carnesapbiology.files.wordpress.com · web viewdefine the following terms: biosphere _____...

AP Bio Directed Study Ecology: Chapters 50-55

1. List examples of factors that can limit geographic distribution:

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2. Define the following terms:

a. Biosphere ________________________________________________________________________

b. Ecosystem _______________________________________________________________________

c. Community ______________________________________________________________________

d. Population _______________________________________________________________________

3. How does dispersal influence distribution?

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4. What are the most important factors influencing terrestrial distribution?

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5. What is a biome? _______________________________________________________________________

6. What is the largest biome on earth? ________________________________________________________

7. Identify factors that are significant to organism distribution in a lake:

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8. What is the difference between a lake that is oligotrophic and one that is eutrophic?

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9. Fill in the Following Chart Outlining Major Characteristics of Biomes:


Biome Abiotic Characteristics Biotic Characteristics

Tropical Rain Forest

Savannah Desert

Temperate Grassland

Temperate Deciduous

Forest

Coniferous Forest (Taiga)

Artic Tundra

10. Describe the following marine zones:


a. Intertidal Zone:

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b. Neritic Zone:

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c. Oceanic Zone:

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d. Pelagic Zone:

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e. Benthic Zone:

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11. What is a wetland? What organisms are common to wetlands?

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12. What is an estuary? What organisms are common to estuaries?

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13. Discuss the problems commonly associated with introduced (invasive) species. Provide examples.

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1. Define the two basic types of behavior:

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2. Compare and contrast instincts and reflexes:

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3. What is a fixed action pattern?

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4. Describe the following behaviors:

a. Imprinting:

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b. Habituation:

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c. Trial & Error:

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d. Associative Learning:

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i. Classical Conditioning:

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ii. Operant Conditioning:

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e. Agonistic Behavior:

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f. Dominance Hierarchy:

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g. Altruistic Behavior:

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5. Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causes:

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6. List an advantage and disadvantage of defending a territory:

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7. What are pheromones and how do they help in communication?

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8. What are circadian rhythms and how are they of adaptive value?

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9. Explain the evolutionary adaptation of kin selection.

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1. How can an ecologist estimate the number of individuals in a population?

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2. What are some possible difficulties in counting populations?

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3. Describe three patterns of dispersal:

a. _________________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________________

4. Compare the survival strategies of species and give an example of each type.

a. Type I:

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b. Type II:

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c. Type III:

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5. Write the formula for population growth WITHOUT limits – define the terms & draw/label an

example of the graph.

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6. Define Carrying Capacity:

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7. Write the formula for population growth WITH limits – define the terms & draw/label an example

graph.


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8. What happens to a population with the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity?

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9. Compare k-selected and r-selected species. Provide examples of each.

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10. Identify factors that regulate population size:

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11. Compare density-dependent and density-independent factors limiting populations – give examples of

each.

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12. Look at the growth curve of the human population. How does it compare to the growth curves earlier

in the chapter?


13. Have humans reached K? What factors are significant when explaining our growth curve?

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14. Look at the age structure diagrams of different countries. How might the age structure influence

policy?

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1. How is co-evolution significant in community ecology?

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2. Define the interaction terms. Fill in the chart of INTERSPECIFIC interactions:

Interaction Effects on Population Density Example

Competition:

Predation (includes parasitism):

Mutualism:

Commensalism:

3. What is the competitive exclusion principle?

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4. Describe Gausse’s experiment with Paramecia.

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5. Define ecological niche. What factors are included in an organism’s niche? How does a niche differ

from an organism’s habitat?

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6. Define and give an example of resource partitioning.

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7. Describe several defense mechanisms to predation in plants.

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8. Describe and give an example of the following animal defenses:

a. Cryptic Coloration:

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b. Aposematic Coloration:

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c. Batesian Mimicry:

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d. Mullerian Mimicry:

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9. What is meant by the “trophic structure” of a community?

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10. What does a food web show that isn’t indicated by a food chain?

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11. What limits the length of a food chain?

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12. Define a keystone species and discuss their importance to a community.

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13. What is an ecological succession?

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14. What is the difference between a primary and secondary succession?

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15. Discuss biodiversity, species richness, and relative abundance.

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16. Using Figure 53.10 and 53.11...draw, label, and describe both a food chain and a food web:


1. How does the definition of ecosystems expand on the concept of the community?

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2. What is needed to maintain a self-sustaining ecosystem?

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3. Define the following energy budget terms:

a. Primary Productivity:

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b. Gross Primary Productivity:

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c. Net Primary Productivity:

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4. Which ecosystems have the highest productivity per unit area? What factors do you think contribute

to such high productivity?

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5. Why is the open ocean so low in productivity?

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6. What is secondary productivity?

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7. What is secondary productivity?

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8. What happens to the size at each level in the idealized pyramid as energy is transferred through the

trophic levels?

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9. Explain what happens to the energy and biomass as it is passed through the trophic levels.

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10. Why is it essential that elements move through biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem?

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11. What are the major processes that move carbon through the ecosystem?

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12. What is the impact of combustion on the carbon cycle?

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13. Identify the role of each of the following in the nitrogen cycle:

a. Nitrogen Fixation:

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b. Ammonification:

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c. Nitrification:

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d. Denitrification:

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e. Assimilation:

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14. Why is human population growth at the root of most environmental issues?

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15. Define cultural eutrophication. Why is it a problem?

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16. What is the source of acid rain?

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17. Why is acid rain a problem?

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18. What happens in biological magnification?

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19. What would be some properties of molecules that could be candidates for biological magnification?

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20. Discuss the contribution of Rachel Carson to ecology. Include in your discussion the biological

magnification of DDT and its impact on top-level bird species.

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21. What are some possible reasons for global warming called the greenhouse effect?

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22. Is depletion of the ozone layer a possible reason for global warming? Explain.

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23. What is the cause of depletion of the ozone layer? Why is this a problem?

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24. List and describe several additional impacts humans have had on the environment.

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1. Discuss the following in regards to a biodiversity crisis:

a. Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology.

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b. Describe the three levels of biodiversity.

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c.Explain why diversity at all levels is vital to human welfare.

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d. List the four major threats to biodiversity and give examples of each.

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2. Explain how edges and corridors can strongly influence landscape biodiversity.

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3. Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important.

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4. Explain why natural reserves must be functional parts of landscapes.

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1. Log onto the following website:

Log onto http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/

2. Complete the online simulation for the following labs:

a. Lab 11 – Animal Behavior

b. Lab 12 – Dissolved Oxygen

Print a copy of all quizzes and questions – attach to this packet when you turn your

independent study in to be assessed.

BE READY TO PERFORM THESE TWO LABS IN CLASS UPON RETURN FROM

SPRING BREAK!!! Pay careful attention to processes, procedures, and results!

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/


On your own paper, answer the following essay questions. Rubrics for essays can be found at the following web sites:

http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/biology/samp.html

or

http://apbio.biosci.uga.edu/exam/essays/html/index.html

1. AP BIO SCIENCE UGA – 1998_Question 4

Interdependence in nature is illustrated by the transfer of energy through trophic levels. The diagram below depicts the transfer of energy in a food web of an Arctic lake located in Alaska

a) Choosing organisms from four different trophic levels of this food web as examples, explain how energy is obtained at each trophic level.

b) Describe the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels and discuss how the amount of energy available at each trophic level affects the structure of the ecosystem.

c) If the cells in the dead terrestrial plant material that washed into the lake contained a commercially produced toxin, what would be the likely effects of this toxin on this food web? Explain.

http://apbio.biosci.uga.edu/exam/essays/html/index.html

http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/biology/samp.html


2. COLLEGE BOARD – 2007

3. COLLEGE BOARD – 2007_Form B




8. COLLEGE BOARD – 2002The activities of organisms change at regular time intervals. These changes are called biological rhythms. The graph below depicts the activity over a 48-hour period for a fictional group of mammals called pointy-eared bombats, found on an isolated island in the temperate zone.


Answer ONE of the following TWO questions discussing Dissolved Oxygen:




Answer ONE of the following TWO questions discussing Primary Productivity:

11. COLLEGE BOARD - 2008Consumers in aquatic ecosystems depend on producers for nutrition.

a. Explain the difference between gross and net primary productivity.b. Describe a method to determine net and gross primary productivity in a freshwater pond over a 24-

hour period.

In an experiment, net primary productivity was measured, in the early spring, for water samples taken from different depths of a freshwater pond in a temperate deciduous forest.

c. Explain the data presented by the graph, including a description of the relative rates of metabolic processes occurring at different depths of the pond.

d. Describe how the relationship between net primary productivity and depth would be expected to differ if new data were collected in mid-summer from the same pond. Explain your prediction.



Answer ONE of the following TWO questions discussing Energy Flow:



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