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Sustainable High-Rise Buildings Designed and Constructed in Timber

The Southampton Solent University C2 Assignment Book

EAST STREET DEVELOPMENT SOUTHAMPTON

Source: HGP Architects, Southampton

Roger Howard TaylorMAK ATCM MCIAT

CONTENT

TIMETABLE FOR LECTURING AND WORSHOPS...................................................................................3

1. HiTimber ASSIGNMENT BOOK PART 1............................................................................................7

1.1. HiTimber Introduction.........................................................................................................7

1.2. The aims of the HiTimber project........................................................................................8

1.3. Forests and our planet.........................................................................................................8

1.4. Timber and Co2 greenhouse gas emissions.........................................................................9

1.5. The new age of high-rise timber buildings.........................................................................10

1.6. The 4th generation of high rise buildings............................................................................10

1.7. A race against time............................................................................................................11

1.8. Project based learning (PBL)..............................................................................................11

1.9. Workshops in HiTimber project.........................................................................................12

1.10. Design, planning and management phases.....................................................................13

1.11. Definition of a high-rise residential building....................................................................13

2. HiTimber ASSIGNMENT BOOK PART 2..........................................................................................14

2.1. C2 Workshop dates, including evaluation:........................................................................14

2.2. Group work........................................................................................................................14

2.3. The project (enclosure 1)...................................................................................................14

2.4. Building regulations (Fire Safety). Enclosure 2..................................................................15

2.5. The Assignment A, outline proposal..................................................................................15

2.6. Assignment B, professional technical report.....................................................................17

2.7. Assignment B technical report handing in deadline..........................................................17

2.8. Assignments A and B, evaluations.....................................................................................17

2.9. Cultural weekend trips......................................................................................................18

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TIMETABLE FOR LECTURING AND C2 WORKSHOP

Time / Location Content Chairman/

SpeakerSunday, 15 April, 2018

Arrival (students + lecturers)Students accommodation in the Dormitory. Address:Finding Lucia Foster Welch, Lucia

Foster Welch Student Residence, Royal Crescent Road, Southampton, SO14 3ZP.Free time in Southampton

Monday, 16 April 2018Venue: E Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom

09:00-09.15 Meeting at TS211 – The SparkSarah Radif, SSUV.Šulcienė, SCCR.H.Taylor/ VIA UC

09:15-09.30TS211

Directors welcome speech Peter Lloyd, Director SSU

09:30-10:30The Hub

Student registration. Useful information regarding

Southampton Solent University, United KingdomDr.Masoud Sajjadian, SSU

10:30- 12:00 TS211

Short introduction by Michel Green,sustainability

History of High-rise Buildings. Endanger team

forming and team building and team roles

Lost at sea assignment. Lost at sea continued

analysis and answers.

R.H.Taylor/VIA UC V.Sulciene/SCC

12:10 – 13:00 Lunch Break

13:00-14:00 TS103

Short introduction to Project Based Learning

Communication in teams etc. R.H.Taylor/VIA UCV.Sulciene/SCC

14:00-15:00TS103

Timber frame interactive, English language and component group work.

R.H.Taylor/VIA UCV.Sulciene/SCC

15:00-16-00TS103

Introduction to HiTimber C2 assignment and

workshop.R.H.Taylor/VIA UCV.Sulciene/SCC

16:00-17-00TS103

Read and study Assignment book. Start planning

group work.R.H.Taylor/VIA UCV.Sulciene/SCC

Tuesday, 17 April 2018Venue: E Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom

09:00-10:30 TS311

(booked 09:00-11:00)

Structural systemsPluss OÜ via Skype/ Estonian Wooden Houses

10:40-11:25 TS202

Task. Practical exercise on structural systems- Karin Lellep/ TTK

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(booked 10:00-12:00)11:25-12:10

TS202 (booked

10:00-12:00)

Group work and consultations (HC031) Karin Lellep/ TTK


13:00-14:00 TS210

East street development (students project).Allan Gordon – Managing Director NRPG

14:00-16:00 Site visit

Wednesday, 18 April 2018

09:00-09:45 TS210

Lecture: Basic structural design. Niels Erik HANSEN VIA UC

09:45-10:30TS210 Lecture: Structural properties of timber Niels Erik HANSEN

VIA UC10:45-11:30

TS212 Lecture: Preliminary Appraisal of building cost Pille Hamburg/TTK

11:30-12:15TS212

Lecture: Structural systems: Seismic resistance and rehabilitation of wood construction Luís Guerreiro/IST


13:00-13:45TS212

Lecture: Basic fire dynamics. Behavior of timber in fire situations. (Fire Safety specific to timber buildings such as fire regulations)

Niels Erik HANSEN VIA UC

13:45-16:00TS212 Group work and consultations Niels Erik HANSEN

VIA UC

16:00-16:45TS212

Lecture: Building Information Modelling in Design

Process Dr. Masoud Sajjadian SSU

16:45-17:30TS212

Group work and consultationsNiels Erik HANSEN VIA UC, Pille Hamburg/TTK

Thursday, 19 April 2018

09:00-11:00TS511 Assessment of building energy efficiency Pille Hamburg/TTK

11:00-12:00TS511 Sustainability applied to construction Miguel Amado,

(Ana Tomé)/ IST12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break

13:00-14:00TS511 Sustainable performance Miguel Amado,

(Ana Tomé)/ IST

14:00-17:30TS511 Group work and consultations

Miguel Amado, (Ana Tomé)/ IST,Pille Hamburg/TTK

Friday, 20 April 2018

09:00-09:45TS111

Timber: simple or complex?Growth, species and grading

Tabitha Binding /TRADA

10:00-10:45TS111 BREEAM Dr.MonkizKhasreen/

SSU

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11:00-11:45TS111 Life Cycle Assessment of Timber Alan Manley / SSU

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break13:00-17:30

TS101Group work and consultations including BIM application Q&A

Dr. Masoud Sajjadian / SSU

Saturday, 21 April 2018Sunday, 22 April 2018

Cultural trips to be decided on Monday the16th of April

08:00

1 Trip to Winchester county Town (Transport costs: Train 7.20 GBP or Coach 5.80 GBP one way)2 Trip to Salisbury and Stonehenge (Transport costs: Train to Salisbury town 10.80 GBP and bus (6 GBP) or walk to Stonehenge).3 Trip to historic Portsmouth (Transport costs: Train to Portsmouth 10.80 GBP or bus approx.7.80 GBP).4. Tripto London

Monday, 23 April 2018Venue: E Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, United Kingdom

09:00-09:45 TS211

Lecture: Constructions service life and its prediction. Buildings design with durability. Jorge de Brito/IST

09:45-10:30TS211

Lecture: Wooden House ArchitectureArchitect MihkelUrmet / Estonian Wooden Houses

10:30-11:00TS211 Lecture: Report/ Presentation V.Sulciene/SCC

11:00-12:00TS211 Group work and consultations. All

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break13:00-17:30

TS409 Group work and consultations. All

Tuesday, 24 April 2018Venue: Room HC031(Herbert Collins building)

09:00-10:00TS212 Lecture: Structural engineering. MarttiKiisa/TTK

10:00-12:00TS212

Lecture: Environmental and economic life cycle assessment of buildings, construction materials and assemblies.

José Silvestre/IST

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break13:00-17:30

TS113 Group work and consultations. José Silvestre/ISTMarttiKiisa/TTK

Wednesday, 25 April 2018

09:00-09:45TS008

Lecture: Multiple criteria sustainability assessment of residential projects

Laura Tupenaite/ VGTU

10:00-10:45TS008

Lecture: Development of sustainability assessment indicators

Laura Tupenaite, Jurga Naimaviciene/ VGTU

10:45-12:00 TS401 Group work and consultations Laura Tupenaite, Jurga

Naimaviciene/ VGTU

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12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break13:00-17:30

TS302 Group work and consultationsJurga Naimaviciene, Laura Tupenaite /VGTU

Thursday, 26 April 2018

09:00-12:00TS309 Group work and consultations All lecturers

12:00 Deadline for handing in Assignment B, Technical report All lectures

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch Break13:00-17:00

TS512 Group work and finalizing projects All lecturers

Friday, 27 April 2018The Pod (booked from 09:00-15:00)

09:00–09:30Oral presentation of the project group 1 to

lecturers and professionals. All


lecturers and professionals. All


lecturers and professionals.All







13:00-13:30Presentation of project results. Discussions. Valuation's feedback. Public presentation in the "square" of the project

All

16:00 Certification ceremony. Farewell party. AllSaturday, 28 April 2018

Cultural day

Sunday, 29 April 2018

Departure day

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1. HiTimber ASSIGNMENT BOOK PART 1

1.1. HiTimber Introduction

We are faced with the two major man-made issues: climate change and ever increasing world population. To fulfill the demand millions of houses that must be built for the future generations, we must reinvent construction so we can fulfill this need with the minimum effect on our environment.

The construction of buildings across the world is dominated by concrete and steel, producing billions of tons of concrete every year. But to manufacture just the cement that binds concrete is one of our most polluting processes, producing a ton of carbon dioxide for every ton of cement. Therefore, we have to reduce the use of cement and concrete in the construction industry.

Timber was the first humans building material. Timber grows from the ground and is completely replenish able in a short time. As timber grows it soaks up carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The trees release oxygen and stores carbon as it grows.

Source: Master building association Timber construction, Australia

Since our first attempts to enclose space for shelter, the most challenging process in building has been the carrying of loads over horizontal distances without touching the ground e.g. spanning between supports.


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Possibly one of the first structures by which our species obtained shelter was to support a roof by spanning across walls using timber rafters acting as simple beams.


Buildings of this type were often constructed with a load bearing ridge beam

Timber is the perfect material a non-polluting, carbon storing material that we can grow in managed eco forests around the world.

Source: Joseph Mayo, Solid wood cases studies in mass timber

1.2. The aims of the HiTimber project

To strategically research at which level sustainable design, construction and management of sustainable high-rise timber buildings are to be planned and implemented in the partner countries.

To educate all participants (students, teachers, entrepreneurs) in the field of the sustainability and the emerging global problems.

To develop and implement the new strategic trans-disciplinary module/elective element, which meets the needs of the HEIs and market representatives, fulfills the future challenges of sustainable design and construction of high-rise residential timber buildings.

To improve competencies of students and teachers in problem solving and team work, innovative thinking, motivation, awareness of cross-professional project input and project management by using project-based learning approach.

To ensure open awareness of the project results to local, national, EU level and international target groups.

The soft wood timber revolution reduces the carbon footprint which is half of concrete and 130 times smaller than steels.

“It was not enough to produce satisfactory soap, it was also necessary to induce people to wash”Quote by economist Joseph Schumpeter

1.3 Forests and our planet

We live on a blue-green planet, blue defined by our vast oceans and green by our forests, which today comprise around 31 percent of our planet’s surface area.

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These coniferous forests, which account for one-third of the planets total woodland made up largely of pine. These coniferous forests stretch from Scandinavia through Russia, Canada, and Alaska.

To the south, stretching across central Europe, Asia, and North America, are temperate forests of broadleaf deciduous trees and mixed conifers.

Farther south, the subtropical and tropical forests contain an incredible diversity of trees of 4 billion hectares (10 billion acres) of forests on the planet half is tropical.

Earths early atmosphere contained little free oxygen. The air we breathe today, and largely take for granted is result of organisms like trees capable of photosynthesize – a process in which plants use energy from the sun to create food. In doing so, trees provide an essential lung for our planet, sequestering atmospheric carbon and releasing oxygen in exchange.

Fig. 1.1. The world’s forestry map source:NASA

1.4. Timber and Co2 greenhouse gas emissions

According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), atmospheric CO2 has not been seen on the earth at this level (400 ppm) for millions of years. Most worldwide environmental agencies, regarding climate change agree that it is a threat to our way of life and we can no longer stand back and be spectators.

Therefore, sustainable environmental friendly building design and materials are now beginning to be implemented worldwide.

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Fig.1.2 Eco forest – convential forest: source Google image

Table 1. Comparison of Industrial Forestry and Ecoforestry

Source: Drengson and Taylor

Most of building professionals agree that timber from sustainably managed forests is the best material to be used extensively in the building and construction industry. Sustainable managed forests produce trees that can absorb CO2 in great quantities (1m3 of soft wood stores 1 ton of CO2) and converts CO2 to Oxygen.

1.5. The new age of high-rise timber buildings

Since the appearance of the 1st generation of “modern” high-rise building in pre-1850s constructed with cast iron columns and masonry to the 3rd generation of steel framed construction and reinforced concrete loadbearing, partition floors, walls and many variations of curtainwalls etc. up to 1950, sustainability, energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and the use of raw materials were not considered.

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1.6. The 4th generation of high rise buildings

Many professionals from the construction sector state that the age of high-rise timber buildings has started. They agree that timber is an ideal material when grown in sustainable managed forests. It is being used more and more extensively in the building and construction industry. This movement, regarding the construction of high-rise timber buildings is transnational and is being implemented worldwide: with caution in the EU, increasingly more in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. However, education in high-rise timber construction is still very limited, especially in Europe.

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1.7. A race against time

Some figures and facts, why HiTimber buildings are paramount in helping our planet:

Increasing urbanization to 50 percent of the planets population live in the cites. By 2040 the figure will increase to 75 percent of the planets population. Co2 and greenhouse gases emissions must be reduced to reduce global warming before we

reach the point of no return. Sustainable housing must be built for 25 percent of the planets population by the year

2040. 3 billion people will need a new home. 1 billion people now live in slums or shanty towns. 100.000 million, people are homeless. Buildings built in steel cause 3 percent of greenhouse gasses, buildings built in concrete

represent over 5 percent of greenhouse gasses, which equals 8 percent. 1 m3 of timber stores 1 ton of Co2. Co2 emissions consist of 47 percent from buildings, 33 percent from transportation and 19

percent from industry. It’s a race to educate professionals for future sustainable demands regarding High rise

residential building constructed in sustainable timber. Source: Michael Green, Tall timber

1.8. Project based learning (PBL)

Project Based Learning is being gradually implemented in the EU.

What is project based learning?

If you browse through a cookery book that has been written by a famous cook, which shows how to prepare a fantastic tasting meal, it will guide you step by step from the purchase of quality raw products to the completion of the meal. It could be that you have experienced that even the most well written cookery book is no guarantee for preparing a wonderful tasting meal that you hoped for.

You probably realized that the cookery book is “only a Tool” and you didn’t become a master chef. To become a master chef takes years of practice, to keep trying, experimenting, analyzing and tasting in order give the meal something special.

If you compare the world of the kitchen to your own world of design, construction and building, it’s perfectly alright to take your starting point from other persons’ experience, but eventually you build your own work methodology based on you own experiences.

You must be able to maintain an overview even though you have many “irons in the fire” and live up to yourclients’ expectations for developing, innovation, problem solving skills, team work, planning and management etc.

To master these qualities, you will find by working in project groups/teams you will obtain the necessary skills which are so important in the building and construction industry, by working with project based learning (PBL) and learning by doing.

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Fig. 1.3. Model of multi-disciplinary methodology in project based learning:Roger Howard Taylor

1.9. Workshops inHiTimber project

The HiTimber is a 3 yearlong project, which includes research and creating a teaching module in the construction of high-rise residential buildings, in sustainable timber. The project consists of 3 workshops, one workshop for each year, C2,C3 and C4, which are dived into building planning and management phases, used in the building design and construction sector.

Southampton (SUU) Lisbon (IST) Tallinn (TTK)Intensive Course C2 April 2018 Intensive Course C3 April 2019 Intensive Course C4 April 2020

Fig. 1.4. Model of over C2, C3 and C4 workshops

The first Southampton workshop C2 (green box) will concentrate on the outline proposal phase and research topics. The project and research topics and new outline proposal (assignments A and B) must be handed in at the end of the C2 workshop at the prescribed level, so they can be passed on to the next student groups, attending workshop C3 in Lisbon, April 2019.

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Outline Proposal PhaseScrutinizing AnalysingHiTimber research topics 5 research topics

Scheme Design PhaseHiTimber research topicsAll major problems solved5 research topics

Detail 1 & Detail Phase Implementation on site. Working drawings, Management

1.10. Design, planning and management phases

Brief phaseRequirements for the project are decided by the Client or Client advisors and the Architect.

Outline proposal phase

Preliminary small scale drawings showing form and function of project. Building components, materials and form and function to be decided.

Scheme Design proposal phaseAll fundament decisions are made and all major problems are solved in this phase.

Detail 1 phaseDrawings and documents for final local authority approval must be completed.

Detail 2 phase (Working drawings)Detail 2 phase is based on Detail 1 phase. Explicit detailing of the project is made to such a degree that it can be tendered for bids and realization of the projects implementation.

1.11. Definition of a high-rise residential building

In most countries tall buildings are called High-rise buildings, tower blocks or tall buildings. High rise buildings can be defined:

Any structure where the height can have an impact on evacuation (International conference on fire safety).

A building that extends higher than the maximum reach of available firefighting equipment, which has been set between 23 to 30 meters or about 7 to 10 stories high.

Or seven floor buildings or higher the height can be stated in feet or meters.

Example of timber high-rise construction source: Joseph Mayo, Solid wood

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2. HiTimber ASSIGNMENT BOOK PART 2

2.1. C2 Workshop dates including travel dates

The 15th to the 29th April 2018.

2.2. Group work

Students work in transnational groups of 5 persons.

2.3. The project

Fig. 2.1. East Street and Queensway developmentSource: HGP Architects

This attractively designed, residential mixed-use development which includes commercial units fronting East Street and Queensway, and associated car parking. Commercial units have been retained at ground floor level to reflect the surrounding buildings with roof terraces at higher levels providing views over the city.

The development is anticipated to be delivered in two phases over a 2-year period. Phase 1: A 14 storey residential tower building and phase 2: 5 storey accommodation and commercial units.

Most of the new building would rise to five storeys in height, with the tower on Orchard Lane rising to 14 storeys. It will contain a mixture of 42 one-bed and 74 two-bed apartments and two units totalling 462sq m at ground floor level that would be used as shops, cafes or restaurants.

49 parking spaces would be created, which would be accessed from Bell Street. The developer says the new building, which has been designed by architects HGP Architects, would be aimed at young professionals and would "revitalise a tired site".

All of the apartments will have their own private balcony, while trees on Queensway would remain in place. The proposed development design is the result of careful consideration from HGP Architects, who have looked to respect the proportions, massing and location of the surrounding properties.

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The developer has employed your team because of your reputation in designing sustainable buildings to make a revised outline proposal from HGP architects proposal, phase 1: The residential 14 storey tower block, built with sustainable engineered timber.

2.4. Building regulations (Fire Safety)

The building regulations 2010, England.

Fire Safety B Volume 1 – Dwelling houses.

Fire Safety B Volume 2 – Buildings other than dwelling houses.

British Standards BS 9999:2017Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice

2.5. The Assignment A, outline proposal

Each group must choose one of the five, Engineered Timber Systems from the list below and implement it into the Southampton, East Street and Queensway development outline proposal. It is the responsibility of all groups to make sure that all five engineered timber systems are chosen by the 5 to 6 groups, participating in C2 workshop.

Your group must respect HGP Architects original tower block external design and heights etc. from the original outline proposal.

Engineered Timber Systems

1. Solid timber panels, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)2. Glue-laminated timber (Glulam) panels, beams and columns 3. Column & beam system, Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) 4. Module timber units, box module5. Column and beam hybrid (combination)

Tasks to be completed Assignment A

How to get started (who, what and when):

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Fig. 2.2. Group planning source: Google images

Make group planning schedule for assignments A and B Scrutinize HGPs Architects, East Street developments, outline proposal, phase 1 Analysis room layouts and floor plans, rooms, facades, windows and doors, external cladding

etc. Building services, pathways, heating cooling system, mechanical ventilation. Analysis the existing load bearing structure, walls, partition floors, foundations, roof etc. Module grid and design etc. Primary fire safety and escape ways. Balconies and load bearing systems etc.

Implement your chosen engineered timber system

Implement one of the five engineering timber systems from the above engineered timber list, into the East Street developments outline proposal and convert phase one tower block. Designed and built in sustainable construction timber. Remember HGP Architects original building heights and external façade expressions must be respected.

All 5 engineering timber systems must be chosen by the C2 student groups.

Demarcation of phase 1

Section 1-1 marks, phase 1

Ground floor plan Fifth floor plan East street facade

Fig. 2.3.Source:HGP Architects

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Condition of building site

All existing buildings on the East street development have been demolished and building debris have been removed and the site is deemed ready for building erection and implementation.

The new outline proposal contents for phase 1:

Client’s presentation drawings and documentation:

Situation plan Module grid (if deemed necessary) foundation plan Ground floor plan to fourteen floor plan Wet room drawings (kitchen and bath rooms) Roof plan, East elevation West elevation North elevation South elevation 2 cross sections Structural loadbearing 3D drawing External 3D drawing. Cost calculation per m2 Time schedule for construction time

The drawings named above must be delivered as an outline proposal set, drawn in Revit. Coordination in the group is very important, to make sure that each drawing etc. of the outline proposal have the same line thicknesses, text, colors etc.

2.6. Assignment B, professional technical report

In the technical report that contains the analyzing, documentation and the following aspects of your groups outline proposal and implementation of an Engineered Timber sustainable system.

Engineered sustainable timber system information:

Type of engineered timber implemented in your project Type of timber Natural moisture resistance Preservatives and glues Connections loadbearing connections between timber components Life-cycle span Dimensions, sizes and modules of your chosen engineered timber system and waste

reduction. Environmental and carbon footprint reduction. Costs Erection schedule Transport

Analyzing and building regulations etc.:

Rooms and wet rooms layouts Fire precautions

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Floor and wall partitions Acoustic airborne and impact sound Moisture and cold bridge prevention Building services pathways Choice of materials and building components Important key assembly details (sketches) Façade cladding Roof construction Balcony design and construction External building components Insulation Stair enclosure and stairways

2.7. Assignment B technical report handing in deadline

Assignment B technical report must be completed as a professional document, see C2, USB file “Report Guide 2 ATCM”. The report must be handed in no later than Thursday 26 th of April, before 12.00 hours.

2.8. Assignments A and B, evaluations

It is each group’s responsibility to prepare an oral digital presentation of Assignment A and B. Each group member must take part in the presentation.

The presentation will be 30 minutes long including questions from the panel of judges.

Traditional posters A3 size or digital presentations can be made for presenting assignment A

At the start of each group presentations a USB containing your assignments A and B must be delivered digitally to the commission board.

Grades will be given if deemed necessary by the projects steering committee.

2.9. Cultural weekend trips

Trip to Winchester county Town

Transport costs: Train 7.20 GBP or Coach 5.80 GBP one way.

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Fig. 2.4. Winchesters gothic cathedralSource: Wikipedia

Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, and is located at the western end of the South Downs National Park, along the course of the River Itchen. It is situated 61 miles (98 km) south-west of London and 13.6 miles (21.9 km) from Southampton, its closest city. At the time of the 2011 Census, Winchester had a population of 45,184. The wider City of Winchester district which includes towns such as Alresford and Bishop's Waltham has a population of 116,800.

Winchester developed from the Roman town of VentaBelgarum, which in turn developed from an Iron Age oppidum. Winchester's major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The city is home to the University of Winchester and Winchester College, the oldest public school in the United Kingdom still using its original buildings.

Trip to Salisbury and Stonehenge

Transport costs: Train to Salisbury town 10.80 GBP and bus (6 GBP) or walk to Stonehenge. Prices single tickets.

Fig. 2.5. StonehengeSource:Wikipedia

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury. It consists of a ring of standing stones, with each standing stone around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, 7 feet (2.1 m) wide and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC.

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One of the most famous landmarks in the UK, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon. It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC, when the ditch and bank were first dug, and continued for at least another five hundred years.

Trip to historic Portsmouth

Transport costs: Train to Portsmouth 10.80 GBP or bus approx.7.80 GBP single

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Pictures of Portsmouth: Source Wikipedia

Quote: if you do what always did you will get what

you always gotAlbert Einstein

Good Luck to all from the C2 lecturers

Notes

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PortsmouthThe city's history can be traced to Roman times. A significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth has the world's oldest dry dockland was England's first line of defence during the French invasion in 1545. Special Palmerston Forts were built in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe. By the early-19th century, Portsmouth was the most heavily fortified city in the world, and was considered "the world's greatest naval port" at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica. The world's first mass production line was set up in the city, making it the most industrialised site in the world. During the Second World War, the city was a pivotal embarkation pointfor the D-Day landings and was bombed extensively in the Portsmouth Blitz, which resulted in the deaths of 930 people.

Train: thetrainline.co.ukBus: National Express

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