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Project RAIN:

Rainwater Accumulation as an Innovative Network

for Water Supply

A Physical Science

(Individual Category)

Researcher

Folkestad, Christian Stephen A.

Dr. Bryant Acar

Adviser

Table of Contents

A. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1-16

Introduction / Rationale……………….……………………..……….…………… 1-2

Research Objectives …………...…………………………………………………. 3-4

Conceptual Framework and Discussion………..……………………...………….. 5-6

Scope and Limitation…………..…………………………………………………. 6

Significance of the Study…………………………………..……………………..

Definition of Terms………………………………………...……………………..

Review of Related Literature………………………………..……………………

7

8-9

10-16

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………..…………………..... 17-20

Research Design………………………………………………….…………….... 17

Research Environment…………………………………………….……….......... 17-18

Research Respondents….…………………………………………..…………… 19

Research Instruments……………………………………………..…...………... 19

Research Procedure…………………………………………………….………..

Gathering of Data………………………………………………………………..

Statistical Tool……………………………………………………..…………….

20

20

20

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………………… 21-46

D. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………. 47-48

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………

Recommendations………………………………………………………….........

47

47-48

E. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………... 49-53

F. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………… 54

G. APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….. 55

Project Documentation

Research Budget

Research Schedule and Work Plan

Transmittal Letter

Informed Consent

Water Test Results

Research Logbook

1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Climate change is a prevalent problem around the globe. With effects ranging from

droughts to intense rainfall events, it causes much alterations in the environment. According to

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the average surface temperature of

our planet has risen 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 19 th century. This is because of the

increased greenhouse gas emission from factories and other synthetic human-made activities

since the industrial revolution. The oceans have also shown an increase in temperature of 0.302

degrees Fahrenheit since the year 1969. According to McMillan, another threat caused by global

warming are extreme heat waves. Heat waves caused tens of thousands of deaths around the

world for the recent years.

As stated by the UN World Food Program, one of the great effects of climate change that

affected humans the most is global warming. It has already been an issue in the Philippines, with

an increased rate of intense typhoons, more flooding and more frequent droughts occurring. The

growing population, together with the recent droughts has left our country short in water supply.

According to a Filipino inventor named Dean Mateo, the Philippines experiences 600 billion tons

of rain per year.

According to Ibale, the area of Cebu province is more vulnerable to floods because of the

dense population and growing barangays. As stated by Sanchez Jr., the construction of business

establishments in dense areas is also part of the flooding problem in Cebu. As stated in an

interview by The Freeman, there is a need of a better drainage system to counter the flooding.

Water sanitation is a must, especially that global warming is a continuing problem in the

Philippines which causes water crisis. According to Water.org, from the total population of the

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Philippines, 9 million out of 100 million Filipinos depend on unsafe and unchecked water. Far-

flung communities would often rely on only one source of water supply. 75 percent of the

surveyed Filipinos showed interest in having easy access to clean and safe water supply as those

people would spend significant time and energy collecting water.

According to the History of Rainwater Harvesting, to combat the issue of water scarcity,

rainwater harvesting became art and science during the Greco-Roman era. Effective rainwater

harvesting designs became a solution to water scarcity problems during the Indus-Valley

civilization. However, the technology in rainwater harvesting is rooted in the social fabric of

India.

The researchers being aspiring engineers in multi-disciplinary fields such as, mechanical,

electrical, civil and systematics, with the experience and the know-how of the basics of

plumbing, the advocate of this study aims to provide a concrete solution to the aforementioned

concerns in the society. Through rainwater harvesting design, it is on the proposition to provide a

practical solution to the problem.

3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The main objective of this study was to create a water management design that gathers

rainwater and recycles it for household usage.

Specifically, the study intended to answer the following subsidiary problems:

1. What are the materials required to produce the water management system in terms of:

1.1. Types of Materials

1.2. Costing of Materials

1.3. Quantity of materials

2. What structural design and procedure will be used to produce the water management system?

3. How functional is the water management system in terms of:

3.1. Percent Recovery of Water

3.2. Rate of the Filtration System;

3.3. Rate of the Water Pumped (Filtration system);

3.4. Rate of the Purification System;

3.5. Rate of the Water Pumped (Purification system); and

3.6. Time Efficiency

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4. How purified is the produced water after filtering in the following:

4.1. PH Level;

4.2. Turbidity; and

4.3. Microorganisms presence

5. How purified is the produced water after reverse osmosis in the following:

5.1. PH Level;

5.2. Turbidity; and

5.3. Microorganisms presence

6. What is the perception and recommendation of the experts based on the output of the study?

Hypothesis

Ha: The proposed Project R.A.I.N. is an effective innovative network of water supply and

filtration/purifying system.

5

Scope and Limitations

The study is an applied research design which aimed to gather and accumulate rainwater

and purify it to be drinkable. It will also be an aid for bathing, laundry, washing of dishes and

watering of plants. The structural design of the project was limited to a Prototype. The main

function of testing covered the capacity as to water volume, measure of time for efficiency and

the output of the purified water was tested to PH Level, Lead Content and Microorganisms

presence. We also invited an expert to use the prototype and give perceptions and

recommendations on how to improve the study. The research study was conducted from June

2018 to September 2018.

Significance of the Study

Rainwater and water management system are important elements of efficient rainwater

conservation which will be a solution to minimize global warming. Focusing on these two

variables, this study is beneficial to the following:

Individual Households– They are the primary beneficiaries of the study. It can help

them accumulate the rainwater for conservation with efficient water supply.

Urban Community – This study can give them an insight of an efficient water

conservation and awareness in reducing the risk of flood in the community.

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Government- This study can give them a better concept in building infrastructures in

their future developments.

Business Corporations- This study can benefit various business firms for the

commercial buildings they will build, utilizing the rainwater for an efficient rainwater supply for

them to save expenses on water usage.

Researchers – This study can aid us on a better and wide perspective of efficiency on

water conservation.

Future researchers – They can cite and use this study as one of their references of

information in rainwater accumulation system for water supply.

7

Conceptual Framework

Data Input

Structural Design

Resources

refilter ; expel excess water

drinking water and household usage

filter

purify rainwater by reverse osmosis

utilize for household water

supply

pipes, reverse osmosis machine, and tank.

Data Output

A rain water utilization concept for construction firms and individual

households

reutilize for household water irrigation usages

Resources

Inorganic and raw materials needed for the design project

Process

Water treatment to water storage

Utilization

For drinking and household water usages

Rain Water

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The researchers have undergone three stages in creating the PROJECT R.A.I.N. The first

stage of the project focused on the type of materials that is needed to make the water

management design. After, the next stage was on how the project worked and the various phases

the gathered rainwater undergone such as reverse osmosis; re-filter for other uses and expulsion

of excess water. Lastly, was the utilization and turning of rainwater into usable product. It was

tested to use the water specifically for drinking, then to household usage such as bathing,

laundry, washing dishes then to watering of plants. The final output was a water management

design which was a rainwater accumulation as an innovative network for water supply which

was helpful for construction firms and individual households.

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Definition of Terms

To fully understand the terms used in this study, they are defined operationally:

Costing of Materials – This refers to the price of each material being bought for the said

prototype and the total money spent for the whole project.

Household Usage – This refers to the use of the purified water for household purposes.

Innovative Network for Water Supply – This refers to the unique design of a water supply

system and water purifier.

Materials – This refers to the equipment being used in making the prototype.

Microorganisms’ presence – This refers to the amount of microorganisms left after the process

of reverse osmosis.

PH level – This refers to the amount of acidity or alkalinity of the water after the process of

filtration and purification.

Quantity of Materials – This refers to number of materials needed for the prototype.

Rainwater Accumulation – This refers to the process of taking rainwater and storing it for an

innovative network for water supply.

Reverse Osmosis – This refers to the process of purifying the accumulated rainwater and the

water that has been used in the household.

Structural Design – This refers to the design of the prototype and the layout of all the materials

being used for the innovative network for water supply.

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Time Efficiency – This refers to the efficiency of the whole process from the start of the pouring

of water until it reaches the faucets or the outputs for the filtered/purified water.

Turbidity – This refers to the clearness of the water left after the process of filtration and

purification.

Type of Materials – This refers to the different categories of materials being used for the

prototype.

Water Management System – This refers to the water system that accumulates rainwater and

used household water that is being purified and the innovative network for water supply in a

household.

Water Volume – This refers to the amount of water that has been produced after reverse

osmosis by the innovative network for water supply.

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Review of Related Literature

Flooding.

According to the World Bank Group, typhoons and floods are the disasters in the

Philippines that made the country rank third among the other countries. It devastated the most,

accounting for 80 percent of all deaths, 90 percent of the total number of affected people, and 92

percent of the total economic impact.

According to Atienza, people are still into the verge of confronting the flood as a major

problem, even in developing countries. Unknown to most of us, flood can happen anytime even

if you’re not living in a prevalent flood area and it is better to clarify that even in USA, they are

experiencing fatal flooding over the years. One most concrete example is the Great Mississippi

Flood. In particular, one of the crucial issue they face is how to evacuate people in the shortest

time possible. Even half of your walking hours can never be enough to prepare since it can occur

within six hours.

Deficient water installations can also cause small-scale flooding from just a simple leak

from a water pipe, it can turn a pond into sea. In fact, climate change experts said that flooding

can come more frequently now that weather system are becoming more capricious. Our common

knowledge that climate change is creating a motion towards the rise of sea level. A study says

that New York can be permanently flooded in 2050 even with or without rainfall. Preeminently,

wherever people are, they are not safe from flooding.

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Global Warming.

Global warming is evident and it has already affected different aspects on every country

in this world. Problems ranging from the economic status of the country because of the damage

and destruction each untimely typhoon brings upon, to the individual citizen of the world

because of the health concerns global warming has raised such as heat strokes and other

temperature related illnesses, is becoming more prevalent as time progresses. According to the

Union of Concerned Scientists, global warming has increased the risk of heat related illnesses

because of the rising temperature together with relatively high humidity. It is also the most

common health problem related with global warming because human activities directly

influences the increasing temperature in our environment.

However, with the prevalence of global warming, heat strokes and heat waves are not the

only health concern raised. Global warming implies as well the warming of oceans, which

increases the risk of cholera and harmful pathogens on the seafood that we usually eat and on

some countries on a day-to-day basis would increase in number because of the warmer

conditions. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, applying safety measures to

counteract with these risks, the vector-borne diseases, is proving to be more difficult because of

the inability of public health systems to accommodate the concern raised.

According to NASA, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which

consists of more than 1,300 scientists, have stated that the increase in temperature, caused by

carbon dioxide-producing human activities, will continue to increase over the decades to come.

The global temperature will increase by 10 degrees Fahrenheit as well, over the course of a

hundred years according to an estimation by the scientists by IPCC.

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Ph level.

As stated by Bates, a logarithmic scale used to identify the acidity or basicity of an

aqueous solution is known as pH. A liquid’s pH level is the basis of whether it is acidic or basic.

According to Lim, acidic solutions have a pH less than 7 while basic solutions have a pH greater

than 7. At pH 7, pure water is considered to be neutral being neither an acid nor a base.

In water treatment, measurements of pH is important. As stated by Brand, it is a vital part

of any wastewater treatment system because adjustments in pH through adding acidic or basic

chemicals allows dissolved waste to be separated from water during the treatment process. This

way, wastewater can possibly be a safe and clean potable water. According to Runge, water

produced by reverse osmosis has a pH level between 5.00 and 6.00. Meaning, water coming

from reverse osmosis is acidic. Users of reverse osmosis were surprised and a little alarmed

knowing that what they know to be very clean water turns out to be acidic.

Turbidity.

As stated by Lenntech, turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its

transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. The more total suspended solids in

the water, the murkier it seems and the higher the turbidity. Turbidity is considered as a good

measure of the quality of water. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, there

has been standards set on the allowable turbidity in drinking water. Filtration methods turbidity

used in US systems should not surpass 1.0 NTU or nephelometric turbidity units at the plant

outlet. Samples should not be greater than to 0.3 NTU. Systems that apply filtration other than

direct filtration should abide state limits and must include turbidity of lesser than 5 NTU.

Drinking water facilities still seeks to accomplish levels as low as 0.1 NTU. . As stated by the

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World Health Organization, the turbidity of drinking water should not be more than 5 NTU, and

should ideally be below 1 NTU. As explained by Raso, It is very important to measure the

turbidity of domestic water supplies, as these supplies often undergo some type of water

treatment which can be affected by turbidity. High turbidity will also fill tanks and pipes with

mud and silt, and can damage valves and taps.

Microorganism’s presence.

Water is known to be one of the foundations for life, for water can support the growth of

many types of organism including microorganisms. However, there are many unwanted bacteria

such as pathogene that could possibly develop in a short span of time in a water especially when

the water had gone through many environments that could lead to waterborne diseases. For

example, the presence of disease-causing microbes in water is life-threatening and may put many

people at risk without being aware of it. Microorganisms have different approaches in

contaminating the water, either from development or from carriers. A concrete example is the

incident caused by the municipal water supply of Walkerton, Ontario, Canada that killed seven

people due to a microorganism known as O157:H7 developed from an intestine of an animal.

According to Craun, the past infectious diseases were frequent due to drinking

contaminated water. But with proper development of filtration and water treatment, the

prevalence of infectious diseases has been greatly reduced. But geographically, climatic and

culturally speaking, there are still a lot of occurrences and incidents when one cannot avoid the

risk of getting waterborne diseases either through direct or through its surroundings.

As stated by Donlan, open water channels are most likely to get higher risk of

microorganism contamination along with the water system. Among several human diseases,

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microorganism is most likely to be associated as is to why they are getting diseases. Due to

consuming contaminated water, the host immune system is slowly degrading allowing some

diseases to develop.

According to Ashbolt, even a well-operated drinking-water treatment system, there is

growing concern that aging drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) as water travels from

pipe to pipe. The piping itself are vulnerable to higher rates of main breaks or repairs and related

pressure losses that may lead to pathogen intrusion scenarios with the water unknowingly still

being distributed along with the pathogene, raising the risk of acquiring waterborne diseases.

As stated by Jung, there are lot of sources that can cause microorganism contamination in

the water- either by nature related to human, such as sewages, domesticated animals with their

manures, or wildlife that leaves behind contaminated germs that could possibly outflow in water

causing it to be contaminated.

Rainwater Harvesting System.

Rainwater Harvesting is the practice of collecting rainwater run-off from a roof and then

storing it for use. It is environmental friendly as harvested rainwater may be used for irrigation,

laundry, flushing, washing of dishes and with additional treatment may be utilized as drinking

water as well. According to Morey, rainwater harvesting is a way to utilize the rainwater

gathered from the roof that is stored above the ground or underground. This is the only way to

solve the depleting groundwater resources and not just answers the demand of supply but also

enhances the quality and quantity of water. Pumping water is quicker than it can renew itself,

leading to a dangerous shortage in the groundwater supply.

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As stated by Kerr, the rainwater system design is a network that has eleven drains with

one located on the roof which attached to a series of pipes that eventually take two 5000 gallon

storage tanks. The design shows that it can produce up to 26% of CATMAC’s water needs.

According to Cain, rainwater harvesting system in the northern part of India is proven

successful. 13 villages in the Rajasthan region were the beneficiaries of the Barefoot College in

building a community-scale systems. Barefoot College dedicated to support the lowest class of

the society through applied research and educated village women as engineers to make and

design systems. They have also provided drinking water to rural schools and villages using a

rainwater system that has been used for hundreds of years in India’s desert. 15 states for 32

million people benefit from the collected rainwater from rooftops and stored in a low-cost tanks.

According to Conservation Technology, an average of 70 gallons per person is used per

day in America to supply water in sinks, toilets, showers, and other water-using appliances.

Water usage can be reduced to less than 50 gallons per person per day by appliances and

replacing fixtures with repairing leaks and modern water-efficient versions. Rainwater harvesting

systems used to provide a meaningful percentage of household water demand compared to the

demand for pattern of rainwater and its availability.

Reverse Osmosis.

A method of purifying contaminated water, even saline, to produce drinkable and safe

water has come to exist. Reverse osmosis is a system that purifies water by removing large

quantities of impurities such as salt, and other microorganisms present. The process stands out

with its simple way of purification, which is by pushing water through a semi-permeable

membrane. The water system of reverse osmosis is effective in purifying water; the product

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water would have 95-99% of contaminants eliminated. According to Puretec Industrial Water, to

purify saline water by removing salt, the reverse osmosis system would utilize a high-pressure

pump.

Concerns about the water produced by reverse osmosis system and even concerns about

the system itself are present which are the water being unhealthy to drink, and the system being

too expensive and utilization of the system for the mass population would be costly. However,

according to Crystal Water Systems, water produced by the reverse osmosis system is healthy to

drink because although it may remove the inorganic materials present in the water, it does not

remove the beneficial minerals present on the water. As of the system itself it is not complicated,

the concept of reverse osmosis is a simple film based filter utilizing a polyamide membrane.

On large scales, most notably on water station businesses, utilization of a 16-stage

reverse osmosis is in place. However, the utilization of a single stage reverse osmosis presents no

significant difference on the sanitation of water. According to Mustaqimah, one stage reverse

osmosis does not differ on how the quality of the permeate water, however the higher stages of

reverse osmosis produces more fresh water because of the quantity of vessels present in

purifying the water.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research is an applied/engineering project employing the methods of creation and

testing of output. The proposed output is based on the common problem of the community.

Gathered through an informal interview of randomly selected community settlers. The proposed

project was based on a plumbing-mechanical design/program and automated system. Materials

were based on the design with reference to plumbing designing manual. The functionality of

Project R.A.I.N. was tested based on indicators of: Capacity, Efficiency of the designed water

network and the PH level; Lead Content of the recycled water and presence of Microorganism.

The study also used the qualitative (interview) approach in asking the perception of the

functionality and also a quantitative approach for the rating of the expert/s through testing and

validating the designed proposed for Project R.A.I.N.

Research Environment

The realization of this research was conducted in various locations mainly: Barangay

Poblacion, Researcher’s Residence, Chemrock Laboratories and Lapu-Lapu City’s hardware’s.

The barangay Poblacion was the chosen community for the needs-based project.

Problems in the vicinity is identified and one of the common problem was the basis for the

proposed output.

The researcher’s residence was the site for the making and production of the project. It

was more convenient to be in one of the researcher’s house for the availability and flexibility of

the venue, presuming that there will be more resources that can be used immediately due to the

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owner’s occupation as a machine mechanic. Also, there was a trusted plumber that has been in

household service for 10 years to be asked and referred to.

The Chemrock Laboratories located at Suba Masulog, Basak, Lapu-Lapu City was the

site for water testing to examine the purification of the produced water.

All materials was bought in various hardware’s of Cebu depending on its availability and

price, although some materials were recycled from the houses of the researchers.

A) Barangay Poblacion

C) Chemrock Laboratories

D) Hardware’s in Lapu-Lapu City

Research Participants

An expert in the field of engineering tested and validated the functionality of the project

which was a mechanical engineer and the other one is a master plumber who helped in the

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construction of the materials. The criteria for choosing the experts were based on the following:

a) has graduated mechanical engineering or master plumbing and b) has license.

Research Instruments

For the testing of the product based on its efficiency: measure of time and volume, a

performance checklist was used in a series of schedules (10 testing) done by the expert, as well

as the water testing of the produced water of the project based on the: lead content, ph level and

microorganisms presence, using data gathered from several tests done throughout different

schedules.

Research Procedures

Gathering of Data

1. A needs-based profile was accomplished asking the community of their common problems.

2. The researcher designed a Project to solve the common problem of the community.

3. The design was specified as to its materials and procedures.

4. The researcher worked on the production of the project.

5. The project was tested based on the following: for efficiency-measure of time and water

volume or capacity and for the purification of water: lead content, ph level, microorganisms’

presence.

6. An expert (Mechanical Engineer) was purposively selected to test the project and a

satisfaction rating scale was used.

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Statistical Tool

Performance/functionality profile was also used for the test results of the prototype based on the

indicators of functions: Water volume, measure of time and how purified is the water in terms of

PH level, lead content, and microorganism’s presence.

Weighted Mean was used to present the ratings of the respondents on the functionality of

the prototype.

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MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS

1.1. Types of Materials

The researcher used the following materials:

Vinyl Tile

PVC Hose Pipes

Acrylic Glass

Wood Glue

Corrugated Galvanized Steel

Spray Paint

Carbon Activated Water Filter

Polypropylene Filter Cartridge

Multi-functional Immersible Pump

Tupperware Container

Silicone Glue

Ceramic Filter Cartridge

Plywood

The researcher obtained the materials needed from Handyman and Savers Depot in

Basak, Lapu-Lapu City, from Mactan Home Builders in Pusok, Lapu-Lapu City, and recycled

materials were obtained and used for the project from the house of the researcher, located at

Pajac, Lapu-Lapu City.

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Vinyl Tile

Vinyl tile is a durable, low-maintenance and affordable tile installed for great-

looking and realistic flooring of the house (prototype).

PVC Hose Pipes

PVC hose pipe is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids (rainwater and

filtered water) from one location to another.

Acrylic Glass

Acrylic glass is a transparent thermoplastic used for flooring in second floor to

show a clearer placement of miniatures and flow of the PVC hose pipes below the surface.

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Wood Glue

Wood glue is an adhesive used for bonding pieces of wood tightly together to

be placed in walls of the house (prototype).

Corrugated Galvanized Steel

Corrugated galvanised iron or steel is a building material composed of sheets

of hot-dip galvanised mild steel, cold-rolled used for main roofing and gutter of the house

(prototype).

Spray Paint

Spray paint is an all-purpose, quick drying, and high gloss acrylic paint used

for coloring the corrugated galvanized steel (roof).

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Carbon Activated Water Filter

Carbon Activated Water Filter removes contaminants and impurities with the use of

chemical absorption.


The Polypropylene Filter Cartridge is made with 100% polypropylene media providing a

wide range of chemical compatibility. This includes 3 to 4 layers of membrane that enables a

graded filtration pore sizes and increases the dirt holding capacity.

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Multi-functional Immersible Pump

The Multi-functional Immersible Pump is a closed loop cooling system that circulates

fluid around the motor housing and exchanges heat through a finned plate at the bottom of the

motor housing.


The Tupperware Container is where the Multi-functional Immersible Pump is placed.

Silicone Glue

Silicone Glue is an adhesive that contains silicon and oxygen atoms making it a good

water-resistant solution. It is used in many areas because it is resistant to weathering and

moisture unlike many other adhesives.

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Ceramic Filter Cartridge

Ceramic Filter Cartridge removes harmful bacteria and also reduces bad taste and odor,

sediment, and asbestos. It’s an excellent way of ensuring microscopic organisms like bacteria

and cysts don't enter into your drinking water.

Plywood

Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that

was used for foundation and walling of the prototype house.

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1.2. And 1.3. Quantity and Costing of Materials

Material Cost Quantity Total

Vinyl Tile Php23.00 17 Php391.00

PVC Hose Pipes Php10.00 12 Php120.00

Acrylic Glass (1x4ft.) Php600.00 1 Php600.00

Wood Glue - - -

Corrugated Galvanized Steel - - -

Spray Paint - - -

Carbon- Activated Water Filter and


Php330.00 1 Php330.00

Multi-Functional Immersible Pump Php330.00 2 Php660.00


(big and small)

Php160.00 and

Php 135.00

4

Php430.00

Silicone Glue - - -

Ceramic Filter Cartridge Php250.00 1 Php250.00

Plywood - - -

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METHODS

The Structural Design

Water System Schematic Diagram

Block Diagram

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Building the Rainwater Harvesting System

Project R.A.I.N constructed a model house for a realistic portrayal of the rainwater

harvesting system. The model displays miniatures as how a standard interior design of a house

looks like. For the aesthetic appeal of the prototype, the house was designed architecturally both

interior and exterior. Plywood material was utilized for the foundation of the house; inner and

outer walls. For house flooring, vinyl tile was used and placed in the first floor. Acrylic glass was

substituted as flooring in second floor for visibility of piping and miniatures of the first floor.

The core of rainwater harvesting system consists of piping materials. Cylindrical Tupperware’s

were used as tanks either for storage, filtration, and purification. The first station consists of

gutter made of galvanized steel which gathers rainwater that passes through PVC hose pipes

attached to the main tank for storage. Immersible pump was also placed inside the tank for the

water to go up through hose pipes then to the second station. The station comprises of two small

tanks. The first tank is the network of filtered water supply that is recyclable which is connected

to the miniatures of the 1st and 2nd floor including: lavatories, toilets, showers and sink by the

hose pipes, ended in each spouts that is functioning as a faucet. The second tank is the network

of drinkable water supply which hose pipes is connected to a water dispenser, ending in a faucet,

where reverse osmosis occur. The second tank will only be stored with water when the first tank

reaches the limit of water volume. Each spout is placed with funnels below and the used water

will be transported into the third station where filtration occurs. It comprises a tank with

immersible pump inside and filtering materials such as polypropylene and activated carbon. The

filtration process recycles the used water and it is further transported to a tank for recycle. The

tank will now be connected to a pipe, back to the first station. The process can be redone for

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three times with the exception of the toilet spout which directly deposits used water through an

extent pipe for outside sewage system.

Building the Purification System

Project R.A.I.N used reverse osmosis in purifying rainwater to a drinking water. Reverse

osmosis is a water purifying process that utilizes a semi-permeable membrane in which a solvent

pass through in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a hydrostatic

pressure greater than the osmotic pressure. During this process, the contaminants are filtered out

and flushed away, leaving a clean drinking water.

This study uses the 3-stage osmosis wherein the accumulated rainwater goes through a

carbon activated water filter that removes contaminants and impurities with the use of chemical

absorption, a polypropylene filter cartridge for the purpose of a greater dirt holding capacity, and

a ceramic filter cartridge to remove harmful bacteria to prevent it from entering into the drinking

water. This process also makes the water reusable for household usage.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The table below is the data acquired from the percent recovery tests that were performed

by the researcher. The water used for testing the filtration was acquired from the rainwater of the

researcher’s house.

Table 3.1 Percent Recovery of Water

No. of

test

Volume of Water

Before Filtration

Volume of Water

After Filtration

Percent

RecoveryInterpretation

1 1.2 L 1.14 L 95% Excellent

2 1.2 L 1.15 L 96% Excellent

3 1.2 L 1.10 L 92% Excellent

Average Percent Recovery 94.33% Excellent

The data shows that the percent recovery rate of the Project R.A.I.N. is excellent. This

means that the water harvesting system utilized by the project is efficient in filtering and

purifying the rainwater.

Legend for Table 3.1 Percent Recovery of Water

Percentage Interpretation

<60.00 Strongly Disagree Low Percent Recovery of Water

60.00 – 75.00 Disagree Moderate Percent Recovery of Water

33

75.01 – 90.00 Agree Good Percent Recovery of Water

>90.00 Strongly Agree Excellent Percent Recovery of Water

The rate of the filtration system which yielded an excellent interpretation was also

measured by the researcher. The data was tabulated in the table shown below.

Table 3.2 Rate of the Filtration System

Time in

seconds

Volume of Rainwater

Filtered (in Liters)Rate of Water Pumped Interpretation

20 1.2 0.035 L per second Excellent



Average Rate 0.036 L per second Excellent

Legend for Table 3.2 Rate of Filtration System

Rate (Liters/sec) Interpretation

<0.100 Strongly Disagree Low Rate

0.081 – 0.100 Disagree Moderate Rate

0.041 – 0.080 Agree Good Rate

0.000 – 0.040 Strongly Agree Excellent Rate

34

The rate of the water pump (Filtration System) which yielded an excellent interpretation

was also measured by the researcher. The data was tabulated in the table shown below.

Table 3.3 Rate of the Water Pumped (Filtration System)

Time in

seconds

Volume of Water Pumped

(in Liters)Rate of Water Pumped Interpretation





The water pump as shown in the data presented above has an average pumping rate of

0.085 L per second which yields an excellent interpretation. This shows that the water pump can

catch up with the filtering rate of the filtration system which is 0.036 L per second.

Legend for Table 3.3 Rate of the Water Pumped (Filtration System)






35

The rate of the purification system which yielded an excellent interpretation was also


Table 3.4 Rate of the Purification System

Time in

seconds

Volume of Rainwater Purified


20 .3 0.005 L per second Excellent




Legend for Table Rate of Purification System






36

The rate of the water pump (Filtration) which yielded an excellent interpretation was also


Table 3.5 Rate of the Water Pumped (Purification System)

Time in

seconds

Volume of Water Pumped






The water pump as shown in the data presented above has an average pumping rate of

0.025 L per second which yields an excellent interpretation. This shows that the water pump can

catch up with the filtering rate of the filtration system which is 0.005 L per second.

Legend for Table Rate of the Water Pumped (Purification System)






37

Table 3.6 Time Efficiency

TRIAL Time (Seconds) Interpretation

1 23.16 Good

2 18.28 Excellent

3 24.61 Good

4 19.14 Excellent

5 23.65 Good

6 18.92 Excellent

7 22.19 Good

8 18.35 Excellent

9 22.82 Good

10 18.78 Excellent

Average time 20.99 Good Time Efficiency

Table 3.6 presents the time efficiency of the prototype in seconds. This area is gathered

by timing the whole process, starting from the simulation of rain to the arrival of the filtered

water to the faucets and other outputs for the water. The average time is 20.99 seconds which is

interpreted as having a Good Time Efficiency. We acknowledge the test might not be consistent

because as of our testing the water level of the tank is a contributing factor in the time of the

process.

The highest duration of the whole process is 24.61 seconds, which is having an

interpretation of Good Time Efficiency. This means that the network of water supply is effective

in being time efficient. The lowest duration of the whole process is 18.28 seconds, which is

38

having an interpretation of Excellent Time Efficiency. This means that there are varied results

because the water level of the tank can affect the outcome of the time of the process, the process

can also be improved by changing the placement and some slight modifications which can be

done by the researchers to increase the time efficiency.

Legend for Table 3.6 Time Efficiency

Time (Seconds) Interpretation

<60.00 Strongly Disagree Low Time Efficiency

40.01 – 60.00 Disagree Moderate Time Efficiency

20.01 – 40.00 Agree Good Time Efficiency

00.00 – 20.00 Strongly Agree Excellent Time Efficiency

4. Filtration of Produced Water

Table 4.1 Filtering Ability (pH Level)

Parameters Method Used Rain Water Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3

pH Level 4500-H+¿¿B.Electrometric

7.25 @ 24.5o C 8.26 @ 24.3o C 7.85 @ 24.4o C 7.68 @ 24.4o C

Interpretation Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

Table 4.1 presents the pH results of the rainwater, first cycle, second cycle and third

cycle. 4500-H+¿¿B. Electrometric was the process that was used to determine the pH level of the

water before it was filtered (Rainwater) and after the filtration process with the first, second, and

third cycle. The gathered results for the pH level are Rain Water (7.25 @ 24.5o C), Cycle 1 (8.26

39

@ 24.3o C), Cycle 2 (7.85 @ 24.4o C), and Cycle 3 (7.68 @ 24.4o C). The results that were

gathered also shows that it is on par with the national standard for drinking water.

The pH level of the Rain Water, Cycle 1, Cycle 2, and Cycle 3 fits in the range given for

the standard drinking water which proves that the water gathered is not only acceptable for the

household use but it also achieved the ideal standard of the pH level for drinking water. The

water is successfully filtered for the household use.

The analysis is also supported by the World Health Organization establishing that the pH

of pure water is 7. In general, water with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic, and with a pH

greater than 7 is considered basic. The normal range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to

8.5.

Legend for Table 4.1 Filtering Ability

pH Level Interpretation

<6.5 - >8.5 Disagree Unacceptable

6.5-8.5 Agree Acceptable

Table 4.2 Filtering Ability (Turbidity)

Parameters Method Used Rain Water Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3

Turbidity, NTU Nephelometric 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.9

Interpretation Acceptable AcceptableAcceptabl

eAcceptable

40

Table 4.2 shows the turbidity of the rain water and the filtered water (Cycle 1, Cycle 2,

and Cycle 3). Nephelometric was the method used to determine the turbidity of the rain water

and the filtered water (Cycle 1, Cycle 2, and Cycle 3) which is 1.5, 1.3, 1.7, and 1.9 NTU

(Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). It is also on par with the national standard NTU for drinking

water which is not greater than 5 NTU.

The turbidity or NTU results have passed the standard NTU for drinking water which

also means that it is acceptable for household usage. The water gathered is applicable for

household usage and for drinking water, which also means that it would be capable for a normal

day to day usage of water.

The water of household are normally below 5 which means that the results are on par and

totally acceptable for household usage. As stated by the World Health Organization, the turbidity

of drinking water should not be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU. Since the

water is not for drinking purposes it is still acceptable even if it is not near the most ideal 0.1

NTU.

Legend for Table 4.2 Filtering Ability (Turbidity)

Turbidity Interpretation

>5 Disagree Unacceptable

<5 Agree Acceptable

41

Table 4.3 Filtering Ability (Microorganisms presence)

Bacteria Analyzed Method Used Analysis Result CFU / 100 ml Interpretation

Total Coliforms 922 B. Membrane Filter Procedure >10 CFU / 100ml Average

E. Coli 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure >10 CFU / 100ml Average

Fecal Coliform 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure >10 CFU / 100ml Average

Table 4.3.1 Rainwater Filtering Ability (Microorganism’s Presence)

Bacteria

AnalyzedMethod Used Analysis Result CFU / 100 ml Interpretation


E. Coli 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure >10 CFU / 100ml Average

Fecal Coliform 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure >10 CFU / 100ml Average

Table 4.3.2 Cycle 1 Filtering Ability (Microorganism’s Presence)



E. Coli 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure 8 CFU / 100ml Average

Fecal Coliform 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure 8 CFU / 100ml Average


42



E. Coli 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure 6 CFU / 100ml Average

Fecal Coliform 922 D. Membrane Filter Procedure 6 CFU / 100ml Average


Table 4.3 shows the microorganism’s presence result of the filtration. Membrane Filter

Procedure was used to determine the microorganism’s presence of the water gathered after

filtration is at >10 CFU / 100ml for rainwater, cycle 1, cycle 2, and cycle 3. It shows that the

result is far from the national standard for drinking water but is totally acceptable because it

yields an average interpretation. For household usage it is totally acceptable because it has an

acceptable value because it is below the national average for microorganism’s presence. When

gathering the sample external factors can occur that would affect the result, but the result is well

within the threshold of an acceptable household water supply.

The microorganism’s presence does not fit within the range of the national standard for

drinking water but it is justified because the result may have been affected by external factors

that would affect with the results for the samples. The water is still successful to be utilized in a

household setting.

The result is also supported by the water testing facility. According to Layco, the samples

may have been contaminated because you may not have taken the necessary precautions when

taking all the samples but it would still be acceptable in being used for household purposes.

43

Legend for Table 4.3 Filtering Ability (Microorganism’s Presence)

Microorganism’s Presence (CFU / 100ml) Interpretation

<100 Strongly Disagree Poor Level

05.01 – <10.00 Disagree Average Level

01.00 – 05.00 Agree Good Level

00.00 – 00.99 Strongly Agree Excellent Level

5. Purification of Produced Water

Table 5.1 Purifying Ability (pH Level)

Parameter Method Used RO (0084) Nat’l Std. for Drinking Water Interpretation

pH 4500-H+¿¿B.Electrometric

7.31 @ 24.3o C 6.5 - 8.5 Acceptable

Table 5.1 shows the pH level result of the reverse osmosis. Electrometric process was

used to determine the pH level of the water gathered after RO which is 7.31 at 24.3°. It also

shows the national standard for drinking water in a range of 6.5-8.5 pH level.

The pH level of 7.31 fits in the range given for the standard drinking water which

suggests that the water gathered after the reverse osmosis achieved the ideal standard for

drinking water. The water is then successfully purified and available for drinking.

44

The analysis is also supported by the World Health Organization establishing that the pH

of pure water is 7. In general, water with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic, and with a pH

greater than 7 is considered basic. The normal range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to

8.5.

Legend for Table 5.1 Filtering Ability (pH Level)

pH Level Interpretation

<6.5 - >8.5 Disagree Unacceptable

6.5-8.5 Agree Acceptable

Table 5.2 Purifying Ability (Turbidity)

Parameter Method Used RO (0084) Nat’l Std. for Drinking Water Interpretation

Turbidity, NTU Nephelometric 1.5 5 Acceptable

Table 5.2 shows the turbidity of the reverse osmosis. Nephelometric method was used to

determine the turbidity of water gathered after RO which is 1.5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity

Unit). It also shows the national standard NTU for drinking water in not greater 5 NTU.

The result of the test for turbidity which is 1.5 is well below the national standard for

drinking water which is why the water is acceptable in the turbidity test. The water gathered is

normal and accessible for drinking water.

45

Drinking water stations strive to achieve levels 0.1 NTU. As stated by the World Health

Organization, the turbidity of drinking water should not be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally

be below 1 NTU.

Legend for Table 5.2 Filtering Ability (Turbidity)

Turbidity Interpretation

>5 Disagree Unacceptable

<5 Agree Acceptable

Table 5.3 Purifying Ability (Microorganisms presence)

Bacteria Analyzed

Method UsedAnalysis Result

CFU/100 mlNat’l Std. for

Drinking WaterInterpretation

Total Coliforms 9222 B. Membrane Filter Procedure

2 CFU/100 ml <1 CFU/100 mlGood

E. Coli 9222 D. Membrane Filter Procedure


Fecal Coliform 9222 D. Membrane Filter Procedure


The table 5.3 shows the microorganism’s presence of the water after reverse osmosis.

9222 B. membrane filter procedure was used to determine the colony-forming units (CFU) per

ml of the total Coliforms while 9222 D. membrane filter procedure was also applied in order to

measure the CFU/ml of the bacteria E. Coli and Fecal Coliforms. The analysis shows the result

46

of 2 CFU/100 ml to all bacteria analyzed. The table also shows the National Standard for

drinking water and it must be lesser than 1 CFU/100 ml.

The results, having 2 CFU/100 ml to each bacteria present, suggests that the water did not

pass the set standard for drinking water. Hence, the water gathered after reverse osmosis is

contaminated with lesser value of bacteria and risky to drink but it was also discovered that in

the process of gathering the water there was a great probability of the water being contaminated

from external factors because the environment was not the ideal setting when gathering the

water.

According to Gwimbi, hygiene conditions and practices that seemed to potentially

contribute increased total coliform and Escherichia coli counts included non-protection of water

sources from livestock feces, laundry practices, and water sources being down slope of pit

latrines in some cases. Thus, the water gathered is not protected with external factors that might

affect its microbial content.

Legend for Table 5.3 Filtering Ability (Microorganism’s Presence)

Microorganism’s Presence (CFU / 100ml) Interpretation

<100 Strongly Disagree Poor Level

05.01 – <10.00 Disagree Average Level

01.00 – 05.00 Agree Good Level

00.00 – 00.99 Strongly Agree Excellent Level

47

6. Expert’s perception and recommendation

The prototype was thoroughly examined and evaluated by the researcher’s supervisor

which is an expert Engineer, which after doing a quick run of the whole system, proceeded in

evaluating the project and rated it according to the performance checklist provided.

In result of the evaluation, it was asserted that as a prototype, there are a lot of factors that

should be considered in making and finalizing the whole prototype. Also, there are cases that the

prototype would not be entirely identical to the ideal and realistic water system due to the

prototype’s limitations according to its size. One would be the exact amount pressure exerted by

the pump, where an immersible pump was used for regulating the water which was barely

enough for the water to be filtrated. Even though the pump was criticized, it was concluded that

it would suffice the needed requirements in making the filtration process. The only downside is

the speed, which is not fast enough and is far from the real speed of a life-sized network of water

system. The expert Engineer was satisfied with the design of the water system, especially on the

piping’s placement and how the fluid dynamics was put into use. A few vital recommendations

was the pipes should not be folded and to make sure that leaks would not be present because it

48

might hinder the flow and momentum of the water, therefore disrupting the network of water

supply efficiency.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The functionality of Project R.A.I.N., based on the research, used the pipes and

pumps to simulate an innovative network for water supply, after the final prototype data was

gathered and tested through different functionality and water tests.

The operation of the set-up is based on accurate and precise tests done by a

reliable water testing facility to be more accurate on the final results that are needed for the full

research. All the necessary precautions and provisions were done to be fully accurate with all the

tests and the final results.

With the final results gathered, it can be concluded that the assumption that

Project R.A.I.N. is an effective innovative network of water supply and a filtration/purifying

system is true. As the data shows, the research is proven correct with all the results gathered.

Recommendations

49

1. It is recommended that future researchers must use the same or a similar materials for the

piping to be further accurate in determining the effectiveness for the research.

2. It is also recommended that future researchers should try a more life-sized project so it

can be a realistic innovative network of water supply.

3. It is also recommended that more than 3 cycles should be tested to be more accurate in

what is the maximum or capability of the network for water supply in producing filtered

or purified water.

4. It is also recommended to make more engineers provide their insights with the project so

that researchers could have a clear consensus on what are the necessary changes to be

made and not only based on one engineer.

5. Lastly, it is also recommended that when handling with the samples for water testing,

more precautionary measures must be taken because the result can be affected greatly.

50

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of doing this research will not be made possible without the hard work and

collaboration done by the researchers. The researchers would also like to extend their deepest

gratitude to the following people who have contributed in the accomplishment of the study. They

are the people who gave so much of their effort and time for the completion of this endeavor.

To Mr. Bryant Acar, for guiding them in making the study from the start until the end.

The study will not be successful without the continuous support and encouragement from their

adviser.

To Mr. Joseph Valiente for participating in the testing of prototype, and for assessing and

giving of recommendations for further improvements. The researchers would not have achieved

the best prototype that they can build without his guidance.

To the researcher’s parents who supported and understood them all throughout the

journey. The support and care given was a big help for the researchers despite the difficulties the

researchers faced.

51

To the Celiz Family and Sitoy Family for allowing the researchers in their house every

time they would conduct their study. The researchers would not be able to complete their study

without their patience and utmost consideration.

Lastly, the researchers would like to thank God for giving them the strength,

enlightenment, unending guidance, and for the continuous prompting in times of challenges and

failures faced.

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55

APPENDICES

Documentation

The initial façade and output of the prototype house.

56

The final output of the prototype house with complete piping and miniatures.

The external side view of the prototype house, showing the gutter with piping to the main tanks of the system.

Research Budget

FIRST TRANCHEActivities Resources/Materials Quantity Price CostMaterials needed for the miniatures

1. Folder2. Popsicle Stick3. Chipboard4. Glue5. Illustration board6. Writing notebook

111111

Php 6Php 41Php 14Php 15Php 28Php 15

Php 6Php 41Php 14Php 15Php 28Php 15

Materials needed for the house prototype

1. Vinyl2. 1x4” Acrylic Glass (clear)

171

Php 23Php 600

Php 391Php 600

Materials needed for the water purification and filtration process

1. Ceramic Filter Cartridge2. Filter Cartridge3. Small Tupperware4. Big Tupperware5. PVC Hose Pipes6. Immersible pump7. Sandpaper

11221222

Php 250Php 330Php 135Php 160Php 10Php 330Php 20

Php 250Php 330Php 270Php 320Php 120Php 660Php 40

TOTAL FIRST TRANCHEPhp 3100

57

SECOND TRANCHETesting of Water Samples 1. Microbiological

Organisms2. pH level3. Turbidity

5

55

Php 650

Php 100Php 200

Php 3250Php 500Php 1000

TOTAL SECOND TRANCHE Php 4750

OVERALL TOTAL Php 7850

stecshs12.files.wordpress.com · web viewclimate change is a prevalent problem around the globe....

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