 130.14.16.17/16. The destination port address is corrupted, and it arrives at destination 130.14.16.19/16. How does the receiving TCP react to this error?

Assignment:

1. How are congestion control and quality of service related? What is a traffic descriptor?2. What is the relationship between the average data rate and the peak data rate?3. What is the definition of bursty data? What is the difference between open-loop congestion control and closed-loop congestion control?4. Name the policies that can prevent congestion. Name the mechanisms that can alleviate congestion.5. What determines the sender window size in TCP? How does Frame Relay control congestion?6.What attributes can be used to describe a flow of data? What are four general techniques to improve quality of service?

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Case study:1. Find more information about ICANN. What was it called before its name was changed?2. TCP uses a transition state diagram to handle sending and receiving segments.Find out about this diagram and how it handles flow and control.3. SCTP uses a transition state diagram to handle sending and receiving segments.Find out about this diagram and how it handles flow and control. UNIT-VII

Syllabus:

Domain Name space, distribution of namespace, DNS messages, types of records, registers,DDNS,Remote Logging,Email,Telnet and file Transfer

Objectives:

To know about Network Management Architecture

To understand about various versions of SNMP

To know about SNMP message formats

Lecture plan:

S.No Topic No. of lectures1 Domain Name space 12 distribution of namespace 23 Intrusion Detection Systems 1

4 DNS messages, types of records

1

5 DDNS 1Remote Logging,Email 1

Telnet and file Transfer 1

15


8


1. What is an advantage of a hierarchical name space over a flat name space for a system the size of the Internet?

2. What is the difference between a primary server and a secondary server? 3. What are the three domains of the domain name space?

4. What is the difference between local and remote log-in in TELNET? How are control and data characters distinguished in NVT? How are options negotiated in TELNET? Describe the addressing system used by SMTP.In electronic mail, what are the tasks of a user agent? In electronic mail,

what is MIME?Assignment:

1. What is an FQDN? What is a PQDN? What is a zone? How does caching increase the Efficiency of name resolution? What are the two maincategories of DNS messages?Why was there a need for DDNS?

2. Determine which of the following is an FQDN and which is a PQDN. a. xxx b. xxx.yyy.

c. xxx.yyy.net d. zzz.yyy.xxx.edu.

3. Determine which of the following is an FQDN and which is a PQDN. a. mil. b. edu. c. xxx.yyy.net d. zzz.yyy.xxx.edu

Case Study:

1. In SMTP, show the connection termination phase from [email protected] to [email protected].

2. What do you think would happen if the control connection were accidentally severed

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during an FTP transfer?

UNIT-VIII

Syllabus:

WWW and HTTP,Network Management:SNMP, multimedia,Digitizing audio and vedio,streaming line audio / video,real time interactive audio/vedio,VOIP.

Objectives:

To know about Application Layer Protocols

To understand Audio and video concepts

Lecture Plan:


1 WWW and HTTP 22 Network

Management:SNMP2

3 multimedia,Digitizing audio and vedio

2

streaming line audio / video 1real time interactive audio/vedio

1

VOIP. 19


17


1. How is HTTP related to WWW? How is HTTP similar to SMTP? How is HTTP similar to FTP? What is a URL and what are its components? What is a proxy server and how is it related to HTTP?

2. Show the effect of the following HTML segment.The publisher of this book is <A HREF="www.mhhe">McGraw-Hill Publisher <fA>

3. What is the purpose of RTSP in streaming stored audio/video? How does jitter affect real-time audio/video? Discuss how SIP is used in the Transmission of multimedia?

3. When would you use JPEG? When would you use MPEG? In JPEG, what is the function of blocking? Why is the DCT needed in JPEG?

Assignment: 1. Decode the following.

a. 02 04 01 02 14 32b. 30060201 11 0201 14c. 300904034143420202 14 14d. 30 OA 40 04 2351 6271 0202 14 12

2. Find the meaning of the source description items used in the RTCP source description packet. Specifically, find the meaning of CNAME, NAME, EMAIL, PHONE, LOC, TOOL, NOTE, and PRIY.CASE STUDY:

1. length Find the format of an RTCP bye message. Pay particular attention to the packet and the parts repeated for each source. Give case study

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