Running head: LIBRARY ASSIGNMENT 1

Psychology 380

Spring 2020

Library assignment #2

Afternoon lab

Due Date and Time: Wednesday, April 22, 2020 11:30 PM

LIBRARY ASSIGNMENT 2

I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this assignment.

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Date : 4/22/2020 Lab Section: Afternoon lab

Library assignment

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Synopsis : Assignment Topics

- The levels of processing effect in recall or recognition memory

- The concreteness effect in recall

It is possible to obtain concreteness effect in the recall of prose based on the nature of

encoding and decoding rather than the representation of concrete and abstract words (Ransdell &

Fishler, 1989). In addition, there is better recall for concrete nouns than abstract nouns in a test of

explicit general knowledge. However, this does not apply for implicit general knowledge

(Hamilton & Rajaram, 2001). Elsewhere, Romani (2008) writes that lexica-semantic

representations and phonological presentations help in the retention of item identity and order.

Lastly, free recall’s presence or absence depends on the relative salience of relational or

distinctive information (Marschark & Suurian, 1992). According to Brandon Ally, patients of

Alzheimer’s disease demonstrate significantly better memory retention for pictures over words

(Ally, 2012). Hazamy (2009) also noted that similar pictures proved to be helpful in word

recognition memory. In addition, incongruent pictured did not show any negative effects on

word recognition memory. Also, older adults have difficulties in remembering item names in

order, a problem that can be solved by using pictures instead of words (Kempe, 2016). Lastly,

pictures automatically engage areas for visual memory like the media-temporal cortex, an aspect

that is not present in encoding and decoding words, thus better memory retention for pictures

(Grady, McIntosh, Rajah, & I, 1998). Loiza (2011) notes that when the mind is processing

complex tasks in the focus attention phase, it transfers items for remembrance form the short-

term to the long-term memory. The deepest level of memory processing entails a pattern of

recognition coupled with the extraction of meaning (Ekuni, Vaz, & Bueno, 2011). Elsewhere,

Challis and Craig (1996) stated that the sensitivity of a task does not affect the processing levels

of the brain. Finally, there is a striking relationship between deep level mental processing and

recalling other issues (Rhodes & Anastasi, 2000).

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References

Ally, B. (2012). Using pictures and words to understand recognition memory deterioration in

amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Current

Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 687-694.

Challis, B., Velichkovsky, B., & Craik, F. (1996). Levels of processing Effects on a Variety of

Memory Tasks: New Findings and Theoretical Implications. Consiousness and

Cognition, 142-164.

Ekuni, R., Vaz, L., & Bueno, O. (2011). Levels of processing: the Evolution of a Framework.

Psychology and Neuroscience.

Grady, C. L., McIntosh, A. R., Rajah, N., & I, F. (1998). Neural correlates of the episodic

encoding of pictures and words. PNAS, 2703-2708.

Hamilton, M., & Rajaram, S. (2001). The Concreteness Effect in Implicit and Explicit Memory

Tests. Journal of Memory and Language, 96-117.

HAZAMY, A. A. (2009). The Influence of Pictures on Word Recognition. Electronic themes

and Dissertations.

Kempe, M. (2016). Do pictures help to memorize? The influence of item presentation and

executive functions on everyday memory in older adults. Cogent psychology.

Loaiza, V. M., McCabe, D. P., Youngblood, J. L., Rose, N. S., & Myerson, J. (2011). The

influence of levelso fo processing on recall from working memory and delayed recall

tasks. journal of Experimental Psychology; Memory, Learning, and cognition.

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Marschark, M., & Suurian, l. (1992). Concreteness effects in free recall: The roles of imaginai

and relational processing. Memory and Cognition, 612-620.

Ransdell, S. E., & Fishler, I. (1989). Effects of concreteness and task context on recall of prose

among bilingual and monolingual speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 28-291.

Rhodes, M. G., & Anastasi, J. S. (2000). The effects of a levels-of-processing manipulation on

false recall. Psychonomic bulletin and review, 158-162.

Romani, C. (2008). Concreteness effects in different tasks: Implications for models of short-term

memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 292-323.