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1 Short-and long-term outcomes in isolated penetrating aortic ulcer disease. Authors: Safa Salim, MBBS a,b† ; Rossella Locci MD, FRCS c† ; Guy Martin MD, MRCS a,b ; Richard Gibbs MD, FRCS ab ; Michael Jenkins MD, FRCS, FEBVS a,b ; Mohamad Hamady FRCR, EBIR b,d , Celia Riga MD, FRCS a,b ; Colin Bicknell MD, FRCS a,b a Imperial Vascular Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK. b Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK c Bradford Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom d Department of Interventional Radiology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom On behalf of the Imperial Vascular Unit. Collaborators: Alun Davies, Usman Jaffer, David 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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Page 1: spiral.imperial.ac.uk · Web viewOn behalf of the Imperial Vascular Unit. Collaborators: Alun Davies, Usman Jaffer, David Nott, Joseph Shalhoub, Nigel Standfield, Christopher Aylwin

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S h o r t - a n d l o n g - t e r m o u t c o m e s i n i s o l a t e d p e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c

u l c e r d i s e a s e .

A u t h o r s : S a f a S a l i m , M B B S a , b † ; R o s s e l l a L o c c i M D , F R C S c † ; G u y

M a r t i n M D , M R C S a , b ; R i c h a r d G i b b s M D , F R C S a b ; M i c h a e l J e n k i n s

M D , F R C S , F E B V S a , b ; M o h a m a d H a m a d y F R C R , E B I R b , d , C e l i a

R i g a M D , F R C S a , b ; C o l i n B i c k n e l l M D , F R C S a , b

a I m p e r i a l V a s c u l a r U n i t , S t . M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l , L o n d o n , U K .

b D e p a r t m e n t o f S u r g e r y a n d C a n c e r , I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e L o n d o n , U K

c B r a d f o r d T e a c h i n g H o s p i t a l s , N H S F o u n d a t i o n T r u s t , B r a d f o r d ,

U n i t e d K i n g d o m

d D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e r v e n t i o n a l R a d i o l o g y , S t M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l ,

I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e H e a l t h c a r e N H S T r u s t , L o n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m

O n b e h a l f o f t h e I m p e r i a l V a s c u l a r U n i t . C o l l a b o r a t o r s : A l u n

D a v i e s , U s m a n J a f f e r , D a v i d N o t t , J o s e p h S h a l h o u b , N i g e l

S t a n d f i e l d , C h r i s t o p h e r A y l w i n

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o :

M r C o l i n B i c k n e l l

Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h t h e Q u e e n M o t h e r W i n g ( Q E Q M )

S t M a r y ' s C a m p u s

I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e L o n d o n . I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e H e a l t h c a r e T r u s t

L o n d o n

W 2 1 B L

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c o l i n . b i c k n e l l @ n h s . n e t

† E q u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n

P r e s e n t a t i o n : P r e s e n t e d a t B r i t i s h S o c i e t y o f E n d o v a s c u l a r

T h e r a p y ( B S E T ) A n n u a l M e e t i n g o n T h u r s d a y 2 7 t h J u n e 2 0 1 9 .

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Page 3: spiral.imperial.ac.uk · Web viewOn behalf of the Imperial Vascular Unit. Collaborators: Alun Davies, Usman Jaffer, David Nott, Joseph Shalhoub, Nigel Standfield, Christopher Aylwin

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ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Type of Research: Single centre, retrospective cohort

study.

Key Findings:

Of 43 patients with isolated PAU, 25 were managed

conservatively, 18 were managed surgically. Those

managed surgically had significantly larger PAU

widths, depths and were generally more aneurysmal.

There was no significant difference in mortality

between the two groups.

Take home Message: Isolated asymptomatic small

PAUs may be safely managed conservatively with

regular surveillance. High risk PAUs may be managed

surgically with acceptable long term survival.

Table of Contents Summary

This single centre retrospective cohort study analysed

the management and outcomes in patients with

isolated PAU. Small, asymptomatic isolated PAU

may be safely managed conservatively with

surveillance whilst larger, more aneurysmal PAU,

may be managed surgically with no significant

difference in mortality between the two groups.

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A b s t r a c t

B a c k g r o u n d :

T h e o p t i m u m m a n a g e m e n t o f i s o l a t e d p e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r a t i o n

( P A U ) , w i t h n o a s s o c i a t e d i n t r a m u r a l h a e m a t o m a ( I M H ) o r a o r t i c

d i s s e c t i o n ( A D ) i s n o t c l e a r . W e e v a l u a t e t h e s h o r t - a n d l o n g - t e r m

o u t c o m e s i n i s o l a t e d P A U t o b e t t e r i n f o r m m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s .

M e t h o d s :

W e c o n d u c t e d a r e t r o s p e c t i v e r e v i e w o f 4 3 c o n s e c u t i v e p a t i e n t s

( m e a n a g e 7 2 . 2 y r s , 2 6 m e n ) w i t h i s o l a t e d P A U ( e x c l u d i n g

I M H / A D ) m a n a g e d a t a s i n g l e t e r t i a r y v a s c u l a r u n i t b e t w e e n

N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 7 a n d A p r i l 2 0 1 9 . 2 1 % h a d P A U o f t h e a r c h , 6 2 % o f

t h e t h o r a c i c a o r t a a n d 1 7 % o f t h e a b d o m i n a l a o r t a . C o n s e r v a t i v e

a n d s u r g i c a l g r o u p s w e r e a n a l y s e d s e p a r a t e l y . P r i m a r y o u t c o m e s

i n c l u d e d m o r t a l i t y , P A U p r o g r e s s i o n a n d i n t e r v e n t i o n a l

c o m p l i c a t i o n s .

R e s u l t s :

6 7 % ( 2 9 / 4 3 ) p a t i e n t s w e r e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y ; t h e y

h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r P A U n e c k w i d t h s ( p = 0 . 0 4 ) , P A U d e p t h s

( p = 0 . 0 0 4 ) a n d l o w e r r a t e s o f a s s o c i a t e d a n e u r y s m a l c h a n g e

( p = 0 . 0 0 4 ) c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e i n i t i a l l y r e q u i r i n g s u r g e r y . F o u r

( 4 / 2 9 ) p a t i e n t s i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y e v e n t u a l l y

r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l m a n a g e m e n t a t a m e a n t i m e i n t e r v a l o f 4 9 . 7 5

m o n t h s ( r a n g e 9 . 0 3 - 1 0 4 . 3 3 m o n t h s ) p r i m a r i l y d u e t o a n e u r y s m a l

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d e g e n e r a t i o n . 3 3 % ( 1 4 / 4 3 ) p a t i e n t s u n d e r w e n t i n i t i a l s u r g i c a l

m a n a g e m e n t , 7 / 1 4 w e r e u r g e n t p r o c e d u r e s . 1 7 / 1 8 p a t i e n t s

e v e n t u a l l y m a n a g e d w i t h s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n h a d a n

e n d o v a s c u l a r r e p a i r ; 2 / 1 7 e n d o v a s c u l a r c a s e s i n v o l v e d s u p r a -

a o r t i c d e b r a n c h i n g , 6 / 1 7 u t i l i s e d s c a l l o p e d / f e n e s t r a t e d / c h i m n e y

s t e n t s .

O v e r a l l l o n g - t e r m m o r t a l i t y w a s 3 0 % ( m e a n f o l l o w u p = 4 8

m o n t h s , r a n g e 0 – 1 3 6 m o n t h s ) w i t h n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d s u r g i c a l l y m a n a g e d g r o u p s ( p = 0 . 9 8 ) . N o

a o r t i c r e l a t e d d e a t h s w e r e d o c u m e n t e d d u r i n g f o l l o w - u p i n t h o s e

m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y . T h e r e w a s n o i n - h o s p i t a l m o r t a l i t y

f o l l o w i n g s u r g i c a l r e p a i r . 2 / 1 8 r e q u i r e d r e i n t e r v e n t i o n w i t h i n 3 0 -

d a y s f o r t y p e I / I I I e n d o l e a k s . 7 / 1 8 d i e d d u r i n g f o l l o w u p ( m e a n

s u r v i v a l 9 0 . 2 4 m o n t h s , r a n g e 6 6 . 4 8 - 1 1 3 . 8 8 m o n t h s ) w i t h 1 / 1 8

c o n f i r m e d a o r t i c r e l a t e d d e a t h s .

C o n c l u s i o n :

I s o l a t e d , a s y m p t o m a t i c s m a l l P A U s m a y b e s a f e l y m a n a g e d

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y w i t h r e g u l a r s u r v e i l l a n c e . T h o s e w i t h h i g h - r i s k

f e a t u r e s o r a n e u r y s m a l p r o g r e s s i o n r e q u i r e c o m p l e x s t r a t e g i e s f o r

s u c c e s s f u l t r e a t m e n t w i t h a c c e p t a b l e l o n g - t e r m s u r v i v a l .

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K e y w o r d s : P e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r , t h o r a c i c e n d o v a s c u l a r a o r t i c

r e p a i r , s h o r t - a n d l o n g - t e r m f o l l o w - u p , o u t c o m e s .

C o n f l i c t o f i n t e r e s t a n d f u n d i n g s t a t e m e n t : N o c o n f l i c t s o f

i n t e r e s t h a v e b e e n d e c l a r e d b y t h e a u t h o r s . N o f u n d i n g w a s

r e c e i v e d i n t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s w o r k .

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B a c k g r o u n d :

A c u t e a o r t i c s y n d r o m e s e n c o m p a s s A c u t e A o r t i c D i s s e c t i o n

( A A D ) , I n t r a m u r a l H a e m a t o m a ( I M H ) a n d P e n e t r a t i n g A o r t i c

U l c e r s ( P A U s ) . P A U s a r e a c o m p l i c a t i o n o f a n a t h e r o m a t o u s

p l a q u e w h e r e t h e r e i s u l c e r a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n t i m a p o t e n t i a l l y

a l l o w i n g h a e m a t o m a w i t h i n t h e m e d i a ( 1 ) . P A U s a c c o u n t f o r

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 - 1 0 % o f a c u t e a o r t i c s y n d r o m e s ( 2 ) . D i s t i n c t

d i s e a s e p r o g r e s s i o n i n I M H w i t h a n d w i t h o u t P A U h a s b e e n

i d e n t i f i e d ( 3 ) h o w e v e r t h e r e i s p a u c i t y i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e

n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f i s o l a t e d P A U s w i t h o u t a s s o c i a t e d I M H o r a o r t i c

d i s s e c t i o n ( 3 , 4 ) . S y m p t o m a t i c P A U s a p p e a r t o b e a t h i g h e r r i s k o f

p r o g r e s s i o n ( 5 ) ; o t h e r h i g h r i s k f e a t u r e s i n c l u d e s t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

p l e u r a l e f f u s i o n , I M H o r a P A U d e p t h o f > 1 0 m m o r d i a m e t e r

> 2 0 m m ( 6 ) . T y p e A P A U s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e a s c e n d i n g a o r t a w h i l s t

T y p e B P A U s a r e f o u n d i n t h e m i d d l e a n d l o w e r d e s c e n d i n g

t h o r a c i c a o r t a ( 7 ) . B o t h t h e E u r o p e a n S o c i e t y o f C a r d i o l o g y ( E S C )

( 7 ) a n d t h e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e o f C a r d i o l o g y F o u n d a t i o n / A m e r i c a n

H e a r t A s s o c i a t i o n A C C F / A H A ) ( 8 ) s u g g e s t s u r g e r y f o r T y p e A

P A U s . T h e E S C s u g g e s t s a n a l g e s i a , a n t i - h y p e r t e n s i v e s a n d

s u r v e i l l a n c e f o r T y p e B P A U s , w h i l s t A C C F / A H A s u g g e s t t h a t

i n t i m a l d e f e c t s w i t h o u t I M H i n t h e d e s c e n d i n g a o r t a a r e a m e n a b l e

t o o p e n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r e n d o g r a f t s .

T h i s s t u d y a i m s t o e v a l u a t e t h e n a t u r a l p r o g r e s s i o n o f i s o l a t e d

P A U s w i t h o u t a s s o c i a t e d I M H o r a o r t i c d i s s e c t i o n , c o m p a r e

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o u t c o m e s i n t h o s e p a t i e n t s m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y a n d s u r g i c a l l y

a n d t o r e p o r t t h e s h o r t a n d l o n g - t e r m o u t c o m e s .

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M e t h o d s :

S t u d y D e s i g n

T h i s i s a r e t r o s p e c t i v e c a s e s e r i e s o f 4 3 c o n s e c u t i v e p a t i e n t s

m a n a g e d a t a s i n g l e t e r t i a r y a o r t i c u n i t b e t w e e n N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 7

a n d A p r i l 2 0 1 9 . A l l p a t i e n t s w i t h a d i a g n o s i s o f a n i s o l a t e d P A U ,

i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a s s o c i a t e d I M H o r A A D w e r e i n c l u d e d .

D e p a r t m e n t a l d a t a b a s e s a n d e l e c t r o n i c h e a l t h r e c o r d s w e r e

i n t e r r o g a t e d t o i d e n t i f y e l i g i b l e p a t i e n t s . T w o p r e v i o u s l y c o l l a t e d

d a t a b a s e s o f p a t i e n t s w h o u n d e r w e n t a r c h h y b r i d r e p a i r s ( 9 ) a n d

a c u t e a o r t i c s y n d r o m e s ( 1 0 ) w i t h i n t h e c e n t r e w e r e a l s o e x a m i n e d

t o i d e n t i f y p a t i e n t s . E l e c t r o n i c p a t i e n t a n d i m a g i n g r e c o r d s f o r

t h o s e i d e n t i f i e d w e r e r e v i e w e d f o r c o m p u t e r i s e d t o m o g r a p h y

a o r t a g r a m s ( C T A ) w h e r e a P A U w a s r a d i o l o g i c a l l y r e p o r t e d .

I m a g e s w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y e v a l u a t e d b y t h e w o r k i n g g r o u p .

I n s t i t u t i o n a l R e v i e w B o a r d a p p r o v a l a n d d i r e c t p a t i e n t c o n s e n t

w a s n o t r e q u i r e d a s t h i s r e t r o s p e c t i v e r e v i e w w a s p e r f o r m e d a s a

c l i n i c a l a u d i t i n l i n e w i t h t h e u n i t s l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n s .

R a d i o l o g i c a l r e p o r t i n g a n d P A U c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

C o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h y a n g i o g r a p h y ( C T A ) w a s u s e d t o d i a g n o s e

i s o l a t e d P A U a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 1 . F o r t h e p a t i e n t s

i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s s e r i e s , n o o t h e r i m a g i n g m o d a l i t i e s w e r e u s e d t o

d i a g n o s e i s o l a t e d P A U . I t i s d e f i n e d a s a c o n t r a s t e n h a n c i n g , f o c a l

a o r t i c l e s i o n w h i c h p e n e t r a t e s t h r o u g h a n a r e a o f i n t i m a l

d i s r u p t i o n i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a n A D , I M H o r p r o v e n i n f e c t i o n . A

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p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d m e t h o d ( 5 ) o f m e a s u r i n g u l c e r s a n d a o r t i c

d i m e n s i o n s w a s a p p l i e d t o e a c h s c a n . T w o i n v e s t i g a t o r s m e a s u r e d

P A U n e c k w i d t h , d e p t h , a n d t o t a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r s i n d e p e n d e n t l y .

C o n s e n s u s a g r e e m e n t w a s s o u g h t f o r a n y d i s c r e p a n c i e s . I n d e x C T A

s c a n s w e r e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e P A U c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

F i g u r e 1 P e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r s v i s u a l i s e d o n C T

a n g i o g r a m s ( a ) a n d t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l v o l u m e r e n d e r i n g C T

s c a n s ( b ) . A B

P A U c o m p l i c a t e d b y c o n c u r r e n t s a c c u l a r o r f u s i f o r m a n e u r y s m a l

d i s e a s e w a s a d d i t i o n a l l y n o t e d o n C T A . S a c c u l a r a n e u r y s m s

o r i g i n a t i n g a t t h e b a s e o f t h e P A U w e r e i n c l u d e d . I n d e s c e n d i n g

t h o r a c i c P A U s , a s s o c i a t e d f u s i f o r m a n e u r y s m a l d i s e a s e i s d e f i n e d

a s a > 5 0 % i n c r e a s e i n n o r m a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r ; > 3 9 . 7 5 m m i n m e n

a n d , > 3 7 . 5 m m i n w o m e n ( 1 1 ) . A n e u r y s m a l d i s e a s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

a r c h P A U i s d e f i n e d a s a n a o r t i c d i a m e t e r o f > 5 . 5 c m ( 8 ) .

A 1 B 1

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A n e u r y s m a l d i s e a s e f o r a b d o m i n a l P A U i s d e f i n e d a s a n a o r t i c

d i a m e t e r o f > 3 c m .

P a t i e n t p o p u l a t i o n

A d u l t p a t i e n t s , w i t h r a d i o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o f P A U a t t h e a o r t i c

a r c h , d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c o r a b d o m i n a l a o r t a w e r e i n c l u d e d .

P a t i e n t s w i t h m e d i a l t h r o m b o s i s w e r e i n c l u d e d . P a t i e n t s w i t h n o

i m a g i n g a v a i l a b l e t o r e v i e w w e r e e x c l u d e d . P a t i e n t s w i t h a

c o n c o m i t a n t I M H o r A A D w e r e e x c l u d e d . P a t i e n t s w i t h a r u p t u r e d

P A U w e r e e x c l u d e d ; t h e s e p a t i e n t s o f t e n p r e s e n t e d w i t h c o m p l e x

a n d h e t e r o g e n o u s d i s e a s e r e n d e r i n g t h e s e p a t i e n t s ’ u n r e l i a b l e

c o m p a r a t o r s t o t h o s e w i t h i s o l a t e d P A U w i t h r e s p e c t t o

d e l i n e a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f P A U . P a t i e n t s w i t h a m y c o t i c

a n e u r y s m o r a o r t i c i n j u r y s e c o n d a r y t o t r a u m a w e r e a l s o e x c l u d e d .

P a t i e n t s m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y , e n d o v a s c u l a r l y o r t h r o u g h a n

o p e n p r o c e d u r e w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s .

A f t e r c o r r e c t i n g f o r d u p l i c a t e s , 1 2 9 p a t i e n t s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d u s i n g

t h e o u t l i n e d s e a r c h m e t h o d ; 2 9 w e r e e x c l u d e d f o r A A D , 2 1 f o r

I M H , 9 f o r r u p t u r e s , 3 f o r t r a u m a t i c i n j u r y a n d 2 4 d u e t o

i n a d e q u a t e i m a g i n g . 4 3 p a t i e n t s w e r e t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e d f o r

a n a l y s i s .

E l e c t r o n i c h e a l t h r e c o r d s w e r e u s e d t o c o l l e c t p a t i e n t d e m o g r a p h i c

d a t a ( T a b l e 1 ) , d i s e a s e a n d p r o c e d u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( T a b l e

2 & 3 ) .

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O u t c o m e s

R e l e v a n t s h o r t t e r m a n d l o n g - t e r m o u t c o m e s a s s u g g e s t e d b y

m i n i m u m p r a g m a t i c r e p o r t i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r T E V A R w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d ( 1 2 ) . P r i m a r y o u t c o m e s i n t h i s a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e :

- P r o g r e s s i o n o f P A U

P r o g r e s s i o n o f P A U i s e v a l u a t e d b y c o m p a r i n g r a d i o l o g i c a l

d i s e a s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b e t w e e n t h e i n i t i a l d i a g n o s t i c C T A

c o m p a r e d t o t h e l a s t p a t i e n t C T s c a n . P r o g r e s s i o n i s d e f i n e d a s

g r o w t h i n P A U d i a m e t e r s , t o t a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f

a o r t i c r e l a t e d c o m p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s I M H , A A D o r a n e u r y s m a l

d i s e a s e .

- M o r t a l i t y

N a t i o n a l s u m m a r y c a r e r e c o r d s w e r e u s e d t o i d e n t i f y d e a t h s

o c c u r r i n g o u t s i d e t h e p r i n c i p a l v a s c u l a r c e n t r e . T h e f o l l o w u p

p e r i o d w a s d e f i n e d a s u p u n t i l t h e d a t e o f d e a t h o r u p u n t i l t h e

d a t e o f a n a l y s i s . I m m e d i a t e m o r t a l i t y i s d e f i n e d a s w i t h i n 3 0 - d a y s

o r i n - h o s p i t a l d u r i n g t h e s a m e a d m i s s i o n a s P A U d i a g n o s i s .

M o r t a l i t y t h e r e a f t e r i s d e f i n e d a s a n e u r y s m - r e l a t e d ( d e a t h

p e r t a i n i n g t o a o r t i c c o m p l i c a t i o n s ) , o r a l l - c a u s e ( d e a t h d u e t o a n y

o t h e r c a u s e ) .

- I n t e r v e n t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s

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C o m p l i c a t i o n s o f c o n s e r v a t i v e m a n a g e m e n t w e r e e v a l u a t e d b y

r e v i e w i n g t h e n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y

w h o t h e n e v e n t u a l l y r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l r e p a i r .

E n d o v a s c u l a r m a n a g e m e n t c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e d e v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e n u m b e r o f p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y e n d o l e a k s a s w e l l a s l o o k i n g

a t r e i n t e r v e n t i o n r a t e s . A p r i m a r y e n d o l e a k i s d e f i n e d a s a n

e n d o l e a k o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n 3 0 d a y s o f t h e p r o c e d u r e , w h i l s t a

s e c o n d a r y e n d o l e a k i s a n e n d o l e a k o c c u r r i n g > 3 0 d a y s a f t e r t h e

i n i t i a l p r o c e d u r e . P r i m a r y t e c h n i c a l s u c c e s s w a s a l s o e v a l u a t e d

a n d i s d e f i n e d a s s a t i s f a c t o r y d e p l o y m e n t o f a s t e n t w i t h n o

s u b s e q u e n t t y p e 1 o r t y p e 3 e n d o l e a k s , r e t r o g r a d e t y p e A

d i s s e c t i o n , c o n v e r s i o n t o o p e n p r o c e d u r e o r s t e n t c o l l a p s e ,

d e f o r m a t i o n o r m i g r a t i o n ( 9 ) .

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d u s i n g S P S S ( V e r s i o n 2 4 ) . A

S h a p i r o - W i l k t e s t w a s u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e n o r m a l i t y o f t h e d a t a ;

n o r m a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d d a t a w a s a n a l y s e d u s i n g a t w o t a i l e d ,

i n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s t - t e s t . A n i n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s M a n n -

W h i t n e y U t e s t o r F i s h e r s E x a c t T e s t w a s u s e d t o a n a l y s e n o n -

p a r a m e t r i c d a t a . K a p l a n - M e i e r a n a l y s i s a n d a l o g r a n k t e s t w a s

u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u r v i v a l d i s t r i b u t i o n .

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R e s u l t s :

P a t i e n t d e m o g r a p h i c s

P a t i e n t d e m o g r a p h i c s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n T a b l e 1 . 4 3 p a t i e n t s w i t h

p e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d ; m a l e g e n d e r 6 0 %

( 2 6 / 4 3 ) , m e a n a g e o f 7 2 . 2 y e a r s ( r a n g e 4 1 - 9 1 y e a r s ) . 7 2 % ( 3 1 / 4 3 )

o f p a t i e n t s h a d a d i a g n o s i s o f h y p e r t e n s i o n a n d 5 6 % ( 2 4 / 4 3 ) w e r e

d i a g n o s e d w i t h i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e . 8 8 % ( 2 3 / 2 6 ) o f p a t i e n t s

w i t h a d o c u m e n t e d h i s t o r y o f s m o k i n g w e r e c u r r e n t o r e x - s m o k e r s ;

f o u r p a t i e n t s w i t h o u t t h i s f o r m a l d o c u m e n t a t i o n h a d a d i a g n o s i s o f

c h r o n i c o b s t r u c t i v e p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e . S m o k i n g s t a t u s w a s

u n d o c u m e n t e d i n t h e r e m a i n i n g 1 3 p a t i e n t s .

2 6 % ( 1 1 / 4 3 ) h a d a h i s t o r y o f a o r t i c s u r g i c a l r e p a i r s f o r n o n - P A U

a o r t i c p a t h o l o g i e s . I n s i x o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s , t h e a o r t i c i n t e r v e n t i o n

p r e c e d e d t h e d i a g n o s i s o f t h e P A U . T h e r e m a i n i n g f i v e p a t i e n t s

u n d e r w e n t a n a o r t i c i n t e r v e n t i o n f o r p a t h o l o g y e l s e w h e r e i n t h e

a o r t a , u n r e l a t e d t o a n e x i s t i n g P A U .

T a b l e 1 P a t i e n t d e m o g r a p h i c d a t a a ( n = 4 3 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e

s t a t e d )

A g e . y e a r s 7 2 . 2 ( 4 1 - 9 1 )

M e n 2 6 ( 6 0 % )

R e n a l i m p a i r m e n t b 1 6 ( 3 7 % )

P r e v i o u s / o t h e r a o r t i c r e p a i r 1 1 ( 2 6 % )

C o m o r b i d i t i e s

H y p e r t e n s i o n

D i a b e t e s M e l l i t u s

3 1 ( 7 2 % )

1 0 ( 2 3 % )

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I s c h a e m i c H e a r t D i s e a s e

C o n n e c t i v e T i s s u e D i s o r d e r

( C T D )

S m o k i n g ( n = 2 6 )

2 4 ( 5 6 % )

0 ( 0 % )

2 3 ( 8 8 % )

a C o n t i n u o u s d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d a s m e a n ( r a n g e s ) . C a t e g o r i c a l

d a t a i s g i v e n a s c o u n t s ( p e r c e n t a g e ) .

b E s t i m a t e d g l o m e r u l a r f i l t r a t i o n r a t e < 6 0

T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n p a t i e n t d e m o g r a p h i c s

i n c l u d i n g : a g e , g e n d e r , p r i o r a o r t i c r e p a i r , a d i a g n o s i s o f H T N ,

D M , I H D , C T D , r e n a l i m p a i r m e n t a n d s m o k i n g s t a t u s b e t w e e n t h e

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y a n d s u r g i c a l l y m a n a g e d g r o u p s ( p > 0 . 0 5 ) .

D i s e a s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

D i s e a s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 2 . S y m p t o m a t i c

p a t i e n t s m o s t l y p r e s e n t e d w i t h p a i n , e i t h e r c h e s t o r a b d o m i n a l ,

w i t h o n e i n s t a n c e o f a p a t i e n t p r e s e n t i n g w i t h c o l l a p s e .

A s y m p t o m a t i c P A U w a s p i c k e d u p i n c i d e n t a l l y o n i m a g i n g . 2 1 %

( 9 / 4 3 ) h a d m u l t i p l e P A U s ; f o r t h e s e p a t i e n t s , t h e u l c e r w i t h t h e

l a r g e s t n e c k h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d i n s i z e a n a l y s i s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f

p a t i e n t s w i t h l e s i o n s i n t h e a o r t i c a r c h , d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c a o r t a

a n d a b d o m i n a l a o r t a i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 .

T a b l e 2 P A U c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( n = 4 3 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d ) a

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P A U l o c a t i o n ( n = 5 2 ) b

A o r t i c a r c h

D e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c a o r t a

A b d o m i n a l a o r t a

1 1 ( 2 1 % )

3 2 ( 6 2 % )

9 ( 1 7 % )

P A U s i z e ( m m )

N e c k w i d t h

D e p t h

T o t a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r

1 3 . 9 ( 3 . 5 - 3 1 . 2 )

1 0 . 5 ( 2 . 8 - 3 0 . 0 )

3 7 . 8 ( 2 3 . 0 - 5 7 . 0 )

A s s o c i a t e d a n e u r y s m a l d i s e a s e

S a c c u l a r

F u s i f o r m

N i l

1 2 ( 2 8 % )

1 1 ( 2 6 % )

2 0 ( 4 6 % )

S y m p t o m a t i c s t a t u s ( n = 3 7 )

S y m p t o m a t i c

A s y m p t o m a t i c

1 6 ( 4 3 % )

2 1 ( 5 7 % )

a C o n t i n u o u s d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d a s m e a n ( r a n g e s ) . C a t e g o r i c a l d a t a

i s g i v e n a s c o u n t s ( p e r c e n t a g e ) .

b P a t i e n t s w i t h m u l t i p l e P A U s i n d i f f e r e n t a o r t i c r e g i o n s h a v e

b e e n i n c l u d e d f o r a n a l y s i s .

T h e o v e r a l l m e a n P A U n e c k w i d t h , d e p t h , a n d t o t a l a o r t i c

d i a m e t e r s a r e d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 2 . I n t h o s e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y ( 2 9 / 4 3 ) , t h e m e a n P A U n e c k w a s 1 2 . 5 m m ( ± S D

5 . 7 ) , P A U d e p t h 8 . 5 m m ( ± S D 4 . 4 ) , a n d t o t a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r w a s

3 5 . 6 m m ( ± S D 8 . 6 ) . 3 8 % ( 1 1 / 2 9 ) w e r e a n e u r y s m a l .

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I n p a t i e n t s i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d s u r g i c a l l y ( 1 4 / 4 3 ) t h e m e a n P A U

n e c k w i d t h w a s 1 7 . 0 m m ( ± S D 5 . 7 ) , P A U d e p t h 1 4 . 6 m m ( ± S D 6 . 2 ) ,

a n d t o t a l a o r t i c d i a m e t e r w a s 4 2 . 2 m m ( ± S D 1 6 . 3 ) . 8 6 % ( 1 2 / 1 4 )

w e r e a n e u r y s m a l .

P a t i e n t s w h o u n d e r w e n t i n i t i a l s u r g i c a l m a n a g e m e n t h a d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r P A U n e c k s ( p = 0 . 0 4 1 ) , P A U d e p t h s ( p = 0 . 0 0 4 ) ,

a o r t i c d i a m e t e r s ( p = 0 . 0 0 8 ) a n d w e r e g e n e r a l l y m o r e a n e u r y s m a l

( p = 0 . 0 0 4 ) .

O f t h e p a t i e n t s w h o w e r e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y , 3 5 %

( 9 / 2 6 ) w e r e s y m p t o m a t i c ; t h i s w a s u n d o c u m e n t e d i n 3 p a t i e n t s . O f

t h e p a t i e n t s w h o i n i t i a l l y u n d e r w e n t s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n , 6 3 %

( 7 / 1 1 ) w e r e s y m p t o m a t i c , t h i s w a s u n d o c u m e n t e d i n 3 p a t i e n t s .

T h i s d i f f e r e n c e d i d n ’ t r e a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e ( p = 0 . 1 5 ) .

M a n a g e m e n t p r o c e d u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

C o n s e r v a t i v e a n d s u r g i c a l P A U m a n a g e m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e

d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e 3 . A l l p a t i e n t s a d d i t i o n a l l y r e c e i v e d b e s t

m e d i c a l t h e r a p y w h i c h i n c l u d e d l i f e s t y l e a n d c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k

f a c t o r m o d i f i c a t i o n a n d a n t i - h y p e r t e n s i v e t h e r a p y w h e r e

a p p r o p r i a t e . O f t h e 2 9 p a t i e n t s t h a t w e r e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y , 1 4 % ( 4 / 2 9 ) s u b s e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l r e p a i r .

T h i s o c c u r r e d a t a m e a n t i m e i n t e r v a l o f 4 . 1 5 y e a r s ( r a n g e 1 . 5 9 -

8 . 6 9 y e a r s ) . I n t h r e e o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s t h i s w a s d u e t o a n e u r y s m a l

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d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e a o r t a . T w o o f t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s u t i l i s e d

c u s t o m - m a d e s t e n t s : o n e 3 v e s s e l f e n e s t r a t e d E V A R a n d o n e l e f t

c o m m o n c a r o t i d a n d s u b c l a v i a n a r t e r y s c a l l o p e d s t e n t .

T a b l e 3 M a n a g e m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a ( n = 4 3 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d )

M a n a g e m e n t

C o n s e r v a t i v e

C o n v e r t e d f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e t o s u r g i c a l

I n i t i a l S u r g i c a l

2 5 ( 5 8 % )

4 ( 9 % )

1 4 ( 3 3 % )

S u r g i c a l m a n a g e m e n t ( n = 1 8 )

O p e n r e p a i r

E n d o v a s c u l a r r e p a i r

1 ( 6 % )

1 7 ( 9 4 % )

E n d o v a s c u l a r s t e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( n = 1 7 )

A b d o m i n a l / T h o r a c i c

P r o x i m a l L a n d i n g Z o n e ( n = 1 4 ) b

Z o n e 1

Z o n e 2

Z o n e 3

Z o n e 4

3 ( 1 8 % ) / 1 4 ( 8 2 % )

4 ( 2 9 % )

3 ( 2 1 % )

2 ( 1 4 % )

5 ( 3 6 % )

T i m e t o i n t e r v e n t i o n ( d a y s ) ( n = 1 8 )

I n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y ( n = 4 )

I n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d s u r g i c a l l y ( n = 1 4 )

1 5 1 5 ( 5 8 0 - 3 1 7 5 )

5 2 ( 0 - 1 6 7 )

a C o n t i n u o u s d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d a s m e a n ( r a n g e s ) . C a t e g o r i c a l d a t a

i s g i v e n a s c o u n t s ( p e r c e n t a g e ) .

b P r o x i m a l t h o r a c i c l a n d i n g z o n e s . Z o n e 1 : b e t w e e n

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b r a c h i o c e p h a l i c a n d L C C A , Z o n e 2 : b e t w e e n L C C A a n d L S C A ,

Z o n e 3 : b e t w e e n L S C A a n d m i d d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c , Z o n e 4 :

m i d - d e s c e n d i n g t o d i a p h r a g m

3 3 % ( 1 4 / 4 3 ) p a t i e n t s u n d e r w e n t s u r g i c a l m a n a g e m e n t w h e n

i n i t i a l l y d i a g n o s e d w i t h P A U . T h e m e a n t i m e t o i n t e r v e n t i o n i n

t h i s c o h o r t w a s 5 2 d a y s ( 0 - 1 6 7 ) . 7 / 1 4 w e r e u r g e n t p r o c e d u r e s : o n e

o f t h e s e w a s a n o p e n p r o c e d u r e p e r f o r m e d f o r a p a t i e n t w i t h a

s y m p t o m a t i c a n e u r y s m a l j u x t a r e n a l P A U . 4 / 7 i m m e d i a t e s u r g i c a l

p r o c e d u r e s i n v o l v e d t h o r a c i c s t e n t s f o r t h e d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c

P A U s w h i l s t 2 / 7 a d d i t i o n a l l y r e q u i r e d a l e f t c o m m o n c a r o t i d t o

l e f t s u b c l a v i a n a r t e r y b y p a s s .

O v e r a l l , 1 8 p a t i e n t s u n d e r w e n t a s u r g i c a l p r o c e d u r e , e i t h e r

i m m e d i a t e l y o r a f t e r c o n v e r s i o n f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e m a n a g e m e n t .

1 7 / 1 8 h a d a n e n d o v a s c u l a r r e p a i r ; 6 / 1 7 u t i l i s e d

s c a l l o p e d / f e n e s t r a t e d / c h i m n e y s t e n t s . S u r g i c a l s t r a t e g y a d o p t e d

w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y p a t i e n t a n d a n a t o m i c f a c t o r s .

O u t c o m e s

M o r t a l i t y

T h e m e a n f o l l o w - u p p e r i o d w a s 4 y e a r s ( 0 . 0 2 - 1 1 . 4 1 y ) . O v e r a l l

m o r t a l i t y d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w u p i n t e r v a l w a s 3 0 % ( 1 3 / 4 3 ) . T h e

m o r t a l i t y i n t h o s e m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y w a s 2 4 % ( 6 / 2 5 ) w i t h a

m e a n s u r v i v a l o f 8 . 3 5 y e a r s ( 9 5 % C I 6 . 2 9 - 1 0 . 4 2 ) . T h e m o r t a l i t y i n

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t h o s e w h o e v e n t u a l l y r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l r e p a i r w a s 3 9 % ( 7 / 1 8 ) w i t h

a m e a n s u r v i v a l o f 7 . 5 2 y e a r s ( 9 5 % C I 5 . 5 4 - 9 . 4 9 ) . T h e r e w a s n o

s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o g r o u p s ( p = 0 . 9 8 ) .

T h e m o r t a l i t y i n t h o s e u n d e r g o i n g i m m e d i a t e s u r g i c a l r e p a i r w a s

3 6 % ( 5 / 1 4 ) w i t h a m e a n s u r v i v a l o f 6 . 2 7 y e a r s ( 9 5 % C I 4 . 5 3 - 8 . 0 0 )

c o m p a r e d t o a m o r t a l i t y o f 5 0 % ( 2 / 4 ) w i t h a m e a n s u r v i v a l o f 8 . 7 0

y e a r s ( 9 5 % C I 5 . 9 6 - 1 1 . 4 5 ) i n t h o s e w h o w e r e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y w h o l a t e r r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l r e p a i r . T h e r e w a s n o

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n s u r v i v a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t h o s e

m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y a n d s u r g i c a l l y ; χ 2 ( 2 ) = 0 . 0 0 0 4 , ( p = 0 . 9 8 ) .

T h i s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y K a p l a n - M e i e r c u r v e i n F i g u r e 2 .

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F i g u r e 2 K a p l a n - M e i e r c u r v e d e m o n s t r a t i n g m o r t a l i t y i n t h e t w o

m a n a g e m e n t g r o u p s . C e n s o r s h i p h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d t o a c c o u n t

f o r p a t i e n t s w h o s e f o l l o w u p i n t e r v a l e n d s d u e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n

d a t e o f d i a g n o s i s . C u m u l a t i v e s u r v i v a l i n e a c h g r o u p i s

d e m o n s t r a t e d a t 1 , 2 a n d 5 y e a r s . N u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s a t r i s k a t 0 ,

2 , 4 , 6 a n d 8 y e a r s i s g i v e n f o r e a c h g r o u p .

T h e r e w e r e f i v e d e a t h s i n t h o s e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d s u r g i c a l l y ; o n e

p a t i e n t d i e d 2 m o n t h s a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n f o l l o w i n g a s t r o k e . T h e

s e c o n d p a t i e n t d i e d w i t h a n o e s o p h a g e a l m a l i g n a n c y 1 . 7 y e a r s

a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e t h i r d d e a t h w a s a d e a t h d u e t o a r u p t u r e d

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t h o r a c o a b d o m i n a l a n e u r y s m o c c u r r i n g 3 y e a r s a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n ;

t h i s p a t i e n t h a d a t t e n d e d t h e f i r s t a n n u a l C T s u r v e i l l a n c e s c a n b u t

d i d n ’ t a t t e n d a n y s u b s e q u e n t s u r v e i l l a n c e s c a n n i n g . T h e f o u r t h

d e a t h w a s d u e t o l u n g c a n c e r 4 y e a r s a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e f i f t h

d e a t h w a s 5 . 5 y e a r s a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n , t h e c a u s e o f d e a t h i s

u n k n o w n h o w e v e r a C T A t h a t y e a r h a d b e e n u n r e m a r k a b l e .

T h e r e w e r e t w o d e a t h s i n t h o s e i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y

w h o t h e n r e q u i r e d e n d o v a s c u l a r t h e r a p y ; i n b o t h c a s e s t h e c a u s e o f

d e a t h w a s u n d o c u m e n t e d . O n e d e a t h o c c u r r e d 3 y e a r s a f t e r

e n d o v a s c u l a r i n t e r v e n t i o n ; a n e w T y p e 1 a e n d o l e a k h a d b e e n

i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e m o n t h s p r i o r a n d t h e p a t i e n t w a s b e i n g o p t i m i s e d

f o r a s c h e d u l e d c a r o t i d - c a r o t i d , c a r o t i d - s u b c l a v i a n b y p a s s w i t h

p r o x i m a l T E V A R e x t e n s i o n . T h e s e c o n d d e a t h o c c u r r e d 5 y e a r s

a f t e r i n t e r v e n t i o n w i t h a n o r m a l C T A s c a n t h a t y e a r .

T h e r e w e r e s i x d e a t h s a m o n g s t t h o s e m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y ;

t h r e e p a t i e n t s d i e d w i t h i n 1 2 m o n t h s o f d i a g n o s i s ; t h e f i r s t a t 2

m o n t h s w i t h m e t a s t a t i c c a n c e r a n d c o g n i t i v e i m p a i r m e n t , t h e

s e c o n d a t 4 m o n t h s w i t h p n e u m o n i a , t h e t h i r d a t 1 0 m o n t h s w i t h a n

u n d o c u m e n t e d c a u s e o f d e a t h b u t n o r m a l C T s c a n p r i o r t o d e a t h .

T h e f o u r t h p a t i e n t d i e d a t 1 5 m o n t h s w i t h m a l i g n a n c y . T w o

p a t i e n t s d i e d 3 y e a r s a f t e r P A U w a s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h u n d o c u m e n t e d

c a u s e s o f d e a t h , o n e w i t h a d e t e r i o r a t i n g C T s c a n a n d o n e w i t h a n

u n c h a n g e d C T s c a n p r i o r t o d e a t h .

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I n t e r v e n t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s a n d m a n a g e m e n t s u c c e s s

A s d i s c u s s e d , f o u r p a t i e n t s i n i t i a l l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y

s u b s e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e d s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n . O f t h e 2 5 p a t i e n t s

w h o n e v e r u n d e r w e n t s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n , p r o g r e s s i o n o f P A U s

w a s e v a l u a t e d i n 1 8 p a t i e n t s ; t h e r e m a i n i n g s e v e n w e r e e x c l u d e d

a s t h e y o n l y h a d a s i n g l e C T A s c a n . 7 / 1 8 p a t i e n t s h a d w o r s e n i n g

P A U s i n t h a t t h e y b e c a m e b i g g e r , a n e u r y s m a l , f u r t h e r u l c e r s

d e v e l o p e d o r a h a e m a t o m a / d i s s e c t i o n f l a p e v o l v e d . N o p r e d i c t i v e

a n a t o m i c f a c t o r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s c o h o r t . T h e f r e q u e n c y o f

s u r v e i l l a n c e C T s c a n n i n g w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y p a t i e n t a n d d i s e a s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; i n m a n y c a s e s , a n n u a l C T s c a n n i n g w a s u t i l i s e d

f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e .

O f t h e 1 8 p a t i e n t s w h o u n d e r w e n t s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n , t h e 3 0 -

d a y r e i n t e r v e n t i o n r a t e w a s 1 1 % ( 2 / 1 8 ) . B o t h o c c u r r e d t h r e e d a y s

f o l l o w i n g t h e i n i t i a l p r o c e d u r e . T h e f i r s t p a t i e n t r e q u i r e d a

T E V A R e x t e n s i o n f o r a T y p e 1 b e n d o l e a k . T h e s e c o n d p a t i e n t w h o

i n i t i a l l y h a d a 3 - v e s s e l F E V A R , u n d e r w e n t a p l a s t y p r o c e d u r e f o r

a T y p e 3 e n d o l e a k f r o m t h e l e f t r e n a l s t e n t .

T h e r e w e r e n o f u r t h e r T y p e 1 / 3 p r i m a r y e n d o l e a k s . S e c o n d a r y

e n d o l e a k s o c c u r r e d i n 1 1 % ( 2 / 1 7 ) o f p r o c e d u r e s a n d r e q u i r e d

r e i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e f i r s t p a t i e n t h a d a T y p e 1 a e n d o l e a k i d e n t i f i e d

3 y e a r s a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l T E V A R p r o c e d u r e d u e t o d i s e a s e

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p r o g r e s s i o n a n d l o s s o f p r o x i m a l s t e n t a t t a c h m e n t . T h e s e c o n d

p a t i e n t h a d a d i s t a l T y p e 1 b e n d o l e a k f r o m a n a b d o m i n a l s t e n t

w h i c h l a n d e d i n a s e v e r e l y c a l c i f i e d a o r t a w h i c h p e r s i s t e d d e s p i t e

a 5 c m l a n d i n g z o n e . P r i m a r y t e c h n i c a l s u c c e s s w a s a c h i e v e d i n

8 8 % ( 1 5 / 1 7 ) p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o i n g e n d o v a s c u l a r i n t e r v e n t i o n .

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D i s c u s s i o n :

T h i s r e t r o s p e c t i v e c a s e s e r i e s o f p a t i e n t s w i t h i s o l a t e d P A U

w i t h o u t a s s o c i a t e d I M H o r A A D s u g g e s t s t h a t P A U s i z e a n d

a s s o c i a t e d a n e u r y s m a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t o r s f o r

s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n . S y m p t o m a t i c d i s e a s e i s c o n s i d e r e d a l s o

t o b e a n i m p o r t a n t d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r a n d a l t h o u g h a

m a j o r i t y o f p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o i n g s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s w e r e

s y m p t o m a t i c , i t d i d n ’ t r e a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . P a t i e n t s

w h o u n d e r w e n t s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n g e n e r a l l y h a d h i g h e r

r i s k P A U s , d e s p i t e t h a t , t h e m o r t a l i t y r a t e b e t w e e n t h e

s u r g i c a l a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y m a n a g e d g r o u p s r e m a i n e d s t a b l e .

T h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g t r e a t m e n t a l g o r i t h m f o r i s o l a t e d P A U s

u s e d a t t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n i n c l u d e s :

C T a o r t o g r a m t o d e l i n e a t e a o r t i c p a t h o l o g y

O p t i m i s a t i o n o f b l o o d p r e s s u r e c o n t r o l w i t h m e d i c a l t h e r a p y

D i s c u s s i o n a t m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y t e a m m e e t i n g t o c o n s i d e r

s u i t a b i l i t y a n d r e q u i r e m e n t o f s u r g i c a l r e p a i r b a s e d o n

p a t i e n t a n d a n a t o m i c f a c t o r s :

o S m a l l , n o n - a n e u r y s m a l P A U s

S u r v e i l l a n c e w i t h a n n u a l C T s c a n n i n g .

I f a n e u r y s m a l c h a n g e O R P A U e n l a r g e m e n t t h e n

r e - c o n s i d e r s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n

o L a r g e r , a n e u r y s m a l P A U s

C o n s i d e r o p e n o r e n d o v a s c u l a r r e p a i r

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C o n s i d e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f c u s t o m m a d e s t e n t s o r

s u p r a - a o r t i c d e b r a n c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s i f r e q u i r e d .

A n n u a l C T a o r t o g r a m f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e i n p a t i e n t s m a n a g e d

b o t h m e d i c a l l y a n d s u r g i c a l l y .

A l t h o u g h t h e o v e r a l l m o r t a l i t y r a t e s i n p a t i e n t s m a n a g e d

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y w e r e e q u a l t o t h o s e m a n a g e d s u r g i c a l l y , a n u m b e r

o f c o n s e r v a t i v e l y m a n a g e d p a t i e n t s d e m o n s t r a t e d w o r s e n i n g o f

P A U s w i t h r e s p e c t t o u l c e r g r o w t h o r a n e u r y s m a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s ;

t h i s h a s b e e n s e e n e l s e w h e r e ( 1 3 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e

p a t i e n t s d i d n o t s u b s e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e s u r g i c a l r e p a i r . T h i s

s u g g e s t s t h a t P A U s m a y b e s a f e l y m a n a g e d c o n s e r v a t i v e l y w i t h

r e g u l a r s u r v e i l l a n c e t o i d e n t i f y t h e f e w t h a t m a y t h e n r e q u i r e

s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n .

T h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h o v e r a l l m o r t a l i t y r a t e o f 2 8 % a t a n a v e r a g e

f o l l o w u p o f f o u r y e a r s w a s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o t h e r s t u d i e s

p e r f o r m e d i n P A U p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 4 ) . T h a t w o u l d b e l i k e l y a

r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o - m o r b i d i t y . T h e r e w a s a h i g h

p r e v a l e n c e o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e a n d s m o k i n g i n t h i s

p o p u l a t i o n w i t h n e a r l y a q u a r t e r o f p a t i e n t s s u f f e r i n g f r o m o t h e r

a o r t i c p a t h o l o g y . S u c h c o m o r b i d i t i e s c o u l d c o m p l i c a t e s u r g i c a l

i n t e r v e n t i o n s a n d s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n d e c i d i n g o n

t h e o p t i m a l t r e a t m e n t s t r a t e g y .

A m o n g s t s u b j e c t s m a n a g e d s u r g i c a l l y , a d i s t i n c t g r o u p r e q u i r e d

s u r g i c a l r e p a i r u s i n g c u s t o m - m a d e s t e n t s s e c o n d a r y t o c o m p l e x

a n a t o m y . T h i s d e l a y e d i n t e r v e n t i o n , u s u a l l y b y a t l e a s t t w o

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m o n t h s , h a d n o a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o n p a t i e n t s u r v i v a l . T h i s s u g g e s t s

t h a t d e l a y i n g a p r o c e d u r e t o a l l o w f o r c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g ,

m a n u f a c t u r e a n d i m p l a n t a t i o n o f a n a p p r o p r i a t e s t e n t m a y b e s a f e ;

t h e r e w a s n o s u r v i v a l b e n e f i t i n r u s h i n g t o p e r f o r m a s u b - o p t i m a l

p r o c e d u r e i n t h i s c o h o r t , h o w e v e r , t h e c o h o r t w a s s m a l l a n d t h i s

s h o u l d b e e x p l o r e d f u r t h e r .

P A U s a r e o f t e n d e s c r i b e d i n t h e d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c a o r t a ( D T A )

( 1 1 ) , s o m e s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n 5 2 - 6 1 % ( 5 ) , ( 1 4 ) o f P A U s i n t h e

D T A , i n c i d e n c e i n t h i s s t u d y w a s 6 2 % . T h e p r i m a r y e n d o l e a k r a t e

w a s s i m i l a r i n t h i s c o h o r t c o m p a r e d t o o t h e r c o h o r t s r e p o r t e d t o

b e 5 - 1 8 . 7 % ( 1 4 - 1 6 ) , e n d o l e a k s c o m m o n l y o c c u r r e d w h e r e t h e r e w a s

c o m p l e x a n d h o s t i l e a n a t o m y . T h e 3 0 - d a y a n d i n - h o s p i t a l

m o r t a l i t y r a t e s i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y l o w e r ( 1 4 , 1 6 ) .

L i m i t a t i o n s

T h i s r e t r o s p e c t i v e r e v i e w r e l i e s o n a c c u r a t e a n d c o m p l e t e

d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f e v e n t s a n d c o m o r b i d i t i e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , o n l y

t w e n t y - t w o p a t i e n t s h a d a d o c u m e n t e d s m o k i n g s t a t u s ; i t i s

p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s m o k i n g s t a t u s i s l e s s l i k e l y t o b e d o c u m e n t e d i n

n o n - s m o k e r s p r e s e n t i n g a b i a s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e c a u s e o f d e a t h

w a s u n k n o w n i n a n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s . T h e r e w a s a w i d e r a n g e o f

f o l l o w u p i n t e r v a l s i n t h i s r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n a l y s i s w i t h a n a v e r a g e

f o l l o w u p o f f o u r y e a r s . T h i s i s o w i n g t o i n c l u s i o n o f r e c e n t P A U

d i a g n o s e s . A l t h o u g h t h i s i s s u f f i c i e n t i n a n a l y s i n g t h e s h o r t a n d

m i d - t e r m o u t c o m e s , f u t u r e s t u d i e s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r i n c l u d i n g a

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l o n g e r f o l l o w u p i n t e r v a l . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o

c o n c l u d e f r o m t h i s s e r i e s h o w l o n g s u r v e i l l a n c e s c a n n i n g n e e d s t o

c o n t i n u e f o r . T h e r e a r e a s m a l l n u m b e r o f p a t i e n t s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s

c o h o r t ; a l t h o u g h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w a s r e a c h e d , t h i s s t a t i s t i c

m a y n o t b e r e l i a b l y u s e d . F u r t h e r s t u d i e s w i t h l a r g e r c o h o r t s

s h o u l d b e a n a l y s e d . T h i s a n a l y s i s d o e s n ’ t i n c l u d e p a t i e n t s w i t h

r u p t u r e d P A U s , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d n e e d s o f t h i s c o h o r t m a y b e

i n h e r e n t l y d i f f e r e n t t o t h e s t u d i e d p o p u l a t i o n a n d s e p a r a t e

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s i s a l s o r e q u i r e d .

C o n c l u s i o n :

I s o l a t e d , a s y m p t o m a t i c , s m a l l P A U s m a y b e s a f e l y m a n a g e d

w i t h o u t s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n w i t h r e g u l a r s u r v e i l l a n c e . T h o s e

w i t h h i g h - r i s k f e a t u r e s , o r p r o g r e s s i o n w i t h a n e u r y s m a l c h a n g e

l i k e l y b e n e f i t f r o m a p p r o p r i a t e s u r g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n .

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R e f e r e n c e s :

( 1 ) S t a n s o n A W , K a z m i e r F J , H o l l i e r L H , E d w a r d s W D , P a i r o l e r o

P C , S h e e d y P F , e t a l . P e n e t r a t i n g a t h e r o s c l e r o t i c u l c e r s o f t h e

t h o r a c i c a o r t a : n a t u r a l h i s t o r y a n d c l i n i c o p a t h o l o g i c c o r r e l a t i o n s .

A n n V a s c S u r g 1 9 8 6 M a y ; 1 ( 1 ) : 1 5 - 2 3 .

( 2 ) L a n s m a n S L , S a u n d e r s P C , M a l e k a n R , S p i e l v o g e l D . A c u t e

a o r t i c s y n d r o m e . J T h o r a c C a r d i o v a s c S u r g 2 0 1 0 D e c ; 1 4 0 ( 6

S u p p l ) : S 9 2 - 7 ; d i s c u s s i o n S 1 4 2 - S 1 4 6 .

( 3 ) G a n a h a F , M i l l e r D C , S u g i m o t o K , D o Y S , M i n a m i g u c h i H ,

S a i t o H , e t a l . P r o g n o s i s o f a o r t i c i n t r a m u r a l h e m a t o m a w i t h a n d

w i t h o u t p e n e t r a t i n g a t h e r o s c l e r o t i c u l c e r : a c l i n i c a l a n d

r a d i o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s . C i r c u l a t i o n 2 0 0 2 J u l 1 6 ; 1 0 6 ( 3 ) : 3 4 2 - 3 4 8 .

( 4 ) C h o u A , S . , Z i g a n s h i n B , A . , C h a r i l a o u , P a r i s ,

T r a n q u i l l i , M a r y a n n , R i z z o J , A . , E l e f t e r i a d e s J , A . L o n g - t e r m

b e h a v i o r o f a o r t i c i n t r a m u r a l h e m a t o m a s a n d p e n e t r a t i n g u l c e r s .

T h e J o u r n a l o f T h o r a c i c a n d C a r d i o v a s c u l a r S u r g e r y

2 0 1 6 ; 1 5 1 ( 2 ) : 3 6 1 - 3 7 3 .

( 5 ) N a t h a n D P , B o o n n W , L a i E , W a n g G J , D e s a i N , W o o E Y , e t

a l . P r e s e n t a t i o n , c o m p l i c a t i o n s , a n d n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f p e n e t r a t i n g

a t h e r o s c l e r o t i c u l c e r d i s e a s e . J V a s c S u r g 2 0 1 2 J a n ; 5 5 ( 1 ) : 1 0 - 1 5 .

( 6 ) E v a n g e l i s t a A , M o r a l S , C z e r n y M , N i e n a b e r C , S c h e p e n s M ,

R o u s s e a u H , e t a l . I n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y e x p e r t c o n s e n s u s o n

m a n a g e m e n t o f t y p e B i n t r a m u r a l h a e m a t o m a a n d p e n e t r a t i n g

a o r t i c u l c e r . e j c t s 2 0 1 4 ; 4 7 ( 2 ) : 2 0 9 - 2 1 7 .

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( 7 ) E r b e l R , A b o y a n s V , B o i l e a u C , B o s s o n e E , B a r t o l o m e o R D ,

E g g e b r e c h t H , e t a l . 2 0 1 4 E S C G u i d e l i n e s o n t h e d i a g n o s i s a n d

t r e a t m e n t o f a o r t i c d i s e a s e s : D o c u m e n t c o v e r i n g a c u t e a n d c h r o n i c

a o r t i c d i s e a s e s o f t h e t h o r a c i c a n d a b d o m i n a l a o r t a o f t h e a d u l t .

T h e T a s k F o r c e f o r t h e D i a g n o s i s a n d T r e a t m e n t o f A o r t i c

D i s e a s e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n S o c i e t y o f C a r d i o l o g y ( E S C ) . E u r H e a r t

J 2 0 1 4 N o v 1 ; 3 5 ( 4 1 ) : 2 8 7 3 - 2 9 2 6 .

( 8 ) H i r a t z k a L F , B a k r i s G L , B e c k m a n J A , B e r s i n R M , C a r r V F ,

C a s e y D E , J r , e t a l . 2 0 1 0

A C C F / A H A / A A T S / A C R / A S A / S C A / S C A I / S I R / S T S / S V M g u i d e l i n e s

f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s a n d m a n a g e m e n t o f p a t i e n t s w i t h T h o r a c i c A o r t i c

D i s e a s e : a r e p o r t o f t h e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e o f C a r d i o l o g y

F o u n d a t i o n / A m e r i c a n H e a r t A s s o c i a t i o n T a s k F o r c e o n P r a c t i c e

G u i d e l i n e s , A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r T h o r a c i c S u r g e r y , A m e r i c a n

C o l l e g e o f R a d i o l o g y , A m e r i c a n S t r o k e A s s o c i a t i o n , S o c i e t y o f

C a r d i o v a s c u l a r A n e s t h e s i o l o g i s t s , S o c i e t y f o r C a r d i o v a s c u l a r

A n g i o g r a p h y a n d I n t e r v e n t i o n s , S o c i e t y o f I n t e r v e n t i o n a l

R a d i o l o g y , S o c i e t y o f T h o r a c i c S u r g e o n s , a n d S o c i e t y f o r V a s c u l a r

M e d i c i n e . C i r c u l a t i o n 2 0 1 0 A p r 6 ; 1 2 1 ( 1 3 ) : e 2 6 6 - 3 6 9 .

( 9 ) M a r t i n , G u y , R i g a , C e l i a , G i b b s , R i c h a r d , J e n k i n s , M i c h a e l ,

H a m a d y , M o h a m a d , B i c k n e l l , C o l i n . S h o r t - a n d L o n g - t e r m R e s u l t s

o f H y b r i d A r c h a n d P r o x i m a l D e s c e n d i n g T h o r a c i c A o r t i c R e p a i r :

A B e n c h m a r k f o r N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s . J o u r n a l o f E n d o v a s c u l a r

T h e r a p y 2 0 1 6 ; 2 3 ( 5 ) : 7 8 3 - 7 9 0 .

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( 1 0 ) L o c c i R , B i c k n e l l C . L o n g - t e r m o u t c o m e s i n c o n t e m p o r a r y

m a n a g e m e n t o f p e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r a n d n e w c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

s y s t e m . 2 0 1 6 .

( 1 1 ) R i a m b a u V , B Ã ¶ c k l e r D , B r u n k w a l l J , C a o P , C h i e s a R , C o p p i

G , e t a l . E d i t o r ' s C h o i c e – M a n a g e m e n t o f D e s c e n d i n g T h o r a c i c

A o r t a D i s e a s e s : C l i n i c a l P r a c t i c e G u i d e l i n e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n

S o c i e t y f o r V a s c u l a r S u r g e r y ( E S V S ) . E u r o p e a n J o u r n a l o f

V a s c u l a r a n d E n d o v a s c u l a r S u r g e r y 2 0 1 7 0 1 / 0 1 ; 2 0 1 9 / 0 2 ; 5 3 ( 1 ) : 4 -

5 2 .

( 1 2 ) B o s a n q u e t D C , T w i n e C P , T a n g T Y , B o y l e J R , B e l l R E ,

B i c k n e l l C D , e t a l . P r a g m a t i c M i n i m u m R e p o r t i n g S t a n d a r d s f o r

T h o r a c i c E n d o v a s c u l a r A o r t i c R e p a i r . J E n d o v a s c T h e r 2 0 1 5

0 6 / 0 1 ; 2 0 1 9 / 0 2 ; 2 2 ( 3 ) : 3 5 6 - 3 6 7 .

( 1 3 ) C h o K R , S t a n s o n A W , P o t t e r D D , C h e r r y K J , S c h a f f H V ,

S u n d t T M , 3 r d . P e n e t r a t i n g a t h e r o s c l e r o t i c u l c e r o f t h e d e s c e n d i n g

t h o r a c i c a o r t a a n d a r c h . J T h o r a c C a r d i o v a s c S u r g 2 0 0 4

M a y ; 1 2 7 ( 5 ) : 1 3 9 3 - 9 ; d i s c u s s i o n 1 3 9 9 - 1 4 0 1 .

( 1 4 ) G e i s b ü s c h P , K o t e l i s D , W e b e r T F , H y h l i k - D ü r r A , K a u c z o r

H , B ö c k l e r D . E a r l y a n d m i d t e r m r e s u l t s a f t e r e n d o v a s c u l a r s t e n t

g r a f t r e p a i r o f p e n e t r a t i n g a o r t i c u l c e r s . J o u r n a l o f V a s c u l a r

S u r g e r y 2 0 0 8 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 8 ; 4 8 ( 6 ) : 1 3 6 1 - 1 3 6 8 .

( 1 5 ) E g g e b r e c h t H , H e r o l d U , S c h m e r m u n d A , L i n d A Y , K u h n t O ,

M a r t i n i S , e t a l . E n d o v a s c u l a r s t e n t - g r a f t t r e a t m e n t o f p e n e t r a t i n g

a o r t i c u l c e r : r e s u l t s o v e r a m e d i a n f o l l o w - u p o f 2 7 m o n t h s . A m

H e a r t J 2 0 0 6 F e b ; 1 5 1 ( 2 ) : 5 3 0 - 5 3 6 .

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( 1 6 ) D e m e r s P , M i l l e r D C , M i t c h e l l R S , K e e S T , C h a g o n j i a n L ,

D a k e M D . S t e n t - g r a f t r e p a i r o f p e n e t r a t i n g a t h e r o s c l e r o t i c u l c e r s

i n t h e d e s c e n d i n g t h o r a c i c a o r t a : m i d - t e r m r e s u l t s . A n n T h o r a c

S u r g 2 0 0 4 J a n ; 7 7 ( 1 ) : 8 1 - 8 6 .

 

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