Year 9 Geography PPE - Revision What you need to revise:

1. The living World Ecosystems – revision guide pages 28-29 Tropical Rainforest Pages – revision guide pages 30 – 36 (cases study

Amazon rainforest) Hot Desert – revision guide pages 39 – 44 (case study Western

desert, not the Sahara)2. Urban Issues and Challenges

Nigeria - revision guide pages 92-94

Problems in LagosSort out these problems and place on the flow diagram of ‘Problems in Lagos’

Large rubbish dumps contain illegal and toxic waste

Traffic congestion is really bad. It can take up to 2 hours to travel in the city in the rush hours known as ‘go slow’

Houses in the shanty towns such as Makoko are made of flimsy materials and are built on stilts in the lagoon.

There are few primary schools in the shanty town areas and is very expensive to send your child to school. For some families it is unaffordable.

Communal toilets are shared by up to 15 households

There are not enough formal jobs for all migrants. Many people work informally for example scavenging in the Olusosun rubbish dump for things to sell

Factory emissions are not controlled leading to air and water pollution

Only the wealthiest homes have a piped water supply. Other poorer areas have to share communal water points up to 3km away from the residential areas

Richer households use diesel generators to produce electricity but can often run out of diesel and supply in garages can be unreliable

High levels of crime and areas of slums are self-policed by ‘Area Boys’

Electricity supply in poorest areas comes from illegal connections that often cut out.

There is no system to deal with waste from factories

There is highunemployment in Lagos state owing to the influx of people from every corner of the country

There are no sewage systems and raw sewage is ejected into the lagoon causing health problems such as cholera

Only 40% of rubbish is officially collected

60% of the population live in slums like Makoko

Lack of sanitation basic facilities in the slum areas

Slum housing is found on illegally occupied land (it doesn’t belong to them). It is often marshy poorly drained land that no one else wants to build on

The government would like to waterfront location to serve the richer residents off Lagos with businesses, homes and services

Diseases which are not treated increase the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and death rates lowering life expectancy

The infrastructure is targeted for improvement with clean running water and a sewerage system this will help the population become better educated.

Lack of health care means fertility rates are high (the average number of children per woman). This makes it harder to provide basic services as the population is constantly increasing.

Income needs to be divided amongst very large families meaning there is little to continue children’s education. Less than 10% of Makoko’s population are even educated at primary school.

Without an education is hard for Makoko residents to escape the ‘cycle of poverty’

Few people from Makoko continue into further education and most likely work in the informal employment.

As so many people work in the informal sector they do not pay taxes so there is little money from tax to invest in education and healthcare for such a youthful population

Some people in Makoko work in the fishing industry but the waters here are highly polluted nboth from sewage and as a waste dump for the city. Fishing is often hazardous and unproductive as there are so little fish left.

The government want to demolish this settlement and rebuild and redevelop the area into a waterfront attraction

The government have not considered the rehousing of the slum dwellers

The demolition of Makoko will lead to other shanty towns in the city growing in size and put under pressure as the Makoko residents will have nowhere else to go

Makoko is difficult to police as it is difficult for police to deal with the illegal activities and the physical geography makes it difficult to communicate. ‘Area Boys’ control Makoko and corruption is rife.

Large family sizes make it harder to provide adequate food for all children in the family. Malnourishment rates are high in Makoko.

Classify these into Problems of Makoko and Solutions to Makoko

Where population densities have been reduced, in Lagos the government has been able to improve communications and services in those areas

The lack of sewage facilities and sanitation means the lagoon is full of sewage. This can cause waterborne diseases such as cholera.

Urban Planning Idea: Makoko Floating School

The advantages of the Makoko Floating school Urban Planning Project

Makoko Floating School is a prototype floating structure, built for the historic water community of Makoko, located on the lagoon heart of Nigeria’s largest city, Lagos. As a pilot project, it has taken an innovative approach to address the community’s social and physical needs in view of the impact of climate change and a rapidly urbanizing African context. Its main aim is to generate sustainable, ecological, alternative building systems and urban water cultures for the teeming population of Africa’s coastal regions.

Unskilled local workers were hired to build the structure, with the idea that they could then go out and build their own homes with the techniques learned while erecting the school. Everyone in the community understands its value, not least because all of the

The main aim of the school was to generate a new, sustainable and ecological building system which could be copied along the coast. The immediate impact of the new building was the powerful sense of ownership that Makoko’s inhabitants derived from it – even before the doors to the school were opened. As the only public space in the area, it has become a vital meeting-point for the community where, when classes are out, market ladies park their boats and fishermen In a village stricken with poverty,

the school gives residents of all ages a chance at education.

It serves as a model of how to build prospering communities on the water.

the half-building, half-boat is designed to use renewable energy, recycle organic waste and harvest rainwater.

Successes1) Daily use exceeds 220,000

passengers reducing car usage2) Average bus wait time= 10

minutes3) Reduction in travel time by

30%4) 2,000 new jobs working on or

linked to the BRT5) Fares are affordable for even

the poorest in Lagos6) Reduction in air pollution

along the corridor by 13%

Successes and Problems of the BRT

Problems: 1) The single BRT is not

adequate to deal with all of Lagos’s congestion problems

2) Traders and pedestrians often use the designated bus lanes

3) Population in Lagos is growing so pressure on the system is increasing

4) The system only runs from North to South so only covers part of the city