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Colorado Japanese-American Internment Camp Opens Forgotten History GRANADA, Colo. (AP) – If you aren’t careful on this southeastern Colorado rural highway, you might pass the signs leading to a site that marks dark episode in U.S. history. But slow down and you’ll find the leftovers of a place that even the weeds can’t cover up: the Amache Japanese- American Relocation Center. Behind the dry brushes sit concrete slabs that once contained homes, a school, and a dancehall for detainees waiting for the end of World War II. From 1942 to 1945, more than 7,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese immigrants were forcibly moved to what was then called the Granada Relocation Center. They were part of the more than 110,000 Japanese- Americans ordered to camps in California, Colorado, Idaho, Arizona, Wyoming, Utah, Arkansas, New Mexico and other sites . Executive Order 9066 , signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, forced Japanese- Americans, regardless of loyalty or citizenship, to leave the West Coast and other areas for camps surrounded by barbed wire and military police. Half of those detainees were children. At Amache, they lived in an area next to poor Mexican-American farmer. They tried to go on with life as normal as possible. They produced a newspaper, the Granada Pioneer, which featured the worked of detainee cartoonist Chris Ishii. They tried farming, held Christmas block parties and even formed a football team. They lived there even as their sons were drafted into the U.S. Army. On Oct. 15, 1945, shortly after Japan’s surrender, the last detainees left Amache and the internment site closed. A cemetery for the 121 inmates who died while in captivity remains and their bilingual tombstones are decorated with coins. The cemetery grounds include a monument for the 31 Japanese-Americans who volunteered for military service from Amache, then lost their lives in battle while their families remained locked up. The Tuskegee Airmen

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Page 1: €¦  · Web viewHis inspired and disciplined leadership played a major role in the Tuskegee Airmen's success. Under Davis, the 332nd escorted American bombers in missions over

Colorado Japanese-American Internment Camp Opens Forgotten History

GRANADA, Colo. (AP) – If you aren’t careful on this southeastern Colorado rural highway, you might pass the signs leading to a site that marks dark episode in U.S. history.

But slow down and you’ll find the leftovers of a place that even the weeds can’t cover up: the Amache Japanese-American Relocation Center. Behind the dry brushes sit concrete slabs that once contained homes, a school, and a dancehall for detainees waiting for the end of World War II.

From 1942 to 1945, more than 7,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese immigrants were forcibly moved to what was then called the Granada Relocation Center. They were part of the more than 110,000 Japanese-Americans ordered to camps in California, Colorado, Idaho, Arizona, Wyoming, Utah, Arkansas, New Mexico and other sites.

Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, forced Japanese-Americans, regardless of loyalty or citizenship, to leave the West Coast and other areas for camps surrounded by barbed wire and military police. Half of those detainees were children.

At Amache, they lived in an area next to poor Mexican-American farmer. They tried to go on with life as normal as possible. They produced a newspaper, the Granada Pioneer, which featured the worked of detainee cartoonist Chris Ishii. They tried farming, held Christmas block parties and even formed a football team. They lived there even as their sons were drafted into the U.S. Army. On Oct. 15, 1945, shortly after 

Japan’s surrender, the last detainees left Amache and the internment site closed. 

A cemetery for the 121 inmates who died while in captivity remains and their bilingual tombstones are decorated with coins. The cemetery grounds include a monument for the 31 Japanese-Americans who volunteered for military service from Amache, then lost their lives in battle while their families remained locked up.

The Tuskegee Airmen

In 1941, the U. S. Army Air Corps (ancestor to the modern-day U.S. Air Force) was a segregated part of the military. With World War II near at hand, it was decided to offer training to African Americans as pilots and mechanics. The new air base at Tuskegee, Alabama, became the center for the training program of black air personnel. First with the 99th Fighter Squadron and later with the 332nd Fighter Group, African Americans made their contribution to the war effort, serving in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy during the war. Called the "Tuskegee Airmen," these airmen made a pioneering contribution to the war and the subsequent drive to end racial segregation in the American armed forces. 

Benjamin O. Davis Jr. led the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II in air combat over North Africa and Italy and long-range bomber escort missions over Nazi Germany. The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is linked directly to the life and career of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. The son of an Army general and a 1936 graduate of West Point, Davis was a member of 

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the first class of five cadets to earn their wings at Tuskegee. He was selected to lead the new 99th Pursuit Squadron, the Army Air Corps' first all-black air unit. 

Davis led the 99th and later the 332nd Fighter Group in Europe during World War II. His inspired and disciplined leadership played a major role in the Tuskegee Airmen's success. Under Davis, the 332nd escorted American bombers in missions over the Mediterranean and central Europe. After the war, Davis continued his military career in the newly independent and integrated U.S. Air Force. He achieved the rank of lieutenant general and played a key leadership role during the Korean and Vietnam wars.

The War Refugee Board

During World War II, it became clear to American citizens that Nazi Germany was murdering European Jews. In January 1944, Treasury Department staff persuaded President Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish the War Refugee Board. 

The War Refugee Board staff worked with Jewish organizations, diplomats, and resistance groups in Europe to rescue Jews from German territories and provide relief to Jews in hiding and in concentration camps.  They opened a refugee camp in upstate New York, and released the first details of mass murder at Auschwitz to the American people. Nearly 1,000 refugees are transported from Italy to Fort Ontario in August 1944. The creation of this "free port" in the United States does not show a change in the US immigration policy. The refugees are considered guests of the United States and sign documents agreeing to return to Europe after the war. They live in the camp under guard and are not allowed to 

work outside the camp, but kids attend local public schools. Despite resistance, President Harry Truman announces that the refugees held in Fort Ontario are eligible for immigration visas and permitted to enter the United States. 

The War Refugee Board played a role in the rescue of tens of thousands Jews. After the war, the War Refugee Board's first director, John Pehle, called their work “little and late” in comparison with the enormity of the Holocaust.

The Women’s Army Corps

Beginning in October 1940, men between 21 and 35 were drafted for military service and on December 11, 1941, the US declared war on against Japan's allies, Germany and Italy. As their husbands, sons and brothers left home, many American women asked, “how about us?” Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (Massachusetts) introduced a bill in May 1941 calling for the creation of an all-volunteer women's corps in the Army. 

Initially, members of Congress, the press and the military establishment joked about the notion of women serving in the Army, but as America increasingly realized the demands of a war on two fronts (Japan and Germany), leaders also faced an acute manpower shortage. In May 1942, the House and the Senate approved a bill creating the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). 

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The WAAC were first trained in three major specialties. The brightest and nimblest were trained as switchboard operators. Next came the mechanics, who had to have a high degree of mechanical aptitude and problem solving ability. The bakers were usually the lowest scoring recruits and were stereotyped as being the least intelligent and able by their fellow WAACs. This was later expanded to dozens of specialties like Postal Clerk, Driver, Stenographer, and Clerk-Typist. WAC armorers maintained and repaired small arms and heavy weapons that they were not allowed to use.

Although the women who joined considered themselves      in      the Army, technically they were civilians working      with      the Army. By spring of 1943, 60,000 women had    volunteered and in July 1943, a new congressional bill transformed the WAAC to the Women's Army Corp (WAC), giving Army women military status.

The Army opened five WAC training centers and in July 1942, the first group of 440 women officer candidates (40 of whom were African American) and 330 enlisted women began training at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. Uniform supply was inadequate but it did not deter training. Except for weapons and tactical training, the women's courses paralleled those for Army men, as did their training circumstances. 

The American public was at first resistant to the idea of women in the army. Oveta Culp Hobby, who commanded the unit, was instrumental in dispelling doubts, promoting the idea that each woman serving would “release a man for combat.” Women relieved thousands of men of their clerical assignments, and many performed nontraditional jobs such as radio operator, electrician, and air-traffic controller.