Chapter 4. B. A. Croft, D. C. Elfving, J. A. Flore. 1983. IPM and fruit-tree physiology and growth. Pages67-92. In: B. A. Croft, S. C. Hoyt (editors). Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Pome and Stone Fruits. New York: John Wiley-Interscience, 454 pages.

Keywords: study of the effect of indirect pests of apple, a conceptual model of tree physiology in relation to pest control of apple, tree dormancy and rest, tree pruning, flower-bud formation, bloom, fruit-set, and pattern of fruit drop, effect of plant hormones and growth regulators on pests and natural enemies, influence of pesticides on photosynthesis, fruit and foliage growth patterns, insecticides and fungicides that have effects on apple leaf net photosynthesis, seasonal changes in whole-fruit volume and weight, seasonal changes in dry matter, trunk, root, soil, and ground cover consideration, percentage changes in surface area in orchard-tree above ground components, tree vigor