Higher Human Biology: Homework Questions

Topic 2: Health and Physiology

Sub-Topic 2b: The Cardiovascular System

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1. The diagram below shows an ECG trace taken during exercise.

The person’s heart rate is

A 80 bpm B 100 bpm C 120 bpm D 140 bpm

2. The diagram below shows a section through the human heart.

What is the correct position of the pacemaker?

3. Which of the following vessels in the circulatory system contains blood at the lowest pressure?

A Jugular Vein

B Renal Vein

C Vena cava

D Hepatic portal vein

4. The diagram below records the beat of a human heart.

Atrial Ventricular Diastole AtrialSystole Systole Systole

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

What is the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm) ?

A 50bpm

B 60bpm

C 70bpm

D 120bpm

5. Which of the following statements refers correctly to the cardiac cycle?

A During systole the atria contract followed by the ventricles.

B During systole the ventricles contract followed by the atria.

C During diastole the atria contract followed by the ventricles.

D During diastole the ventricles contract followed by the atria.

1. Which of the events below produces the normal sounds of heart beat heard through a stethoscope?

A Contraction of the atria.B Contraction of the ventricles.

C Closing of the heart valves. D Opening of the heart valves.

2. The graph below shows changes in arterial blood pressure.

3. An EGG trace is shown below.

What is the person’s heart rate?

A 100 beats per minuteB 120 beats per minuteC 150 beats per minuteD 200 beats per minute

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The shape of the graph is due to

A the action of the heart muscle.

B the action of the diaphragm.

C the closing of the valves in the veins

D muscular contraction of the arteries

4. Cardiac output is calculated using the following formula:

Cardiac output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

The table below shows the heart and cardiac output of four individuals.

Individual Hear Rate (bpm) Cardiac Output (L/min)

A 60 5.8

B 68 6.1

C 72 7.2

D 78 7.6

Which individual has the greatest stroke volume?

5. The diagram below represents a part of the circulatory system of the skin.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies changes which would take place in the blood as it flows from arteriole to venule?

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6. High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye. Concentrations above 5.5mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens damage.In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The concentration of glucose in their blood was monitored over a number of hours. The results are shown in the graph below.

For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk blood glucose concentration?

A 84 minsB 90 minsC 120 minsD 148 mins

7. The durations of ventricular diastole and systole are shown below. Diastole 0.4 seconds Systole 0.2 seconds

What is the heart rate for this individual?

A 60 beats per minuteB 72 beats per minuteC 100 beats per minute

D 120 beats per minute

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8. The ratio of high-density lipoproteins to low-density lipoproteins in the blood (HDL:LDL) is related to the level of cholesterol in the blood. This in turn can influence the chances of developing atherosclerosis.

Which line in the table below correctly illustrates these relationships?

HDL:LDL CholesterolLevel

Chance of atherosclerosis

A High Low ReducedB High High IncreasedC Low Low IncreasedD Low High Reduced

9. Which of the following pairs of compounds is produces by the pancreas?

A Glycogen and insulinB Insulin and ADHC Insulin and glucagonD Glycogen and glucagon

10.The flow chart below shows the concentration in the blood is regulated.

Blood glucose Pancreas Liver Blood glucose

Concentration secrets less of converts concentrationrises compound X glucose to falls.

and more of insolublecompound Y carbohydrate

Which line identifies correctly the compound X and Y

Compound X Compound Y

A glycogen insulinB insulin glycogenC glucagon insulinD insulin glucagon

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11. The graph below shows how the UK diet changed between 1988 and 1998.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data?

A People ate more food in 1998 than in 1988B People ate less food in 1998 than in 1988C People ate a greater variety of food in 1998 than in 1988D people ate a lesser variety of food in 1998 than in 1988

12.The graph show average blood pressure in different types of blood vessels.

(a) Name the types of blood vessel represented by P,Q and R.

P_____________________________________________

Q____________________________________________

R_____________________________________________ (2 Marks)

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(b) Blood pressure values fluctuate in vessel type P.

Explain the reason for this.

______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ (1 Mark)

(c) Explain why there is a large drop in blood pressure in vessel type Q

______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ (1 Mark)

(d) In the vena cava, blood pressure falls below atmospheric air pressure yet blood is still available to return to the heart.

Explain how the blood is maintained.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________ ________ (2 marks)

13. (a) The diagram shows a section through an artery.

(i) Name the parts of the artery labelled Y and Z

Y__________________ Z________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Layer X contains type of tissue found in layer X.

Name one other type of tissue found in layer X

_______________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iii) Describe the role of the elastic fibres in the wall of an artery.

________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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(b) Veins are another type of blood vessel.

Name a structural feature of a vein and describe its function.

Name _________________________________________

Function _______________________________________ (1 mark)

(c) Name the two blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.

1_______________________________________________ (1 mark)

2_______________________________________________ (1 mark)

14.The diagram below shows the human heart and some associated blood vessels. The arrows on the diagram show the direction of blood flow.

(a) Name blood vessels A, B and C

A___________________________________________________

B___________________________________________________

C___________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(b) Place arrows on the diagram to show the path of oxygenated blood as it flows through the heart (1 mark)

(c) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valve labelled on the diagram.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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B

(d) During which stage of the cardiac cycle do the semi-lunar valves open?

__________________________________________________ ( 1 mark)

15.The diagram shows a section through the heart and two areas, X and Y, which help to coordinate the heart beat.

(a) (i) Name structures X and Y

X_______________________________________________________

Y_______________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Electrical impulses travel from X to Y

What is happening to the heart during this time?

______________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iii) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the pathway taken by electrical impulses produced by structure Y. (1 mark)

(b) (i) Name valve Z

____________________________________________________ ( 1 mark)

(ii) During which stage of the cardiac cycle is valve Z closed?

____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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16.The diagram below shows the heart and its associated nerves.

(a) (i) On the diagram, mark with an X the chamber where the blood pressure is highest during the cardiac cycle. (1 mark)

(ii) Describe the effect of impulses from the parasympathetic nerve on the heart.

_____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) (i) Name the part of the heart labelled B

_____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Describe the role of B in the cardiac cycle

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iv) An individual has a heart rate of 75bpm. How long does one cardiac cycle last?(1 mark)

Space for calculation

_________ s

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17. The graph below shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle of a man’s heart.

(a) How long does ventricular systole last?__________s (1 mark)

(b) (i) What is the heart rate of this man?

__________ beats per minute(1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the volume of blood leaving this man’s left ventricle every minute.

___________cm3 (1 mark)

(c) When this man exercises, the volume of blood leaving his heart increases significantly.

Describe how the nervous system and hormones cause this increase.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________(3 marks)

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18.The diagram represents a section through the heart.

(i) Name blood vessels E and F

Vessel E________________________________

Vessel F________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) State two differences between the composition of the blood in chambers B and D.

1 ___________________________________________________

2 ___________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iii) Place a cross (X) on the diagram to indicate the position of the sinoatrial node (SAN). (1 mark)

(iv) Describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node (SAN).

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________(2 marks)

(c) State the function of the coronary artery

_______________________________________________________________(1 mark)

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19.The diagram below shows sages in the life of history of a red blood cell.

(i) What substance is needed for the absorption of Vitamin B12 from the gut?

_________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Which molecule requires iron for its production?

________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) On average, how long do red blood cells remain in circulation?

_______________________________________________ (1 mark)

(c) At any given time there are 5.5 million red blood cells in 1 millilitre of human blood.

Calculate how many red blood cells will be in the circulation of an individual who has total blood volume of 5 litres.Space for calculation

_______________ million (1 mark)

(d) Explain how the structure of a red blood cell

(i) Makes it very efficient at absorbing oxygen

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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(iii) Allows it to pass through capillaries_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(e) Apart from the liver, name a body site where red blood cells are broken down.

_____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(f) One of the final products of the breakdown of red blood cells is bile

(i) Where is bile stored in the body?

____________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Explain the importance of bile salts in the digestion of lipids.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

20.Two men (P and R) were being tested for diabetes mellitus, a condition which results in failure to control blood glucose concentration.After fasting overnight, they were given a large glucose drink. Their blood glucose concentration was measured immediately (0 hours) and then every hour five hours.

The results of the tests are shown in the table below.

(a) It was concluded that P had diabetes and R did not.

(i) State two ways in which the test results indicate that P had diabetes.

1_______________________________________________________

2_______________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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(ii) Name the hormone responsible for the change in the blood glucose concentration of R.

Between 1 and 2 hours__________________________________

Between 3 and 4 hours__________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) Diabetes insipidus can be caused by lack of ADH in the body.

(i) Which organ of the body releases ADH?________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) State an effect that failure to produce ADH would have on the body_______________________________________________ (1 mark)

21.The graphs below contain information about the regulation of blood sugar.

Graph 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood affects the concentration of insulin.

Graph 2 shows how the concentration of insulin in the blood affects the rate of glucose uptake by the liver.

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(a) (i) From Graph 1, state the glucose concentration which triggers an increase in insulin production. _______________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii)Name the organ which produces insulin _______________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) From Graph 2 calculate the percentage increase in the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the concentration of insulin in the blood rises from 10 to 15 units/cm3

Space for calculation

________________ (1 mark)

(c) From Graphs 1 and 2, state the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the concentration of glucose in the blood is 130mg/100cm3

_______ug/g of liver/hour (1 mark)

22. The table below contains information about diagnosed cases in the four countries of the UK in 2008

Country Population(million)

Individuals diagnosed with diabetes (% of

population)England 51.3 3.9Scotland 5.4 3.7

Wales 3.2 4.4Northern Ireland 1.8 3.4

Total 61.7

(a) Use the date in the table to calculate the number of individuals in the Scottish population who had diabetes in 2008.Space for calculation

____________________(1 mark)

(b) A student calculated the percentage of the UK population that had been diagnosed with diabetes by averaging the percentage values in the table.

Suggest why this average is likely to misrepresent the true percentage of people in the UK who have been diagnosed with diabetes.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________(1 mark)

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(c) It has been suggested that the number of people in the UK with diabetes will double by the year 2030.

Suggest two different ways in which the current UK government might use this information to plan for the future.

1___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________(1 mark)

(d) The graph below contains information about the number of people in Scotland who consulted their doctor about diabetes in 2008.

(i) For people aged between 25 and 74 describe one trend shown by the graph which relates to

Age______________________________________________________

Gender___________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) In a Scottish city 2500 men between 45 and 54 years of age visited their doctor in 2008.

Use the graph to calculate how many of these men would be consulting their doctors about diabetes.Space for calculation

_________________ (1 mark)

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(iii) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of men consulting their doctor between the 65-74 age group and the 75+ age group.Space for calculation

_________________% (1 mark)

(e) (i) Type 1 diabetics are unable to produce enough insulin. Where is insulin produced in the body?

________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Describe the role of insulin in the liver

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

23. (a) Give ONE difference between a person suffering from Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) An individual with diabetes and one without diabetes take a glucose drink after a period of fasting. Their blood glucose concentrations are shown in the table below.

Time (mins) Blood glucose concentration of individual without diabetes (mmol/l)

Blood glucose concentration of individual with diabetes (mmol/l)

0 2 330 9 1260 5 1490 4 16120 4 13

(i) State the blood glucose concentrations of the two individuals after 90 minutes as a simple whole number ratio.

Answer_____________________________ (1 mark)

(i) Predict the blood glucose concentrations of the individual with diabetes after 120 minutes.

Answer _____________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to (i).

Reason___________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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(iii) What is the function of low density lipoproteins (LDP)_________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iv) Name a drug which can be used to reduces blood cholesterol levels and explain its action.

Name_________________________________________

Action_________________________________________ (1 mark)

24. Elevation of blood glucose levels leads to certain cells taking in more glucose than normal damaging the blood vessels.

(i) What is the name of these cells?________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Receptor cells in the pancreas respond to (a) high and (b) low blood glucose levels by causing secretion of hormones.

(a) Name the hormone produced for high blood glucose levels:

__________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) Name the hormone produced for low blood glucose levels:

_________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(iii) Describe exercise and fight or flight response another hormone is produced. Name this hormone, where it is released from, and explain its mode of action.

Name of hormone____________________________________

Released from:______________________________________

Mode of action______________________________________ (3 marks)

25. Some of the reactions involved in the formation of a blood clot are shown below:

Fibrinogen Fibrin Blood clot

(a) What is the term used to describe a blood clot?_________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) Name the enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin._________________________________________ (1 mark)

(c) What is an embolis? _________________________________________ (1 mark)

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(d) Explain why the formation of a clot in an artery in the brain can lead to a stroke.

____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(e) Explain what DVT is and give a reason why it can be harmful.

Explanation___________________________________________ (1 mark)

Reason______________________________________________ (1 mark)

26. (i) What is meant by the term hypercholesterolemia?

____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii)Cholesterol is found normally in the body.

What is the function of cholesterol _________________________ (1 mark)

(iii)What is the function of high density lipoproteins (HDL)

____________________________________________________ (1 mark)

End of Sub-Unit 2 : The cardiovascular System

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