RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCESKARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE – II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1. Name of the candidate and address (in block letters)

NIJA ANIE JOYI YEAR M. Sc. NURSINGINDIRA NURSING COLLEGEFALNIRMANGALORE - 575002

2. Name of the Institution INDIRA NURSING COLLEGEFALNIRMANGALORE - 575002

3. Course of Study and Subject M. Sc. NURSINGCHILD HEALTH NURSING

4. Date of Admission to the Course 28.06.2012

5. Title of the study

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AMONG PARENTS OF PRIMARY

SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SELECTED SCHOOLS AT

MANGALORE.

6. Brief resume of the intended work

6.1 Introduction

“One reason there are so many juvenile delinquents today is that their parents didn’t burn their britches behind them.”

Children, the principal assets of any country, are as important as the development of

material resources. India has the highest number of children in the world. Approximately

40% of the nation’s population comprises children.1

With the fast-paced development in our country, we notice lots of changes appearing

in the climate, environment, society, educational system, and the behaviour of our children.

Reports in various researches and surveys show an increase in delinquent behaviour of

students aged 14-20 years. The incidence among boys is 4 or 5 times more than girls.2

Children who create a problem or indulge themselves in bad habits, crimes or mal-

activities are called juvenile delinquents. In other-words, they are called problematic

children.2

The word ‘juvenile’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘juvenis’ meaning young.

The word ‘delinquency’ has been derived from ‘delinquere’ do away from and ‘liqueur’ to

leave.3

The Children Act, 1960, in India defines delinquent as ‘a child who has committed

an offence.’ Juvenile means a boy who has not attained the age of 16 years and a girl who

has not attained the age of 18 years.4

Delinquency is not merely “juvenile crime.” It embraces all deviations from normal

youthful behaviour and includes the incorrigible, ungovernable, habitually disobedient and

those who desert their homes and mix with immoral people, those with behavioural

problems and indulge in anti-social practices.4

The two largest predictors of juvenile delinquency are parenting style and peer group

association. Other factors include poor or low socioeconomic status, poor school

performance/failure, peer rejection, hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder, broken family,

physical and emotional abuse, influences of media and break-down of social values and joint

family system.5

Juvenile delinquency or offending can be separated into three categories:

delinquency, crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts and

justice system; criminal behaviour, crimes dealt with by the criminal justice system; and

status offenses.5

The problem of juvenile delinquency is not new. It occurs in all societies – simple as

well as complex, that is, wherever and whenever a relationship is affected between a group

of individuals leading to maladjustments and conflict.6

Needless to say most of the factors causing delinquency are aplenty in the Indian

context and any attempt to prevent and control them can be fruitful for the society.3

6.2 Need for the study

“It is easier to prevent bad habits than to break them.”

Benjamin Franklin.

The children of today are the future of tomorrow; this powerful statement assumes

special significance in our context as children comprise one-third of the population in the

country. Every child, on provision of a conducive and an enabling environment, may

blossom into an ever-fragrant flower, to shine in all spheres of life. This reminds us of the

onerous responsibility that we have to mould and shape their present condition in the best

possible way.7

Biologically, childhood is the span of life from birth to adolescence. According to

United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child, “a child means every human being

below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained

earlier.” Juvenile delinquency is “any actions violate the law, committed by a person who is

under the legal age of majority.”7

According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government

of India, statistics of 2012 reveal that the increasing trend in incidence of juvenile crimes of

total crimes (under IPC) is a matter of grave concern though the percentage of juvenile

crimes to total crimes is around 1% during 2001 to 2011. The juvenile IPC crimes in 2011

have increased by 10.5% over 2010 as 22,740 IPC crimes by juveniles were registered

during 2010 which increased to 25,125 cases in 2011. In 2011, major juvenile crimes were

theft (21.7%), hurt (16.3%), and burglary (10.38%).7

In developing country like India, the problem of juvenile neglect and delinquency is

considerably low, but is gradually increasing according to the national crime record bureau

report 2007.8

It has been noted in recent years that delinquency is rising among girls, although

many more boys than girls come before juvenile courts. According to 2012 statistics, a total

of 33,887 juveniles were apprehended during 2011, out of which 31,909 were boys and

1,978 were girls. It also been noted that it is not a problem in the rural community, it has

spread to the urban community, as the statistics show an increase in crime in urban area.7

Today, juvenile crimes are increasing at an alarming rate. And so do in India, it has

become a major problem that demands immediate attention and control measures. Children

falling into any extreme bad habits, crimes, ill behaviour and practices, and acceptable social

behaviour are said to come under juvenile crime. It extends from stealing, beating, basting

and murder to sexual activities.9

It is very important to ascertain the factors or the causes that propel innocent children

to commit such crimes. Poverty, broken homes, family tensions, emotional abuse, rural-

urban migration, breakdown of social values and joint families, tension, atrocities and abuse

by parents or guardians, faulty educational system, the influences of media are the various

causes for juvenile delinquency.9

Delinquency prevention is the broad term for all efforts aimed at preventing youth

from becoming involved in criminal, or other anti-social activity. Increasingly, governments

are recognising the importance of allocating resources for the prevention of delinquency.

Organisations, communities and government are working more in collaboration with each

other to prevent juvenile delinquency. Prevention services include activities such as

substance abuse education and treatment, family counselling, youth mentoring, parenting

education, educational support and youth sheltering.10

A longitudinal study was conducted regarding crime rate among adolescents in

Karnataka state for the last 10 years and the issues regarding it. Data were collected from the

State Crime Records Bureau, Karnataka Police, and also from juvenile homes. The study

result showed that total of 497 juvenile crimes were recorded in Karnataka in this period.

Rate was around 0.55 per lakh of population.11

An explorative study was conducted in Nagpur regarding the various causes that led

to the abandonment of children and their status, personality, social behaviour and also to

study the various rehabilitative services provided at the institutions. Fifteen inmates in the

age group of 11-18 years were selected and the data was collected through interviews. The

study showed that poverty, alcoholism of father, large family size, step parents, sexually

victimized child, and death of one or more parents, abnormal children, diseased parents and

insecure environment are responsible for the abandonment of children.1

A comparative study was conducted regarding juvenile delinquency and psychiatric

contact among adoptees and non-adoptees in Denmark. The cohort composed of 282,986

individuals aged 15-27, and the data was collected through interview and questionnaire. The

study concluded that Danish adoptees > 12 months at adoption and adopted step children

have 3-4 times higher risk than non-adoptees. Boys are at higher risk than girls, but girls’

psychiatric contact is highest.12

Juvenile delinquency can be checked at a very primary stage and measures can be

taken both at home as well as in school to help bring children out of this characterisation.

Children are like soft clay, we can mould them; we have the art, we have the knowledge, all

that is needed is faith and patience. If we fail to practice, then it will reform a child into anti-

social elements and thereby criminals.2 As the issues of juvenile delinquency is widely

speaking, and arising in an alarming rate now a days, researcher feels the importance of

giving concern towards society regarding juvenile delinquency.

6.3 Review of literature

Review of literature provide basis for the future investigations, justifies the need for

replication, throws light up on feasibility of the study, and indicates constraints of data

collection and help to relate findings of one another.

Reviews related to juvenile delinquency

A longitudinal study was conducted regarding the cumulative prevalence of arrest

from ages 8 to 23 in USA. About 7335 samples were selected from 1997 to 2008. The study

revealed that by age 18, the in-sample cumulative arrest prevalence rate was between 15.9%

and 26.8%; at age of 23, it was between 25.3% and 41.4%. This shows a substantial increase

in the arrest rates of American youths.13

A longitudinal study was conducted regarding the effects of intrauterine cocaine

exposure (IUCE) on delinquency during early adolescents. Ninety-three early adolescents

(12.5-14.5 year old) participated since birth. Data was collected through audio computer

assisted self-interview. Level of IUCE and exposure of cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana

were determined by maternal report, maternal and infant urine assays, and infant meconium

assay at birth. The study revealed that of the 93 participants, 24 (26%) reported ≥ 3

delinquent behaviours. It concluded that prenatal exposure to cigarettes and childhood

exposure to violence were associated with self-reported delinquent behaviour during early

adolescence.14

A longitudinal study was conducted on early emotional distress and later child

involvement in gambling. About 345 children were selected from kindergarten schools in

1999 and retraced in 2005 for follow-up. Interview method was used and the study

concluded that children with higher level of teacher-related emotional distress at

kindergarten were more inclined toward child gambling behaviour.15

A case-control study was conducted in USA regarding adolescent outcomes of

childhood attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community setting. The

sample consisted of 1615 students aged 5 to 11 years and the study concluded that 44% of

youth with childhood ADHD had not experienced remission compared with unaffected

peers, adolescents with childhood ADHD were more likely to display oppositional defiant

disorder, anxiety or depression, functional impairment and involvement with the juvenile

justice system.16

A study was conducted on the problems of street and working children living at the

railway stations in New Delhi. A random sample of 100 respondents in the age group 4 to 17

years was taken for the study. The study revealed that 39% of the children were from Uttar

Pradesh, 26% were from Bihar, and 7% were from Delhi. Forty-seven percent mentioned

abuse by parents were the reason for leaving their home. Out of the 100, fifty-two did not

desire to go back to their families. Harassment by the police and lack of basic need of shelter

were the major problems faced by them. Most of them were addicted to drugs.1

Reviews related to the prevention of juvenile delinquency

A study was conducted to assess the relation to school based extra-curricular sports

programmes and high-risk behaviour in Los Angeles. The average school offered 14 sports

programmes and the average participation rate was 39% for boys and 30% for girls. The

study concluded that juvenile arrest rates were lower in areas where schools offered more

extra-curricular sports.17

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine whether positive parenting

practices are associated with less aggressive and delinquent behaviour in early maturing

girls. Interview method was used for obtaining data from 330 fifth grade girls. The result

concluded that a total of 25% of girls could be reliably classified as early maturers. Early

maturation was associated with delinquency (b=0.53) but no aggression. Low levels of

maternal nurturance were associated with delinquency and relational aggression (both

b=0.04). Early maturation was associated with higher relational aggression only at low

levels of nurturance (b=0.94), communication (b=1.36) and knowledge (b=1.06).18

A qualitative study was conducted in Kerala regarding parent-adolescent relationship

and juvenile delinquency. Participants were 21 adolescent boys aged 14-17 years and data

was collected by in-depth interviews. Out of 21, twelve boys were non-delinquent and nine

were delinquent. The results indicated that parental attitudes and behaviour directly and

indirectly related to adolescent behaviour. The adolescent with delinquent were living in a

family where parental fights were common, whereas father was an alcoholic/abusive.

The study revealed that lack of parenting skills among parents of adolescent with delinquent

behaviour.19

A cross-sectional and longitudinal study was conducted in Netherlands regarding

maternal and paternal parenting skills and its link to adolescent delinquency. Sample was

selected from 330 Dutch families with a mid or late adolescent son or daughter (aged 14-22).

The study concluded that parenting skills of father and mother were linked to delinquency.

Neglectful parenting was related to higher level of delinquency in males and permissive

parenting was linked to delinquency in females. The study revealed that level of delinquency

was lowest in families with at least one authoritative parent and highest in families with two

neglectful parents.20

Reviews related to teaching as a effective intervention strategy

A meta-analysis study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of juvenile

delinquency treatment programmes. About 443 research studies were selected. The study

revealed that in 64.3% of the studies, the treatment group did better than the control group.

Considering all treatment group studies, 45% of those who received treatment were expected

to recidivate in comparison with 50% of the non-treated control group.21

A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of school-based multi-

component nutrition education programme to improve young children’s fruit and vegetable

consumption. About 399 students from third to fifth grade was taken for the study and the

study revealed that intervention resulted in a positive change in knowledge (p<.05), attitudes

and beliefs towards vegetables (p<.01) and teacher influences on students’ fruit and

vegetables attitude (p< .05).22

6.4 Statement of the problem

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge

regarding juvenile delinquency among parents of primary school children in a selected

schools at Mangalore.

6.5 Objectives of the study

Objectives of the study are:

1. to find the pre-test and post-test knowledge of parents regarding juvenile delinquency

as measured by a structured knowledge questionnaire.

2. to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding knowledge of

juvenile delinquency among parents in terms of gain in post-test knowledge.

3. to find the association between mean pre-test knowledge score with selected

demographic variables.

6.6 Operational definitions

1. Assess: It refers to evaluating the level of knowledge among parents of primary

school children regarding juvenile delinquency before and after planned teaching

programme using structured knowledge questionnaire.

2. Effectiveness: It refers to the extent of desired knowledge gained by the parents of

primary school children after administration of planned teaching programme

regarding juvenile delinquency.

3. Planned teaching programme: It is a systematically developed teaching

programme with teaching aids, designed to impart knowledge regarding juvenile

delinquency among parents of primary school children.

4. Knowledge: It refers to the facts and information about juvenile delinquency

expressed by the parents participating in the study as measured by scores obtained

according to their responses to the items in the structured knowledge questionnaire.

5. Parents: In the present study it refers to fathers and mothers having primary school

children studying in various schools at Mangalore.

6. Primary school children: In the present study it refers to children aged 6-10 years

studying in the selected primary schools at Mangalore.

7. Juvenile delinquency: It refers to the offence committed by the child below the age

of 18 years.

6.7 Assumptions

The assumptions of the study are:

Parents of primary school children will have some knowledge regarding juvenile

delinquency.

Planned teaching programme will be effective in improving the knowledge of parents

of primary school children.

6.8 Hypotheses

The hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.

H1: The mean post-test knowledge score of parents who have participated in the planned

teaching programme regarding juvenile delinquency will be significantly higher than

their mean pre-test knowledge score.

H2: There will be significant association between the mean pre-test knowledge score of

parents of primary school children regarding juvenile delinquency and their selected

demographic variables.

6.9 Delimitations

The study is delimited to parents of primary school children aged 6-10 years in

selected primary schools at Mangalore.

7. Material and methods

7.1 Source of data

The data will be collected from parents of primary school children studying in

various schools at Mangalore.

7.1.1 Research design

Pre-experimental design one-group pre-test post-test design is adopt for conducting

the study.

Subject Pre-test Treatment Post-test

Parents of primary school children. O1 X O2

R = O1 X O2

R: Sample

O1: Pre-test knowledge of parents of primary school children regarding juvenile

delinquency

X: Treatment (planned teaching programme regarding juvenile delinquency)

O2: Post-test knowledge of parents of primary school children regarding juvenile

delinquency.

Variables

Independent variable: Planned teaching programme regarding juvenile delinquency.

Dependent variable: Knowledge of parents regarding juvenile delinquency.

7.1.2 Setting

The study will be conduct at selected primary schools at urban areas of Mangalore.

7.1.3 Population

Parents of primary school children aged 6-10 years studying at the selected primary

schools at Mangalore.

7.2 Method of data collection

7.2.1 Sampling procedure

Convenience sampling technique will be used to select the sample.

7.2.2 Sample size

In the present study, the sample would comprise 60 parents of primary school

children studying at the selected schools at Mangalore.

7.2.3 Inclusion criteria for sampling

Parents of primary school children aged 6- 10 years.

Parents who are attending PTA meeting in a selected schools at Mangalore.

Parents who are willing to attend the post-test.

Parents of primary school children who can read and write English.

7.2.4 Exclusion criteria for sampling

Parents who are not willing to participate in the study.

Parents of primary school children who can’t read and write English.

Parents who are not attending PTA meeting.

Parents who are not willing to attend the post-test.

7.2.5 Instruments intended to be used

Section 1 – Demographic data.

Section 2 – Structured knowledge questionnaire is used for data collection related to juvenile

delinquency.

7.2.6 Data collection method

Prior permission will be obtained from the higher authorities of the selected primary

school. The purposes and need of the study will be explained to the parents. Confidentiality

of the collected data will be assured to the parents and written consent will be obtained. The

data collection will be conduct during PTA meeting in selected schools. The investigator

will administer a structured knowledge questionnaire for assessing the pre-test knowledge

level. After assessing the pre-test knowledge level, the investigator will administer the

planned teaching programme regarding juvenile delinquency for 30 minutes with the help of

audiovisual aids. After seven days post-test knowledge level will be analyse using the same

structured knowledge questionnaire.

7.2.7 Plan for data analysis

Data will be analysed using descriptive ( mean, median, mean percentage and

standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (chi-square and paired t test )

7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients, or other animals? If so please describe briefly.

Yes, in the present study, the investigator uses a structured knowledge questionnaire

to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding juvenile delinquency.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?

Yes, ethical clearance will be obtained from the institutional ethical committee. Prior

permission will be obtained from the school authority and consent will be taken from

the parents.

8. References

1. Mathur S. Database of child care institutions. National Institute for the Study of

Crime and Law Enforcement. New Delhi. 2006.

2. Shweta. Juvenile delinquents: causes of juvenile delinquency. [online]. 2009.

Available from: URL:http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/cause-of-

juvenile-delinquency

3. Haque N. Juvenile justice system and it’s delinquency in India. Madras Law Journal

2012 Feb.

4. Datta P. Paediatric nursing. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;

2009.

5. Anti-social or illegal behaviour by children. [online]. Available from:

URl:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/juvenile_delinquency.

6. Varma A, Kumar M. International Journal of Criminal Justice 2008 Jul;3(2):138-57.

7. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Children in India 2012. New

Delhi 2012;3-22.

8. Tripathi R. Juvenile crime cases rising. The Times of India. New Delhi. 2009.

9. Malyiya R. Stop juvenile crimes in India. [online]. 2011. Available from:

URL:19idealogues.wordpress.com/2011/02/…/stop-juvenile-crimes-in-india

10. Wilkins E. Prevention of juvenile delinquency. [online]. Available from:

URL:http://www.juvenile-delinquency-wikipedia,the free encyclopedia.com.

11. Rao C. Incidence of juvenile crimes in Karnataka. Bangalore; Adolecon 2005.

12. Laubjerg M, Peterson B. Juvenile delinquency and psychiatric contact among

adopted and non-adoptees. Nord J Psychiatry 2011 Dec;65(6):365-72.

13. Brame R, Turner M G. Cumulative prevalence of arrest from ages 8 to 23 in a

national sample. Journal of American Academy of Paediatrics. 2011 Jan;129(1):21-7.

14. Gerteis J, Martin B. Effects of intra-uterine cocaine exposure on delinquency during

early adolescence. J Dev Behav Paediatr 2011 Jan:32(5):393-401.

15. Pagani LS, Derevensky JL. Does early emotional distress predict later child

involvement in gambling? Can J Psychiatry 2010 Aug;55(8):507-13.

16. Bussing R, Bell L, Porter P. Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. J Am Acad Child

Adolesc Psychiatry 2010 Jun;49(6):595-605.

17. Cohen D, Taylor SL. Availability of high school extracurricular sports programmes

and high risk behaviours. USA. 2007.

18. Mrug S, Elliot MN. Positive parenting and early puberty in girls. 2005

19. Poduthase Henry. Parent-adolescent relationship and juvenile delinquency. Kerala.

2012

20. Hoeve M, Dubas JS. Maternal and paternal parenting styles and adolescents.

Netherlands. J Adolesc 2011 Oct:34(5):813-27.

21. www.ojjdp.gov/jjbulletin/9907_3/treat.html

22. Prelip M, Kinsler J. Evaluation of a school based multi component nutrition

education program to improve young children’s fruit and vegetable consumption.

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour 2012 Jul/Aug;44(4):309-10.