Chapter 8. O. W. Richards. 1961. The theoretical and practical study of natural insect populations. Pages 147-162. In: Edward A. Steinhaus, Ray F. Smith (editors). Annual Review of Entomology. Volume 6, 466 pages. Palo Alto, California: Annual Reviews Inc.

Keywords: population ecology, population equilibria, controlling processes, importance of climate, importance of time scale, life tables, determination of age structure and mortality, determination of agents of mortality, abiotic stresses, weather, biotic stresses, natural enemies, parasitoids, predators, pathogens, use of life table data, survivorship, functional response to predator density, mathematical models, numerical response, total response, subsidiary components