THEME 4: GUARANTEE OF THE SAFETY OF LIFE ACTIVITY

Harmful habits and the danger of vital functions of a man related to these habits

What is a bad habits?

A bad habit is a negative behaviour pattern.

These habits produce the most harmful addiction, alcoholism, drug abuse and smoking.

Bad habits is a number of habits that are harmful to the human body. They prevent people develop mentally disorders as well as physically.

The systematic use of:

alcohol - develops a dangerous illness - alcoholism; prolonged smoking - lung cancer and gum disease; even in the short-term use of drugs - the destruction of the brain, and therefore - PERSONALITY.

DEFINITION AND VARIETY of bad habits

Lifestyle - is a system of views, which is formed in a human lifetime under the influence of various factors on the health issue. Oneoh the such factor is training and education.

Healthy lifestyle - it is not just a set of specific rules and regulations that must be followed, and a clear position in life, aimed at preserving and strengthening health.

One of the elements is a vital position habits. Habit is a certain way of behavior, the implementation of which in a given situation is to a person's character needs.

Everyone has a certain number of habits. They may be useful and harmful indifferent. Habits are formed spontaneously or purposefully, and can develop into resistant forms of nature. Habits are formed under the influence of heredity and life conditions. Hereditarily transmitted not the habit, but only the tendency to it. Therefore, it is shown or not, depending on the living conditions. Targeted habit formation is carried out in the process of education - the assimilation of cultural elements, social values, norms and requirements of the society, losing spirituality and morality.

Family, school, media, the environment in which people live affect the education and formation of habits. This influence can be different, and sometimes lead to the formation of bad habits that are dangerous to the health of both of the individual and

society as a whole. There is an misconception that: it takes on average 66 days to break a habit.

The amount of time takes to break a habit is generally between 18 and 254 days.

This should often be repeated once or maybe twice depending on what the habit is, something small like chewing fingernail should only have to be done once. Larger habits like smoking should be repeated , but every one is different so it could be less.

Will and intention

A key factor in distinguishing a bad habit from an addiction or mental disease is the element of willpower. If a person still seems to have control over the behavior then it is just a habit.

Pernicious habits and the associated risk of human life intentions are able to override the negative effect of bad habits but their effect seems to be independent and additive — the bad habits remain but are subdued rather than cancelled.

Prevention

The best time to correct a bad habit is immediately, before it becomes established. So, bad habits are best prevented from developing in childhood.

Cure:

There are many techniques for removing bad habits once they have become established. One good one is to go for between 21 and 28 days try as hard as possible not to give in to the habit then rewarding your self at the end of it. Then try to go a week, if the habit remains repeat the process, this method is proven to have a high successes rate. . Life expectancy in the presence of bad habits

Life expectancy:

years without dangerous habits 70 years with Addiction 35 years with Alcoholism 50 years with tobacco smoking 62 years

The most common bad habits include the use of drugs, alcohol abuse and smoking.

The mechanism of the harmful effects of alcohol on the human body

Alcohol is called ethanol or ethyl alcohol.

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–O H ) is bound to a saturated carbon atom.[2] The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the predominant alcohol in alcoholic beverages.

Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group in an alcohol molecule (R3COH). The three "R's" stand for carbon substituents or hydrogen atoms.[1]

Occurrence in nature

Ethanol occurs naturally as a byproduct of the metabolic process of yeast. As such, ethanol will be present in any yeast habitat. Ethanol can commonly be found in overripe fruit.

Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria, and is commonly present in small amounts in the environment.

The first person who discovered pure alcohol (Ethanol) by distilling wine was a well known Iranian/Persian alchemist by the name of Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854 CE – 925 CE).[3]

Alcohols have been found outside the Solar System where they can be found in low densities in star and planetary-system-forming regions of space.

Alcohol refers to drugs because its use leads to addiction of the body, painful passion, addiction, development of various diseases.

Alcohol is poison total cellular action, it affects all body systems, the greatest dangers of alcohol brings the central nervous system by suppressing the activity of the brain. Food alcohol are mixtures of water, ethanol, and fillers in various proportions. Their toxicity depends on the amount of ethanol and the degree of purification.

Alcoholism -is a serious disease that is caused by the regular use of alcohol, an irresistible craving for alcohol, which is associated with mental and physical dependence on it, which leads to mental disorders and human degradation.

There is a diference between the alcoholism as a desease and drunkeness as a condition

Drunkenness - is excessive alcohol consumption by people who have not yet formed a syndrome of dependence on alcohol. Alcohol ingested, 5-10 min absorbed into the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body, disrupting the work of the functional systems.

Alcohol – is poison to any living cell. Once it’s comes inside of the body, in a quick term disrupts the tissues and organs. With a significant and frequent contact with alcohol in various body organs cells die eventually. Under the influence of alcohol violated physiological processes in the body, and this can lead to serious diseases.

First of all, it gets to the brain and disrupts the activity of the central nervous system:

• deteriorating mental faculties;

• weakens the memory; •

lost opportunity to acquire new knowledge;

• No professional growth;

• reduced emotional reactions;

• disturbed coordination of movements;

• progressive decay rate is personality.

It is danger to humans to increases the dose of taken alcohol, an objective indicator of what is content in the blood. Even when the content of alcohol in the blood of usual worker is about 0,3-0,9 ‰ likelihood ,danger grows 7 times (1 ‰ - is the blood alcohol content, which meets the 1 g of pure alcohol per 1 liter of blood). The amount of alcohol in the blood of a person weighing 75 kg is after drinking 0.5 liters of wine - 1,2 ‰, a glass of vodka or cognac (150 ml) - 1,1 ‰.

It is also important to know the time of action of alcohol on the body.

Alcohol is absorbed after 20-30 minutes after using, but with increasing doses of the highest degree , intoxication observed after 1-1.5 hours.

The first signs of intoxication occur after ingestion of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of weight, that is, 30 g of alcohol for a person weighing 60 kg.

Upon receiving the 80 g or 500 g of vodka beer alcohol acts throughout the day. If a person drank the evening, in the morning he/she can not be considered sober.

Alcohol, like any drug, has two development phases.

1. Phase 1. A few minutes after drinking a person feels warm burst of energy, excitement. This is due to the expansion of blood vessels, increasing blood flow, an additional flow of oxygen to the tissuesThis state does not last long and is replaced by the second phase.

2. Phase 2.

It is characterized by the narrowing of blood vessels, increased heart rate, increased blood arterial pressure. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, in particular the centers regulating breathing and cardiac activity. Slows human reactions, impaired coordination of movements, the facial skin becomes red, swollen.

Alcohol - is the disease, lack of confidence, poor seed, broken families, the endless troubles, reducing the life of trouble in the family, at work, quarrels, crime, prison, suicide, loss of friends, unrealized opportunities and plans.

Beer alcoholism Most people do not consider beer full of alcoholic beverages and the dangers that can not see. Is involved in the consumption of beer begins in adolescence. Among young people drinking beer took on a mass character. Medical workers have announced a new scourge - beer alcoholism, which in terms of growth surpassed even addiction. After two beers the amount of alcohol in the blood of a person weighing 75 kg is 0,9‰. This is a heavy version of the alcohol, which is difficult to treat.

The mechanism of the harmful effects of drugs on the human body.

For the first time people tried to imagine the narcotic properties of many substances purely by chance: inhaling smoke from burnt substances using food fermentation products, spices and vegetable drinks (wine, mead, poppy, coffee, tea, etc.). The gradual consumption of alcohol, opium and other drugs becomes cause an addiction.

Drugs - substances the use of which leads to addiction, the oppression of the mental state and physical health. Any drug is a poison. To get addicted easily get rid of it very difficult.

Drug addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication with natural or synthetic narcotic substance, which is characterized by a craving for the substance, as well as psychic and physical dependence on the effects of this substance. The main reason for this is the thrust of euphoria.

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of substance-related disorder. Widely differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts.

The difference between drug and substance abuse is an object of consumption. Drug addiction causes substance, officially, in accordance with the law as set forth in narcotic and controlled as such. Abuse of the other substances not covered by Narcotic and not taken as such under control, but addictive and addiction should be regarded as substance abuse.

The first dose of the drug makes the next dose is almost inevitable, especially if it happens in the group. The danger of the first dose is a false representation of man that in him supposedly nothing has changed and he can stop at any time.

Drugs most often associated with this term include: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, methaqualone, opioids and substituted amphetamines.

In some cases criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well.[2] In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction

Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment.

Correlations between drugs usage. Correlations between usage of 18 legal and illegal drugs: alcohol, amphetamines, amyl nitrite, benzodiazepine, cannabis, chocolate, cocaine, caffeine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, ketamine, legal highs, LSD, methadone, magic mushrooms (MMushrooms), nicotine and volatile substance abuse (VSA). Links indicate correlations with absolute values of Pearson correlation coefficient r above 0.4. Medium, strong, and very strong correlations are indicated by the colour of link

Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (binding to the samebiological target), a related mode of action, and that are used to treat the same disease.[6][verification needed][7] The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorptionproperties.[8]

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness.[9] They include alcohol adepressant, and the stimulants nicotine and caffeine. These three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide[10] and are also considered as recreational drugs since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.[11] Other recreational drugs include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of these are also used in spiritual or religious settings. Some drugs can cause addiction [12] and all drugs can have side effects.[13] Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational drugs are illicit and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition.

History DSM

The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (published in 1952) grouped alcohol and drug abuse under Sociopathic Personality Disturbances, which were thought to be symptoms of deeper psychological disorders or moral weakness.[57]

The third edition, published in 1980, was the first to recognize substance abuse (including drug abuse) and substance dependence as conditions separate from substance abuse alone, bringing in social and cultural factors. The definition of dependence emphasised tolerance to drugs, and withdrawal from them as key components to diagnosis, whereas abuse was defined as "problematic use with social or occupational impairment" but without withdrawal or tolerance.

In 1987, the DSM-IIIR category "psychoactive substance abuse," which includes former concepts of drug abuse is defined as "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by...continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use (or by) recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous." It is a residual category, with dependence taking precedence when applicable. It was the first definition to give equal weight to behavioural and physiological factors in diagnosis.

By 1988, the DSM-IV defines substance dependence as "a syndrome involving compulsive use, with or without tolerance and withdrawal"; whereas substance abuse is "problematic use without compulsive use, significant tolerance, or withdrawal." Substance abuse can be harmful to your health and may even be deadly in certain scenarios

By 1994, The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-IV-TR, defines substance dependence as "when an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed." followed by criteria for the diagnose[6]

DSM-IV-TR defines substance abuse as:[58]

A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work

performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household)

2. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)

3. Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct)

4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights)

B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance.

The fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5), planned for release in 2013, is likely to have this terminology revisited yet again. Under consideration is a transition from the abuse/dependence terminology. At the moment, abuse is seen as an early form or less hazardous form of the disease characterized with the dependence criteria. However, the APA's 'dependence' term, as noted above, does not mean that physiologic dependence is present but rather means that a disease state is present, one that most would likely refer to as an addicted state. Many involved recognize that the terminology has often led to confusion, both within the medical community and with the general public. The American Psychiatric Association requests input as to how the terminology of this illness should be altered as it moves forward with DSM-5 discussion

Treatment

The first sign of addiction is the need to increase the dose at first twice, three times, and then in the tens and hundreds of times. The action of any drug has three phases: euphoria, dependence, withdrawal symptoms. Regular use of the drug leads to the development of psychic and physiological dependence.

Types of adiction :

Psychic dependence: unconscious, the perceived need for the use of drugs to relieve mental stress and achieve mental comfort.

Physiology depependense : the human body can not live without drugs, because they penetrate deeply into the metabolism. As a reaction to the abolition of the drug withdrawal syndrome develops.

Abstinence syndrome - a painful condition of the person caused by an acute need for a new dose of the drug. It occurs after a few (10-14) hours after the last dose. Addicts call it a state of "fragile" because man does break, it’s all hurts, reduces spasms of the stomach, bones and joints, as it were broken into pieces and burst. anxiety and weakness can comes, trembling body, a man pours then, constantly yawning, crying. Then comes the failure in the mind, man falls into a half-sleep. Upon return of consciousness start a new terrible meal: from the nose and eyes endless stream pouring liquid rampant diarrhea begins, the person becomes cold and covered with "goose bumps." Infinitely sore stomach, breaks out the joints, begins vomiting blood, the whole body shaking, the man screams in pain, falls apart, he loses consciousness. The condition is very serious, without a new portion of the drug or a medical emergency people may die.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION HAVE THREE STAGES:

1. The first stage is a stage of succession. The first use of a drug is always accompanied by a pleasant feeling of expectation and desire to succeed. Emerging with dizziness, headache overcome in order to prove that you are strong enough to overcome the malaise.

Then man first experiences the pleasure associated with drug use, and begins to use the substance does not have to "overcome the weakness," to keep up with friends, and for the sake of appearing with the effect of so-called "high".

First, such a need more unstable, but then it finally formed as a passion.

2. The second stage - the strengthening of passion - psychic dependence - already the first degree drug addiction.

A desire to repeat the intoxication, see the "cartoons", to feel a sense of joy and happiness, to be able to "high", "to go into slumber." In this case the person left in this world has any interests other than drugs, but sometimes he can forget about them.

3.The third stage - a physical dependence - second degree of addiction. The man begins to feel a constant craving for drugs. His communication with others is largely reduced either to the extraction of the drug, either intentionally or unintentionally retraction of others in its use.

Cognitive abilities are an addict to find information on new, more effective drugs, their methods of preparation and introduction into the body.

At this stage, occuring physiological changes. The use of drugs is carried out only in order to get through the day. The brain can not independently adjust the neurochemical

balance and perceive the world without another dose. There is a state of apathy, unwillingness to live, the loss of the meaning of existence, suicide attempts. The vast majority of drug addicts who have reached this stage of addiction die from overdosing.

There are drugs, tough physical dependence which occurs immediately after the first dose. However, there are those that do not cause severe physical thrust after numerous techniques. They are called "soft". addicts often start with them. But after a while there is a psychological dependence, an overwhelming desire to live in an illusory world.

In adolescents there is a belief that if a drug does not prick the vein, depending arise. This myth is not true. Any method of drug use inevitably leads to addiction.

Psychological treatment

From the applied behavior analysis literature, behavioral psychology, and from randomized clinical trials, several evidenced based interventions have emerged: behavioral marital therapy, motivational Interviewing,community reinforcement approach, exposure therapy, contingency management [29] [30]

They help suppress cravings and mental anxiety, improve focus on treatment and new learning behavioral skills, ease withdrawal symptoms and reduce the chances of relapse.[31]

In children and adolescents, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)[32] and family therapy [33]  currently has the most research evidence for the treatment of substance abuse problems. Well-established studies also include ecological family-based treatment and group CBT.[34] These treatments can be administered in a variety of different formats, each of which has varying levels of research support[35] A few integrated[36]treatment models, which combines parts from various types of treatment, have also been seen as both well-established or probably effective.[34] A study on maternal alcohol and drug use has shown that integrated treatment programs have produced significant results, resulting in higher negative results on toxicology screens.[36] Additionally, brief school-based interventions have been found to be effective in reducing adolescent alcohol and cannabis use and abuse.[37] Motivational interviewing can also be effective in treating substance use disorder in adolescents.[38][39]

Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous are one of the most widely known self-help organizations in which members support each other not to use alcohol.[40]

Social skills are significantly impaired in people suffering from alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain.[41] It has been suggested that social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence is probably efficacious,[42] including managing the social environment.

Medication

Pharmacological therapy - A number of medications have been approved for the treatment of substance abuse.[43] These include replacement therapies such as buprenorphine and methadone as well as antagonist medications like disulfiram and naltrexone in either short acting, or the newer long acting form. Several other medications, often ones originally used in other contexts, have also been shown to be effective includingbupropion and modafinil.

Methadone and buprenorphine are sometimes used to treat opiate addiction.[44] These drugs are used as substitutes for other opioids and still cause withdrawal symptoms.

Antipsychotic medications have not been found to be useful.[45]

Acamprostate is a glutamatergic NMDA antagonist, which helps with alcohol withdrawal symptoms because alcohol withdrawal is associated with a hyperglutamatergic system.Dual diagnosis

It is common for individuals with drugs use disorder to have other psychological problems.[47] The terms “dual diagnosis” or “co-occurring disorders,” refer to having a mental health and substance use disorder at the same time. According to the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP), “symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and psychosis are the rule rather than the exception in patients misusing drugs and/or alcohol.”[48]

Individuals who have a comorbid psychological disorder often have a poor prognosis if either disorder is untreated.[47] Historically most individuals with dual diagnosis either received treatment only for one of their disorders or they didn’t receive any treatment all. However, since the 1980s, there has been a push towards integrating mental health and addiction treatment. In this method, neither condition is considered primary and both are treated simultaneously by the same provider.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (in French Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna.[1] It is a member of the United Nations Development Group [2]  and was renamed the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002

The World Drug Report[edit]

The World Drug Report is a yearly publication that presents a comprehensive assessment of the international drug problem, with detailed information on the illicit

drug situation. It provides estimates and information on trends in the production, trafficking and use of opium/heroin, coca/cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants. The Report, based on data and estimates collected or prepared by Governments, UNODC and other international institutions, attempts to identify trends in the evolution of global illicit drug markets.[5]

Through the World Drug Report, UNODC aims to enhance Member States' understanding of global illicit drug trends and increase their awareness of the need for the more systematic collection and reporting of data relating to illicit drugs.

Aims and functions[edit]

UNODC was established to assist the UN in better addressing a coordinated, comprehensive response to the interrelated issues of illicit trafficking in and abuse of drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice,international terrorism, and political corruption. These goals are pursued through three primary functions: research, guidance and support to governments in the adoption and implementation of various crime-, drug-, terrorism-, and corruption-related conventions, treaties and protocols, as well as technical/financial assistance to said governments to face their respective situations and challenges in these fields.

These are the main themes that UNODC deals with: Alternative Development, Corruption, Criminal Justice, Prison Reform and Crime Prevention, Drug Prevention, -Treatment and Care, HIV and AIDS, Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling, Money Laundering, Organized Crime, Piracy, Terrorism Prevention.

the most frequently drugs used: Hemp - resin mixture, pollen tops hemp plants, ground, compressible in cigarettes, briquettes, pills, pastes. Greenish brown color. The main method of use - smoking, often mixed with tobacco. Slang name - "grass", "plan", "Schmal" marijuana, Pal, crap, "gandzhubas".When smoking cigarettes with hashish first appear dizziness, pale skin, cold sweat, can be nausea or vomiting, then there are the ease, a feeling of joy, happiness (and sometimes anxiety and fear).Subsequent intoxication occurs in time and space disorientation, appear illusory visual and auditory disorders that can later develop into visual and auditory hallucinations. Consciousness stunned. Tosca, the fear of death. There are aggressiveness, cruelty.Then the consciousness becomes clear, but come zatormozhennist, lethargy, drowsiness, hunger, desire to eat something sweet or fatty.The narcotic effect lasts 2.5-4 hours.

If smoking cannabis reaches 2-4 times per day, it has been developing psychological dependence (first stage of the disease).The duration of the first stage in children and adolescents is 1-2 years, adults - from 2 to 5 years. When the smoking rate is 10 times a day, develop physical dependence (addiction the second stage of the disease).The clinical picture is enhanced: there is a defeat of all organs and systems. Most often death with addiction arises from a cardiovascular disease and lung inflammation.Opium - this juice, which stood out from the cuts immature bolls of different varieties of opium poppy, be dried. In view of this, or mass, similar to the resin or solid lumps, sometimes - powder. It is used intravenously.Upon receipt of opium - the pupils in the "point", an empty gaze, her eyes half-closed, half asleep.Heroin - the most common drug. Opiates, morphine derivative, white powder with a bitter taste.If you are using heroin is very fast, 1-3 reception, develops addiction. When administered intravenously, almost immediately there comes a state of euphoria, "high". It lasts 10 to 30 minutes. Then comes the sedation, which suffer from drug addiction is called "waste in slumber." In this state, for the addict characteristic of the following symptoms:

o Drowsiness;

o Redness and itching of the face;

o Wishy-washy language;

o Impaired attention or memory;

the restriction of the pupils to the size of a pin head (mydriasis observed in strong overdosing);

o Sensation of heat throughout the body;

o A feeling of heaviness in the limbs;

o Dry mouth.

Heroin withdrawal symptoms begin 6-8 hours after the last dose. Abstinence syndrome (withdrawal) reaches maximum intensity at 2 to 3 days after discontinuation of the drug and lasts 7-10 days, but some symptoms can be 6 months or longer. The main signs of withdrawal syndrome are:- A passionate desire to take the drug;- Nausea or vomiting;- Severe pain in the muscles;

- Watery eyes, or runny nose;- Sweating;- Diarrhea;- Fever;- Insomnia.

Eventually there comes a phase of mental degradation and complete physical exhaustion. If the person does not stop in a timely manner, then there is a complete destruction of the personality.Cocaine was isolated from leaves of coca in 1850 as a drug as an anesthetic, but at the end of the XIX century. at the moment there is widespread abuse of a drug.Cocaine - a white powder. As a filler use washing powder, flour.Most often snorted cocaine, less likely to smoke tobacco mixed or administered intravenously.After receiving appear easy, causeless joy, talkativeness, all the complexes disappear.Intoxication lasts 4-5 hours.Subsequent methods can increase the dose of a drug addict, and then there are dizziness, headache; the joy, the aggression. There may be a blackout, the feeling on the skin and under the skin of insects that crawl, body temperature rises. Then come fatigue, weakness, depression. Psychic dependence develops after a 3-6 or inhalations and after 2-4 intravenous injections.When the dose is increased to 2-2.5 "tracks", when all thoughts are directed at finding a drug already developed physical dependence. In order to create a good mood, inhale cocaine addicts can have every 1.5-3 hours. With increasing doses of this stage can develop cocaine intoxication psychosis.As a result of continuous use of cocaine in a drug addict begins the defeat of all organs and systems.Primarily affects the respiratory system, because the inhalation of the drug goes through the nose. They can often be seen colds, bronchitis, pneumonia.Affects the heart, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines.Observed neuroses, memory disorders. Develops dementia.Hallucinogen LSD - lysergic acid derivative. A drug solution is impregnated pills brand porous sheets, sugar cubes, etc.After LSD start tingling and numbness throughout the body, the pressure in the muscles of the face, neck and ears. Then there are euphoria, visual and auditory hallucinations, bright colors and paints. Sometimes there is a feeling that some body parts are separated and are moving on their own. Language and thought are slowed down, with stops. Lose their orientation in space, in time and in his own

personality. After the release of intoxication are observed lethargy, depression, apathy.Psychic dependence on LSD formed after 3-5 drug methods. Addicts use of LSD is usually not more than a year, and then move on to other drugs, most often heroin."Ecstasy" - psihostimulyant and hallucinogen, was synthesized in 1914 in Germany. In our country, it appeared in the early 90s. "Club" drug - often used among young people in discos, concert venues, dance halls.Upon receipt of the "ecstasy" appear a surge of activity, desire without tiring to dance, sing, listen to music with enthusiasm, to communicate with "friends."Out of intoxication is accompanied by sleep disorder, depression, depression.Psychic dependence on the drug appears after 4-8 th reception.With regular use of the drug for 6 months. addicts in the intervals between doses of the drug begin to feel the "break-up". There are pains in the muscles, heart, liver, loin. Disturbed sleep, depression appears.All addicts who for a long time use of "ecstasy", revealed lesions of the liver, heart and brain."Pervintin" - one of the worst drug is dangerous because it is the most expensive of those that can be done in a domestic environment.When administered intravenously, "pervintina" for the first 30 minutes. one feels euphoria - a sense of ease with vivid auditory and visual hallucinations, "with access to space," "beyond the universe." Is lost in time and space orientation, but is stored in the proper orientation of the individual. Then addicts fall into the "high" - the feeling of tidal forces, courage, cheerfulness, peace.Psychic dependence in adolescents has been developing for a 2-4 second injection. A month later, systemic administration (1-2 times per week) develops physical dependence. With the onset of systemic administration of the drug in humans lost interest in school, work, family and native people, their appearance, appear rude, wickedness, aggressiveness.

The mechanism of the adverse effect of smoking on the human body.

The most common and very dangerous habit, is smoking. Smokers quickly get tired, irritated, have disturbed sleep, they are twice as likely to get into car accidents than non-smokers.

According to pharmacists, when smoking one pack of cigarettes medium strength with a total weight of 20 grams of tobacco produced 0.0012 g of hydrocyanic acid, approximately the same amount of hydrogen sulfide, 0.22 g of pyridine base, 0.18 g of nicotine, 0.64 g (0.843 l ) ammonia, 0.92 g (0.738 liters) of carbon monoxide and not less than 1 g of a concentrate of liquid and solid products of combustion and dry distillation of tobacco, which are called tar tobacco. In the latter contains about hundreds of chemicals, in particular benzpyrene, benzatratsen, a radioactive isotope of potassium, arsenic and a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-carcinogens.The radioactive polonium-210 - blood diseases, cancers.Carcinogenic resin - cancer, respiratory diseases.Carbon monoxide - respiratory failure, heart disease.Styrene - disruption of the senses.During the burning of tobacco at temperatures 600 ° C 4000 is formed over the most harmful substances for humans.In small doses, nicotine is a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, increases the secretory function of salivary glands, accelerates breathing and increases blood pressure. Large doses of nicotine leads to the oppression of the nervous system, even to her paralysis and respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest.Under the influence of nicotine changes occur in the blood vessels of the brain. Lose their elasticity, saturate the walls with cholesterol and different salts (lime), resulting in a worsening of brain blood flow.Destroyed by the tobacco poison vitamin C, and its deficiency results in a deterioration of memory and increase fatigue.When strenuous muscular work the muscles and the brain are constantly demanding tide oxygenated arterial blood. This need workers-smokers are not fully satisfied, so the muscles will develop fatigue, coordination of movements is reduced by 25%.Constant smoking, usually accompanied by bronchitis, which manifests itself after waking up coughing and expectoration grayish, muddy-brown sputum. Chronic irritation of the vocal cords is reflected in the tone of voice he loses sonority and purity, which is especially noticeable in girls and women who abuse tobacco. Even more clearly characterizes the smoker's complexion.Acute nicotine leads to a growing headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, a breach of the cardiovascular system, increase salivation and sweating, nausea. In severe cases, there are delusions, severe shortness of breath, convulsions, loss of consciousness. Death may occur as a result of paralysis of breathing and heart activity.

Regular smoking causes drug addiction - nicotine addiction when nicotine is included in the metabolic processes and it becomes necessary.

One form of smoking is the so-called "passive smoking." Passive smoker is the person who does not smoke, but is forced to breathe tobacco smoke, for example, in a smoke-filled room or car. The damage from inhalation of air saturated with tobacco smoke, no less than from the smoke. Strive to avoid such situations.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cigarette smoking results in more than 480,000 premature deaths in the United States each year—about 1 in every 5 U.S. deaths —and an additional 16 million people suffer with a serious illness caused by smoking.1 In fact,, for every one person who dies from smoking, about 30 more suffer from at least one serious tobacco-related illness.

These and other substances detrimental effect on the human body.Nicotine - the defeat of the nervous system, respiratory, digestive, sensitivity, blood system.Arsenic, hydrogen cyanide - poisoning of the whole organism.Nerve poisons heart - heart disease and blood, nervous and mental diseases.

Tobacco use kills approximately 440,000 Americans each year, with one in every five U.S. deaths the result of smoking. Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causes many diseases, and compromises smokers' health in general. Nicotine, a component of tobacco, is the primary reason that tobacco is addictive, although cigarette smoke contains many other dangerous chemicals, including tar, carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, nitrosamines, and more.

Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet, Florentine Codex, 16th century.

Smoking's history dates back to as early as 5000–3000 BC when the agricultural product began to be cultivated in South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption.[1] The practice worked its way into shamanistic rituals.[17] Many ancient civilizations — such as the Babylonians, the Indians, and the Chinese — burnt incense during religious rituals. Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of shamans but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool.[18] The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world.