Deep Carbon ObservatoryDECADE Interim Report

April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2013

The DECADE (Deep Earth Carbon Degassing) group is an international research network dedicated to the study of carbon fluxes from the deep Earth through volcanoes. In order to sharpen global estimates of carbon fluxes out of volcanoes, this group will install CO2 monitoring networks on 25 of the world’s 150 most actively degassing volcanoes and undertake related studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions, satellite monitoring) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep Earth carbon to the hydrosphere by volcanic emissions. Additional activities funded include the research of a group at the Smithsonian Institution to evaluate the feasibility of direct measurement of volcanic CO 2 emissions from satellite, the establishment of a global database of seafloor carbon (both organic C and carbonate) at the University of Colorado, and projects to determine the CO2 fluxes of mid-ocean ridges and Hawaiian volcanoes.

“The Carbon Inventory of Oceanic Basalts and the Oceanic Upper Mantle”Katherine A. Kelley, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USAElizabeth Cottrell, Global Volcanism Project, Smithsonian Institution, USAErik H. Hauri, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, USAParticipantsMarion Lytle, PhD student at GSO/URI (from January 2012)Marion Le Voyer, DCO Fellow, Carnegie Institution (from February 2012)National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National LabScientific Findings DCO Fellow Marion Le Voyer (DTM/Smithsonian) and GSO graduate student Marion Lytle involved in this project began their work in early 2012. Le Voyer has obtained data on CO2, H2O and other volatiles in a global collection of over 400 mid-ocean ridge volcanic glasses that have been already well-characterized for trace elements by another group (Jenner & O'Neill, 2012), and a suite of previously unreported volatile-rich popping rocks from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Lytle has obtained similar data on a suite of 60 back-arc basin ridge glasses from the Lau Basin that complement the data set on ~100 glasses analyzed from other back-arc ridges by PI Kelley. Together these sample suites comprise the first-ever global data set for CO2 emerging from ocean ridge volcanism. Because the thickenss of the crust, and the spreading rate, is already known along the global ocean ridge system, these measurements, combined with trace element data, translate directly into a flux for the most voluminous magmatic system on Earth. Several publications have already appeared in the literature, one more is in revision, and another is in preparation. Ultimately, this data will be used to visualize the variability of the magmatic CO2 flux along the entire 44,000 km length of the global ocean ridge system.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsLytle, M. L., K. A. Kelley, and E. H. Hauri. "The Influence of Water on Mantle Melting and

Crystallization in Back-arc Basin Systems." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 1, p. 1775. 2009.

Le Voyer, Marion, Megan Newcombe, Edward M. Stolper, and John M. Eiler. "The nanoSIMS as a tool to study zonation around/in melt inclusions." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 6 (2012): 1984-1984.

Lytle, M. L., K. A. Kelley, E. H. Hauri, J. B. Gill, D. Papia, and R. J. Arculus. "Influence of the Samoan Plume in the Northwestern Lau Back-arc Basin." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 1, p. 2249. 2010.

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Le Voyer, M., E. H. Hauri, K. A. Kelley, and E. Cottrell. "Unraveling the effect of primary versus secondary processes on the volatile content of MORB glasses: an example from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 1, p. 2811. 2012.

Hahm, D., Hilton, D. R., Castillo, P. R., Hawkins, J. W., Hanan, B. B., & Hauri, E. H. (2012). An overview of the volatile systematics of the Lau Basin–Resolving the effects of source variation, magmatic degassing and crustal contamination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 85, 88-113.

Lytle, Marion L., Katherine A. Kelley, Erik H. Hauri, James B. Gill, Dominic Papia, and Richard J. Arculus. "Tracing mantle sources and Samoan influence in the northwestern Lau back‐arc basin." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 13, no. 10 (2012).

Kelley, Katherine A., and Elizabeth Cottrell. "The influence of magmatic differentiation on the oxidation state of Fe in a basaltic arc magma." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 329 (2012): 109-121.

Lytle, Marion Lynn. Geochemical constraints on mantle sources and melting conditions in Pacific back-arc basins. PhD thesis, University of Rhode Island, 2013.

Lytle, M. L., K. A. Kelley, and E. H. Hauri. "Tracing the origins of back-arc basin slab-derived fluids." AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 1. 2013.

Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Katherine A. Kelley. "Redox heterogeneity in mid-ocean ridge basalts as a function of mantle source." Science 340, no. 6138 (2013): 1314-1317.

Kendrick, Mark A., Richard J. Arculus, Leonid V. Danyushevsky, Vadim S. Kamenetsky, Jon D. Woodhead, and Masahiko Honda. "Subduction-related halogens (Cl, Br and I) and H2O in magmatic glasses from Southwest Pacific Backarc Basins." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 400 (2014): 165-176.

le Roux, P. J., le Roex, A. P., & Hauri, E. H. (2013, December). Volatile (H2O, CO2) and Halogen (Cl) Systematics of SMAR MORB (44-52.5° S). In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 1871).

Le Voyer, M., E. Cottrell, K. A. Kelley, and E. H. Hauri. "Mantle heterogeneities as revealed by along-axis variations in MORB volatile concentrations." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 1, p. 02. 2013.

Le Voyer, Marion, Paul D. Asimow, Jed L. Mosenfelder, Yunbin Guan, Paul J. Wallace, Pierre Schiano, Edward M. Stolper, and John M. Eiler. "Zonation of H2O and F Concentrations around Melt Inclusions in Olivines." Journal of Petrology 55, no. 4 (2014): 685-707.

“Solubility of Carbonate Minerals and CO2 Speciation in Subduction Zone Fluids”Isabelle Daniel, University of Lyon, FranceCraig Manning, Department of Earth & Space Sciences, UCLA, USADimitri Sverjensky, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USAParticipantsSébastien Facq (Lyon DCO post-doctoral fellow since Nov. 2011)Gilles Montagnac (Lyon Raman technical support)Hervé Cardon (Lyon high-pressure technical support)Robert C. Newton (UCLA Visiting Professor)Abby Kavner (UCLA Professor)James Eguchi (UCLA undergraduate student)Yuan Li (Bayreuth Geoinstitute, PhD student)David Azzolini (JHU technical support)Brandon Harrison (JHU technical support)Louis Dumas (JHU undergraduate), Scientific Findings

Experimental work at UCLA has focused on two aspects of calcium carbonate minerals at high pressure and temperature: their solubility in aqueous solutions, and trace element substitution into the

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carbonate mineral lattice. University of Lyon work has focused on in situ micro-Raman analysis of CaCO3 minerals (calcite, aragonite) dissolving in water in the diamond anvil cell at (P, T), 0.5 to 8 GPa and 250 to 500°C. The experimental results will be compared with the theoretical calculations in June 2012 during the visit of D. Sverjensky at the University of Lyon. Theoretical calculations of calcite solubility have been carried out for comparison with experimental data. The overall goal is be able to extend these calculations to pressures relevant to subduction zones.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsDeep Carbon Observatory Workshop, February 2012.Manning, C.E., 2012. pH buffering of subduction-zone fluids: implications for Earth’s deep carbon

cycle. Ninth International Workshop on Water Dynamics, Sendai, Japan, March 8, 2012Manning, C.E., 2012. pH buffering of subduction-zone fluids: implications for Earth’s deep carbon

cycle. Ninth International Workshop on Water Dynamics, Sendai, Japan, March 8, 2012.Palaich, S.E.M., Manning, C.E., Schauble, E., Kavner, A., 2013. Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction

investigation of the behavior of hanksite and tychite at high pressures, and a model for the compressibility of sulfate minerals. American Mineralogist 98, 1543-1549.

Facq, S., Daniel, I. In situ Raman study of dissolved calcite at high pressure and high temperature, GeoRaman X th meeting , Nancy, France, June 11-13, 2012.

Facq, S., Daniel, I., and Sverjensky, D. A., 2014. In situ Raman study and thermodynamic model of aqueous carbonate speciation in equilibrium with aragonite under subduction zone conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 132, 375-390.

Sverjensky, D. A., Harrison, B., and Azzolini, D., 2014. Water in the deep Earth: the dielectric constant and the solubilities of quartz and corundum to 60 kb and 1,200°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 129, 125-145.

“The Carbon Footprint of a Passively Degassing Volcano; Mt Lassen, California, USA”David Hilton, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U. California San Diego, USATobias Fischer, University of New Mexico, USAJustin Kulongoski, California Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, USACynthia Werner, Alaska Volcano Observatory, US Geological SurveyParticipantsCarlos Ramirez (University of Costa Rica) – research scientist Keith Blackmon (SIO/UCSD) – technical staff Brian Franz (SIO/UCSD) – graduate student Xu Zhang (SIO/UCSD) – graduate student Laura Clor (UNM) – research scientist Gary McMurtry (U of Hawaii) - Professor Kim Falinski (U of Hawaii) – graduate student Luis Dasilveira (U of Hawaii) – undergraduate student Peter Kelly (USGS – Vancouver) – research scientist Mike Doukas (USGS – Vancouver) – research scientist Hyunwoo Lee (UNM) – graduate studentScientific Findings The aim of the award was to determine the carbon footprint of one passively-degassing volcano as a means to evaluate how mantle-derived carbon is partitioned between direct degassing through high temperature vents and diffuse gas loss via groundwater systems. Lassen Volcano was selected because it is located on an active subduction zone and has both high temperature vents as well as an extensive groundwater system accessible by wells.

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Groundwaters: A combination of public supply wells and private (household or domestic) wells throughout the Lassen catchment were sampled for CO2, He-isotopes and gas chemistry. Groundwaters were collected from a total of 42 wells.

The distribution of sampling points within a 60-km radius of Lassen Peak is given in the figure (left). 3He/4He ratios (R) > the atmosphere values (RA) indicate the presence of mantle-derived He throughout the region. This is consistent with widespread dispersal of magmatic volatiles from the volcanic system. It is important to note that dissolved CO2 in groundwater is composed of different endmembers. Our measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can be corrected to ‘external’ carbon by subtracting the carbonate-derived carbon obtained through the water chemistry. We determined the water chemistry for all groundwater samples (below left) and used a simple mixing model (below right) to resolve external carbon into organic and endogenic (deep or mantle) CO2, assuming fixed isotope and concentration characteristics.

Using this approach, we find that between 2 and 74 % (average = 31±19 %) of the total DIC is composed of endogenic CO2. Thus, using our measurements of total DIC, we can calculate the median concentration of endogenic CO2 in groundwaters of the catchment ~ 7 x 10-4 moles/L. Extensive studies have been carried out on groundwater fluxes in the Lassen region with cold water flow rates estimated at ~8000 L/s (excluding Hat Creek region and eastern Lassen). This value yields an endogenic CO2 flux of 7.8 x 106 kg/yr. Adding this value to prior estimates of Hat Creek (7.6 x 106 kg/yr) gives a total groundwater endogenic CO2 flux of ~ 1.5 x 107 kg/yr.Thirty ground water samples were analyzed for gas chemistry and almost all samples are dominated by N2. CO2 contents range from 1% to 99.6% with the majority of samples between 5 and 25% CO2. The highest CO2 contents are found at significant distances from the crater (~ 30 km). CH4 ranges from 0 to 8.6%. The average CH4/CO2 is 0.22 for groundwaters resulting in a CH4 flux of 3.3 x106 kg/yr (using 1.5 x 107 CO2 flux). Therefore, although the high temperature areas dominate total C emissions from Lassen, in terms of CO2 (see below), the ground water flux of CH4 dwarfs the high temperature CH4 flux by 6 orders of magnitude.High-T vents: the region of Lassen Peak has numerous high-temperature degassing vents, and these localities were sampled for He, CO2 and gas chemistry. The He-CO2 systematics (left) clearly show the distinction between HT volatiles and groundwaters. The HT vents emit volatiles with arc-like He-CO2 characteristics. Thirteen gas samples collected at the high temperature sites were analyzed for chemistry. Samples are dominated by CO2 (87-97 mol% dry gas with one at 53%). CH4 ranges from 4 x10-5 to 0.007 mol% dry

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gas. The average CH4/CO2 is 1.6 x10-7 which results in a CH4 flux of 7 kg/yr (using 4.3 x107 CO2 flux – see below).

Nitrogen, He, Ar relative abundances for the majority of Lassen gas samples (HT & LT) show mixing between air saturated water and a mantle/crustal endmember with low N2/He typical for mantle-derived volatiles and not an arc-type endmember. This observation may be related to the fact that Lassen is at the southern edge of the volcanically active Cascade Range where subduction transitions into SAF-related tectonics.

CO2 flux measurements: Using airborne (helicopter) techniques, we measured a cross-section of the CO2 and H2S-rich gas plume emitted from the Bumpass Hell hydrothermal area (below). When combined with our measured wind speed (5.8 m/s), and the CO2/H2S ratio of the gases (left), the results indicate that Bumpass Hell emits about 4 metric tons per day (T/d) or 1.5 x 106 kg/yr of CO2 and 0.2 (T/d) H2S.

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CO2 Mass Balance: Estimates of the magmatic CO2 flux for Lassen are ~3.5 x 107 kg/yr which has been increased to ~4.3 x 107 kg/yr if the Hat Creek-Rising River-Crystal Lake region is added. At face value, therefore, our helicopter-based measurements imply that Bumpass Hell represents ~3.4 % of the total magmatic CO2 flux at Lassen.

More significantly, however, is the observation that if our estimate of the groundwater-borne magmatic CO2 load is correct (section 4) then ~26 % of the total magmatic CO2 flux ( = 5.8 x 107 kg/yr) enters the groundwater system(s) and is carried away from the summit degassing regions. In this way, ~ 74 % only of the true magmatic CO2 flux at Lassen is obtained by using various techniques (e.g. remote sensing) which measure fluxes targeting direct venting sites – located at or close to the volcano summit. The question is now posed to the general applicability of these observations to other volcanoes worldwide used in deriving CO2 flux estimates from the solid Earth The volcano mass spec (V-café) was deployed in the Lassen HT area and CO2, N2, Ar abundance data were collected continuously for 72 hours. CO2/N2 ratios measured are an order of magnitude lower than those of collected gas samples indicating significant mixing with air.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsFranz, B. (2012) He-CO2 systematics of groundwaters at Mt. Lassen volcano, northern California. M.S.

thesis, UCSD. Hilton, D.R., Franz, B. and Kulongoski, J.T. (2012) Are volcanic CO2 emission fluxes under-estimated?

The groundwater CO2 component at Lassen Volcano, California. American Geophysical Union (Fall meeting) Abstract.

Hilton, D.R., Franz, B., Blackmon, K., Zhang, Xu, Ramirez, C., Kulongoski, J.T., Fischer, T., Clor, L., Kelley, P., Doukas, M., Werner, C. (2013) The Carbon Footprint of a Passively-Degassing Volcano: Lassen Peak, California (2013) Poster presented at: DCO International Workshop, Washington D.C.

“Volcanelium - Quantification of Regional Magma Degassing by High-Precision Isotope Analysis of Atmospheric Helium in Air Above Volcanic Areas”Bernard Marty, Professor of Geochemistry, CRPG-CNRS, Nancy, FranceParticipantsDr. Peter G. Burnard (Senior researcher CRPG-CNRS Nancy)Dr. Jennifer Mabry (post-doc at CRPG on external support)Dr. Tefang Lan (Post-doc at CRPG supported by DCO)Prof. Tobias Fischer (University of New Mexico, and the V-CAFE team)Organizations: Centre National de la recherche Scientifique -CNRS-

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European Research Council -ERC-

Scientific FindingsField trip for sampling ambient air, volcanic plume, and fumaroles at Erta Ale, Ethiopia, took

place in January 2011. Sampling at Kilauea, Hawaii (TF Lan) took place in March, 2012. Two sampling campaigns were achieved at Mt Etna (Sicily) and surrounding in June 2012 and July 2013.

- Afar, Ethiopia. Helium measured in Afar appears systematically enriched in 3He by about 1-3 permil. This enrichment could represent mantle volatile degassing in this mantle plume - triple tectonic plate junction. Conversely, it could also represent a regional variation of the 3He/4He ratio in air worldwide since there has been a report that latitudinal variations exist. Hence we cannot conclude at this stage on the origin of these 3He excesses and we need further measurements. We have got a large (500cc) aliquot of air sampled at the Red Sea shore in Djibouti, presumably not influenced by degassing of the Afar hot spot, that we want to analyze at very high precision. At Erta Ale volcano, we have sampled several transects along the edifice as well as the volcanic plume from the active lava lake. Excesses of 3He are clearly seen and are integrated into a model to yield the flux of mantle-derived 3He and then that of CO2.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.9900

1.0000

1.0100

1.0200

Rift zone Erta Ale air air above lava lake

Sample #

3H

e/4

He

(Rb

b)

- Kilauea, Hawaii. Helium isotopic variations along the transect from Halemaumau crater to the coast fall in a range from -0.1 to +4.2 permil (compare to Nancy air). However the sample from South Point (~80 km from Halemaumau) shows similar excess 3He. This might indicate that the excess helium could be transported by wind within such a distance, or mantle degassing could be found not only at the crater area but also on the whole Big Island. As for Afar, we have a large sample of air taken at Oahu that will serve as a air reference for this latitude.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.9940

0.9980

1.0020

1.0060

1.0100

Kilauea South Point Brabois, Nancy

Sample #

3H

e/4

He

(Rb

b)

- Etna. During the two campaigns, air from the crater area, from the volcano flanks, and within the plume (sampled with an aircraft) has been collected and for most of samples, analyzed. excesses of 3He

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up to 4 % have been recorded. An article that will integrate all data and quantify the 3He flux of Mt. Etna is in preparation.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.0000

0.2000

0.4000

0.6000

0.8000

1.0000

1.2000

Non fault zone

Fault zone

CTNST-Reference

Crater

Plume

CTNST

Sample #

3H

e/4

He

(RCT

NST

)

In summary, we have sampled among the most volcanically active areas of the world. In all of these, we see excesses of 3He in the ambient air. We could detect such excesses down to the permil level using the analytical facility designed specifically for this type of measurement. Determining precisely the origin of these excesses require further measurements which are under way. Several papers, one per area, are under way, and we have already published a technical paper on the method. Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsLan, TF, Mabry, JC, Marty, B, Burnard, P, Füri, E, de Moor, JM, Fischer, TP and McMurtry, GM

(2013) Mineralogical Magazine, 77(5), 1541Mabry, J., Lan, T., Burnard, P. and Marty, B. (2013) High-precision helium isotope measurements in air.

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 28, 1903-1910

“Laser Isotope Ratio-Meter for Real Time In-Situ Measurements of Volcanic 13C/12C”Damien Weidmann, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKParticipantsDr Ali Hussain (STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)Dr Richard Brownsword (STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)Dr Adrian Jones (University College London)Mr Robin Wylie (University College London)

Scientific FindingsThe laser system has achieved a relative accuracy of 1.8% on the δC13 value, for 1-second

temporal resolution, which already places the instrument concept ahead of commercial solutions. The size of the instrument has been reduced by a factor or two, and made much more robust and simple to facilitate deployment in harsh environments. A novel optical scanning system has been implemented that provides superior signal stability and most of the interference signal from surrounding CO2 has been suppressed.

On the spectroscopy side, the collisional effect of increased CO2 concentration has been observed to contribute to the absorption lineshape modification compared to air-broadening models only. This has been partially corrected.

A novel software based demodulation process of the instrument signals has been tested and demonstrated to provide ~on order of magnitude improvement on the noise floor of the instrument.

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Workshops, Conferences and Publications“Advanced Instrumentation for Chemical Detection “ UK Space Conference, Warwick, UK, 2011;

“Earth Observation & Metrology” National Environment Research Council workshop on Metrology, London, UK, 2011

“Laser Isotope Ratio-Meter From space to terrestrial applications”, Space Tech conference, Harwell, UK, 06/11/2012

DCO instrumentation sandpit workshop, Catania, Sicily, 03 sep 2013, “Laser Isotope ratio-meter for 12CO” / 13CO” analysis”. This instrument was ranked first after the workshop.

“Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy Activities at the Rutherford Appleton Lab,” NSF MIRTHE Lecture, Princeton, USA

“Mid IR tunable laser spectroscopy for molecular sensing – from space to terrestrial applications”, seminar in the Chemistry department of Cambridge university, UK, 19/05/2014

“RAL space laser spectroscopy activities”, Seminar in the INP institure in Greiswald, Germany, 19 nov 2013

Additional Research Directions (supported by Secretariat funds)

“Evaluation of Extant and Emerging Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Technology for Quantifying Volcanic CO2 Emissions”Elizabeth Cottrell, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution ParticipantsElizabeth Cottrell (PI) – NMNH, Smithsonian InstitutionBenjamin Andrews (co-I) – NMNH, Smithsonian InstitutionKelly Chance (co-I) – Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryChristoph Popp (postdoc) – NMNH, Smithsonian Institution

Scientific Findings Direct satellite measurements of volcanic CO2 released during the explosive eruption of Mount

Kasatochi (USA) in August 2008 reveal CO2 in excess of background as well as satellite-based XCO2/SO2 ratios result in a best estimate of total CO2 mass ejected of 12-56 Tg. Extrapolating these numbers results in 8-39 Tg/y total global CO2 emissions from explosive volcanism. Our results therefore demonstrate the capability of current satellite instruments to detect and quantify CO2 emissions from eruptions with relatively large gas output and suggest that explosive volcanism contributes substantially to subaerial volcanic CO2 emissions.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsC. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, and E. Cottrell “Satellite observations of carbon dioxide emissions

from the 2008 eruption of Kasatochi volcano,” under review for publication in JVGR, 2014.C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, S. A. Carn, K. Chance, E. Cottrell, F. M. Schwandner “Analysis of GOSAT

XCO2 in explosive volcanic plumes”, European Geophysical Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2014

F. M. Schwandner, S. A. Carn, A. Kuze, F. Kataoka, K. Shiomi, N. Goto, C. Popp, M. Ajiro, H. Suto, T. Takeda, S. Kanekon, C. Sealing, and V. Flower “Can satellite-based monitoring techniques be used to quantify volcanic CO2 emissions?”, European Geophysical Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2014

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C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, E. Cottrell, M. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, O. Schneising, J. P. Burrows “CO2 release of the Kasatochi eruption in August 2008 as detected from space”, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 2013

C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, E. Cottrell, M. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, O. Schneising “Detection of volcanic CO2 in the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption plume by SCIAMACHY measurements”, IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly, Kagoshima, Japan, 2013

C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, E. Cottrell “Remote sensing of volcanic carbon dioxide emissions from space”, Oral presentation at DCO Early Career Scientist Workshop, San Jose, Costa Rica, 2014

C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, E. Cottrell “First satellite detection of volcanic CO2 in an explosive plume and possible implications for the geological carbon cycle”, Poster presentation at DCO Early Career Scientist Workshop, San Jose, Costa Rica, 2014

C. Popp “Remote sensing of volcanic CO2 from space: current challenges and perspectives”, Oral presentations at Volcanology Workshop, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, April 2013

C. Popp, B. J. Andrews, K. Chance, E. Cottrell “Remote Sensing of Volcanic CO2 Emissions from Space: A First Case Study from the 2008 Kasatochi Eruption”, Poster presentation at the DCO International Science Meeting, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 3-5 March 2013

“Global Seafloor Carbonate and Organic Carbon”Chris Jenkins, INSTAAR, University of Colorado($36,224 awarded)ParticipantsChris Jenkins (PI), University of Colorado

Scientific Findings This project uses the resources of the database dbSEABED, consisting of descriptions and

chemical analyses of all described Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) cores, to establish a global map of the distribution of organic carbon and carbonate on the seafloor today, and projected back through geologic time via analysis of core materials as a function of core depth. The PI of this project is making the database available to all members of the DCO to make sure the output data meets their requirements, particularly for input into carbon cycle models. The next extension of this model will, in conjunction with EarthChem, establish web services and build database analysis tools for user accessibility, search and mapping of the database.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsC. Jenkins, “Global Ocean Floor Carbon Contents in 4D from Data”, presentation at the DCO Deep

Carbon Cycle Modeling Workshop, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 6-7 June 2014.

“Eruption Dynamics and Carbon Footprint of Hawaiian Hotspot Volcanoes”Erik Hauri, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of WashingtonParticipantsErik Hauri (PI), Carnegie Institution of WashingtonJared Marske (DCO Fellow), Carnegie Institution of WashingtonMichael Garcia, University of HawaiiFrank Trusdell, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, US Geological SurveyAaron Pietruzsca, US Geological Survey

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Scientific Findings This project uses measurements of CO2, H2O and other volatiles in deeply quenched submarine

glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the five active Hawaiian volcanoes (Loihi seamount, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea and Hualalai) to determine the sources and fluxes of volatiles through the volcanic construction above the Hawaiian hotspot. Variations in radiogenic isotopes (e.g. Pb, Sr, Nd) and magmatic volatiles (e.g. CO2, H2O, S, F, Cl) in Hawaiian volcanoes reveal a range of important processes (i.e. source heterogeneity, partial melting, crustal assimilation, magma mixing and degassing). Hawaiian shield-stage lavas are thought to originate from partial melting of a heterogeneous source containing a mixture of peridotite and ancient oceanic crust (pyroxenite) that was recycled into the deep mantle. The source region for Hawaiian volcanoes may also be heterogeneous with respect to volatile concentrations. SIMS measurements on Hawaiian submarine glasses reveal a wide range in volatile abundances for CO2 (10-251 ppm), H2O (0.2-1.2 wt.%), S (38-2960 ppm), Cl (39-2960 ppm), and F (231-1497 ppm), and these data are being evaluated with respect to the history of magmatic output from each volcano in order to understand the sources and fluxes of volatiles over the past 2 million years of Hawaiian magmatic activity.

Workshops, Conferences and PublicationsMarske, J. P., Hauri, E. H., Garcia, M. O., & Pietruszka, A. J. (2012, December). Volatiles in melt

inclusions and osmium isotopes from Hawaiian lavas: investigating the relationship between CO2

and H2O contents with mantle source lithology. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 2351).

Pietruszka, A. J., Norman, M. D., Garcia, M. O., Marske, J. P., & Burns, D. H. (2012, December). The origin of chemical heterogeneity in the Hawaiian mantle plume. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 03).

Hauri, E. H. (2012, December). Discerning Primary and Secondary Processes in the Volatile Geochemistry of Submarine Basalts. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 03).

Pietruszka, A. J., Norman, M. D., Garcia, M. O., Marske, J. P., & Burns, D. H. (2013). Chemical heterogeneity in the Hawaiian mantle plume from the alteration and dehydration of recycled oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 361, 298-309.

Greene, A. R., Garcia, M. O., Pietruszka, A. J., Weis, D., Marske, J. P., Vollinger, M. J., & Eiler, J. (2013). Temporal Geochemical Variations in Lavas from Kīlauea's Pu'u ‘Ō'ō Eruption (1983‐2010): Cyclic Variations from Melting of Source Heterogeneities. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.

Ferguson, D. J., Plank, T. A., Hauri, E. H., Houghton, B. F., Gonnermann, H. M., Swanson, D. A., & Blaser, A. P. (2013, December). Comparing eruptions of varying intensity at Kilauea via melt inclusion analysis. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 07).

Marske, J. P., Hauri, E. H., Garcia, M. O., & Pietruszka, A. J. (2013, December). A potential link between magmatic volatiles and mantle source lithology in the Hawaiian Plume: a view from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and osmium isotopes. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 06).

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