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Cartier to Canada

French fishermen had been harvesting cod off the eastern coast of Canada for almost a century when France decided to join the search for a route to the Orient. King François I commanded a Breton navigator, Jacques Cartier, to do the job, because he had already served with Verrazano on a voyage to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in 1524. He commissioned him to find a passage to the orient, and also to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found";

The French joined other countries to _____________________________________

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Jacques Cartier was commission by ________________________ to _____________

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_________ Cartier was born __________________and died ___________________

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A Colony on the St. Lawrence Champlain 1608 - 1635.

In response to the desire of other French merchants to gain access to the lucrative fur trade, Pierre de Gua de Monts lost his monopoly. As a result, Port-Royal, the colony he had established on the Bay of Fundy, was abandoned. Samuel de Champlain and the other colonists returned to France. However, within a year Champlain returned, this time to Quebec, rather than Port-Royal.

Champlain proved to be a tireless worker on behalf of the fledging colony. In all, he made twenty-three trans-Atlantic crossings promoting Quebec to the Crown, merchants, and investors.

Champlain was a highly skilled map maker detailing his explorations in amazing accuracy that would be used by many subsequent explorers. He was a skilled negotiator and diplomat forging successful alliances with several tribes, including the Huron, the Montagnais, and the Mi'kmaq.

Port Royal was abandoned because countries to ______________________________

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___________ __ Champlain was a _____________________________________

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___________ __ Champlain was also a ____________________________________

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Fort Quebec 1608

Quebec 1608 an engraving from a drawing of Champlain in 1608.Fort Quebec was located near the foot of present Mountain Street.It is noteworthy how Champlain exaggerated his drawings as well as his written account of activities. 

Where was Fort Quebec located?

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Port Royal 1605-1613

By Spring of 1605, a colony had begun which Champlain named Port-Royal. This would ultimately become the first permanent French settlement in Canada.

In 1606, when he arrived in Acadia, Baron Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Governor of Acadia, found Port-Royal flourishing. The land was fertile and the crops were very healthy and prosperous. The Bay of Fundy offered a steady supply of fish and fur trade had been set up between the French and the local natives.

Port Royal 1605-1613 is the second known permanent settlement in Canada.

The Viking established the first proven settlement. Evidence suggests the Chinese may also have established an early colony.

Port Royal was _______________________________________________________

and was ____________________________________________________________

The first proven _____________________________________________________

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Describe Port Royal in 1605.

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Champlain 1609 battle with the Iroquois

In 1604, Champlain and de Monts set sail for the new world. Weeks later, they landed at l'Île Sainte-Croix in Passamaquoddy Bay near the border between New Brunswick and Maine. They had originally planned to begin a settlement there, but the site was an extremely poor choice. With very few trees, there was no firewood. There wasn't even a supply of fresh water. Instead, they encountered the Iroquois for the first time with deadly results.

In June 1609, Champlain and nine French soldiers joined a war party of Montganais, Algonkaian, and Hurons to fight their enemies, the Iroquois. They met their foe, probably about 200 Mohawks, along the lake later named Lake Champlain. The French firearms caused death and consternation among the Indians and introduced such weapons to native conflicts.

Every attempt by Champlain to meet with the Iroquois resulted in attacks by the Natives. Champlain quickly realized that their very nature would preclude any future relationships. The Iroquois, apparently, were not interested in trade. They were interested only in war.

Samuel de Champlain was a trader, soldier, explorer, diplomat, and author. Champlain 1609 at war with the Iroquois.  This account of the battle is a exaggerated representation of Champlain's over active imagination.

Why was l'Île Sainte-Croix a poor choice for a settlement?

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Capital of New France

Québec was the capital of New France. From the time it was first founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, the fur trading post had to be defended against attack by the Iroquois and their allies, the English. The English were becoming increasingly interested in the fur trade along the St. Lawrence Valley. In fact, defending Québec, which was the port of entry for the huge territory of New France, would be a constant concern throughout its long history.

Champlain settled along Québec’s shoreline, a natural harbor where Place Royale is situated today. The location was perfect. From atop Cape Diamond, it was easy to keep an eye on comings and goings along the St. Lawrence River.Champlain quickly erected his wooden Habitation on the site of today’s Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church.

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Louis Hebert: Canada's First French Colonist

In the early years of colonization in the New World, the settlers were virtually dependent upon supplies from the homeland. First priority, of course, was to build a home, which usually meant clearing the space of trees and then preparing the trees into logs for the cabin. Only after a home was completed could the colonists begin to clear land and prepare it for the agriculture which would sustain them in the future.

Born in Paris in 1575, the son of Catherine de Médicis's apothecary, Hébert came to Acadia in 1603 with Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain, serving as ship's doctor and apothecary. He was known to have planted the very first apple trees and sowed the first wheat in North America. He was also interested in Mi'kmaq herbal remedies. Hébert was in charge of Port-Royal in 1613 when the English pirate Samuel Argall destroyed the settlement. Hébert died on January 27, 1627 when he slipped and fell on ice. He left his wife, Marie Rollet, and their three children, Guillaume, Guillaumette, and Anne.

What was the first priorities of settlers coming to the New World?

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What is Louis Hebert given credit for achieving?

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The First Missionaries 1534

The presence of Roman Catholic priests, lay brothers, and nuns among the first settlers in New France was an important factor in the development of the colony. The prime object was to convert the Natives but the missionaries also looked after the spiritual needs of the colonists. The first missionaries, who arrived in Quebec City in 1615, belonged to the Récollet order.

The first to arrive were the Récollects who came as early as 1615. They sought to convert the Montagnais who lived around the St. Lawrence River, as well as the Huron who lived further inland. The Récollets disbanded and were replaced by the Society of Jesus, more commonly known as the Jesuits. Originally founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, the Black Robes were much more aggressive in their missionary efforts compared to the Récollets. They became the dominant religious order in New France, in part because of their numbers and their zeal. The fact that Cardinal Richelieu, the King's First Minister, expelled the Récollets in the mid-1630s, only confirmed their standing. The Black Robes did some selfless work living among the Aboriginal Peoples.

What was the purpose of the missionaries coming to New France?

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King's Daughters 1663-1673 New France 

It was between 1663 and 1673, 768 Filles du Roi or "King's Daughters" emigrated to New France under the sponsorship of the French government as part of the overall strategy of strengthening the colony until it could stand on its own without economic and military dependence on France. The first Garneau into new France in 1659 is believed to have married one of the first King's Daughters.  

In 1663, about 2,500 colonists lived in New France, for the most part on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence between Québec and Montréal. With a constant threat from the Iroquois and the more populous English colonies on the Atlantic coast, the need to populate New France became a growing concern for Louis XIV and his colonial advisors.

A screening process required each girl to present her birth certificate and a recommendation from her parish priest or local magistrate stating that she was free to marry. It was necessary that the girls be of appropriate age for giving birth and that "they be healthy and strong for country work, or that they at least have some aptitude for household chores."

The cost of sending each Fille du Roi to New France was 100 livres: 10 for the recruitment, 30 for clothing and 60 for the crossing itself --the total being roughly equivalent to $1,425 in the year 2000.

What was the reason for the Filles du Roi or?

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What was expected of the Filles du Roi or?

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Sault Ste Marie 1671 

France had placed on record her claim to the whole of the Great West. On a June morning in 1671 at Sainte Marie du Saut. St Lusson claimed Western America for France with no regard to the rights of the Ojibwa inhabitants to their own country.  The Ojibwa would later remove this cross when they realized what it represented.  This type of stupidity would contribute to the banning of the Black Robes (those who carried the cross) from the Lake Superior region until 1835.

What role did Lusson play for France?

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Montreal 1680-1690

MONTREAL SETTLEMENT 1680-1690

Jacques Cartier became the first European to reach the area now known as Montreal in 1535 when he entered the village of Hochelega on the Island of Montreal while in search of a passage to Asia during the Age of Exploration.

Seventy years later, Samuel de Champlain found no evidence of the villages or people of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, or any human habitation. He unsuccessfully tried to create a fur trading post but the Mohawk of the Iroquois defended what they had been using as their hunting grounds.

From 1640 to 1642, the Iroquois continuously raided French settlements and Huron canoes along the St. Lawrence River. Chevalier de Montagny, the Governor of Quebec, ordered the construction of a fortified settlement on an island upriver from Trois-Rivières. In 1642, Paul de Chomédy, the Sieur de Maisonneuve, established Ville Marie (Montreal).

Why was Montreal established?

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Assets of the Territory in 1690

http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/proj/d-q/qc1690-1_e.asp

The St. Lawrence River, the main thoroughfare leading into the interior of New France as far as the Great Lakes. The front of Québec is where the river narrows, allowing the settlement to control all ships that pass through.

Québec is the port of entry to the immense territory of New France. It gives access to the fertile land along the St. Lawrence River and the vast deciduous and coniferous forests inhabited by fur-bearing animals. The fur trade, mostly beaver pelts, is the main economic activity of the colony. In the distance, is Cap-aux-Diamants, so named by Jacques Cartier. Québec was built at the foot of these towering cliffs making it easy to defend it against attack from the river.

The harsh weather of this country is an asset during an attack. The cold winter weather forces the enemy ships to leave before the river ice freezes them in. Québec is an exceptional location.

Explain why Québec is an exceptional location.

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1690 QUEBEC

QUEBEC SETTLEMENT 1690

Québec City's strategic location on the St Lawrence River determined the nature of its development. In the age of sail, it held a dominant position as a port of entry and exit for ocean-going vessels. It quickly became the transfer port for domestic and foreign trade (especially furs and timber) and the arrival and departure point for travellers and immigrants to North America. From the beginning, its location made Québec City a political, administrative and military centre.

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1759 QUEBEC

Siege of Quebec by Wolfe, British troops occupied the Garneau family farm at L'Angle Gardens just outside the Quebec settlement.

1890's QUEBEC

Quebec in the Dominion of Canada late 1800's

The Battle of Sainte-Foy, 1760

The Battle of Sainte-Foy. On April 28, 1760, just few months after the defeat of France on the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City, the governor of New France, Vaudreuil and the Chevalier de Lévis, defeated a British Army commanded by General James Murray at the Battle of Sainte-Foy leading to a reverse siege of Quebec City.

http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/proj/d-q/qc1690-1_e.asp