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AP Exam ReviewRegion: Middle East
Middle East includes: North Africa, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Palestine/Israel, Iraq (Mesopotamia), Iran (Persia), Syria, Turkey (Anatolia), and possibly Afghanistan
Unit 1 8000BCE to 600BCE Technological and Environmental TransformationsChapter(s): Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations (Chapter 2), Early African Societies and the Bantu Migration (Chapter 3)Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleMesopotamia/Anatolia/Palestine
Sumerian city-stateso Developed in Fertile Crescent around
3500BCE between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
o Agrarian societyo Complex societies developed:
Cuneiform writing Specialization of labor Trade Bronze metallurgy The Wheel Irrigation Polytheistic religion Shipbuilding Social classes and patriarchy (practice
of veiling for women) Literature: flood story –Epic of
Gilgamesh Babylonian Empire (2150-1600BCE)
o Empires replaced city-states with centralization and armies to enforced rule
o Hammurabi ruled from a capital city (Babylon) and imposed taxes
o Created the first legal code- Hammurabi’s Code to create law and order and enforce
Sumer Tigris and
Euphrates rivers City-states Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi’s Code Babylonian
Empire Assyrian Empire Hebrews monotheism Jewish diaspora Phoenicians Hittites
authority
Hittites settled in Anatolia around 2000BCEo Developed iron metallurgy around 1500BCEo Improved weaponry and chariot technologyo Technology diffused to Assyrians who
perfected chariot warfare and conquered much of the Middle East after the collapse of the Babylonian Empire
Hebrews (Jews)o Originated as pastoral nomads inhabiting
lands between Egypt and Mesopotamiao Settled in Palestine around 1300BCEo Developed monotheism and rejected
polytheism of neighbors around 1000BCEo After the Assyrian conquest of Palestine in
586BCE Hebrews were dispersed and scattered throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean, establishing diaspora communities
Phoenicianso Originated on the Mediterranean coast north
of Palestine around 300BCEo Developed trade networks and shipbuilding
technologyo Alphabetic writing would later influence
European languages like Greek and Latin
Egypt Earliest civilizations emerged around the Nile river around 5000BCE
Like Mesopotamia, Egypt was an agrarian society Unification of Egypt around 3100BCE
o Centralized state created by Menes who became the first pharaoh
o Like Mesopotamia, Egypt developed sophisticated and complex societies:
Social hierarchies Patriarchy Trade specialization Trade networks- evidence of trade
with Mesopotamia and in the Mediterranean
Hieroglyphic writing Pyramids built to honor pharaohs
(monumental architecture) Egyptian Religion
o Polytheistic like Mesopotamia but with more complexity and a strong belief in the afterlife and judgment
Mummification
Nile river Book of the Dead Mummification Monumental
Architecture
Book of The Dead Monotheistic cults like Aten
Unit 2 600BCE to 600CE Organization and Reorganization of Human SocietiesChapter(s): Empires of Persia (Chapter 7), Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads (Chapter 12)
Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeoplePersia Achaemenid Empire (558BCE-334BCE)
o Founded by Cyrus the Great in 558BCEo Began in Persia and expanded west into
Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Palestine, Egypt, and eastwards to the Indus river valley
o Made up of diverse subject peopleso Religiously toleranto Complex cities and administration
Capital city of Persepolis Bureaucracy Administrative divisions like
satrapies Coins to facilitate trade Complex roads- Royal Road Qanat irrigation system used
underground canals Decline of Achaemenid Empire
o Emperor Xerxes unable to effectively manage subject peoples
o Harsh treatments produced rebellionso Weakened army from wars with Greekso Conquered by Alexander the Great in
331BCE
Seleucid Empire (305-281BCE)o Hellenistic Empire of Alexander’s
successorso Greek colonists settled in empireo Retained Achaemenid administration
Parthian Empire (238BCE-224CE)o Nomadic peoples who invaded Seleucid
Empire from central Asiao Retained Achaemenid administration but
less centralized, relied on nomadic steppe traditions
Sassanid Empire (224CE-651CE)o Last Persian empire before Muslim
conquesto Claimed direct descent from
Achaemenidso Zoroastrianism became state religion
Monotheistic faith that developed
Satrapies Achaemenid
Empire Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire Sassanid Empire Zoroasrianism Qanat Irrigation
system Royal Road Manichaeism
around 1200BCE Focused on good versus evil
dualism Influenced Judaism and later
Christianity Popular among aristocracy but
less so with peasantry Largely supplanted by Islam in
the mid 7th century Silk Roads
o Trade network connected China with Persian Empire and Rome
o Sogdian merchants from Persia exchanged slaves, spices, precious metals for Chinese silk and paper
o Diffusion of epidemic diseaseo Diffusion of religion and development of
syncretic traditions like Manichaeism which fused Christian and Zoroastrian beliefs
Continuities & Changes 1000BCE to 600CEContinuities Changes
Patriarchy Rigid social hierarchies Agrarian societies trade
Development of large expansive empires Diffusion of religion and development of
new syncretic traditions More complex administration and
governmental organization Increasingly monotheism replaces
polytheism Larger networks of trade like the Silk
Roads develop
Possible Essay Topics:
Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the decline of
classical civilizations in the period between 600BCE and 600CE.
2. Analyze the causes of imperial consolidation and expansion in the period between 600BCE and 600CE.
1. Compare how early and classical civilizations used religion and philosophy to create political and social unity.
2. Compare the decline of the Persian Empire with ONE of the following in the period between 600BCE and 600CE:Roman EmpireHan dynastyGupta Empire
Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the collapse
of classical empires in the period between 200BCE and 600CE can be considered a turning point in world history.
2. Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of monotheism in 1200BCE can be considered a turning point in world history.
1. Analyze the continuities and changes in patterns of interaction along the silk roads in the period between 200BCE and 1450CE.
2. Analyze the political and social continuities and changes in the Middle East from 3500BCE to 600CE.
Unit 3 600CE to 1450CE Regional and Transregional InteractionsChapter(s): The Expansive Realm of Islam (Chapter 14), Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration (Chapter 17), Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction (Chapter 21)
Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/ People
Middle East Pre-Islamic Arabian peninsulao Nomadic Bedouinso Polytheistico Merchants and traders
Muhammad and the birth of Islamo Born into merchant family in Mecca in 570CEo Received revelation form God to spread monotheism
and 5 Pillars of Islamo Revelations recorded in Qurano Viewed Islam as the completion of Judaism and
Christianity-Abrahamic religionso Conflict with ruling elite at Mecca, escaped to Medina
(Hijra), regrouped and began Muslim conquest Succession Crisis-Sunni/Shia Schism
o Disagreement as to who should lead Islamic community after Muhammad’s death
o Sunnis (majority) believed most able and qualified should be caliph
o Shia (minority) believed that only a direct descendant of Muhammad can be the caliph
o Schism persists in the Islamic world Islamic Expansion and the Umayyad Dynasty
o By the early 8th century all of the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia was under Islamic rule
o Merchants and sufi missionaries played a large role in facilitating spread of Islam
o Subsequent expansion into Iberian peninsulao Anatolia was still largely under Byzantine rule
Muhammad Quran 5 Pillars of
Islam Hijra Shia/Sunni
Schism caliph Sharia Umayyad
Dynasty jizya Abbasid
Dynasty Sufis Muslim
Agricultural Revolution
Ibn Battuta’s pilgrimage
o Umayyad’s established capital at Damascuso Tolerated religious minorities but viewed them as
second class citizens and imposed special jizya taxo Umayyad decline caused by corruption and
discontent among Shia Muslims Abbasid Dynasty
o Established in 750CEo Moved capital to Baghdado More cosmopolitan than Umayyad-golden age of
Islam Advances in science, math, and medicine
o More tolerant of conquered peoples: non-Arabs played major roles in government and administration
o Adopted Persian administrative techniques and bureaucracy
o Decline: Corruption Nomadic invasions by Seljuk Turks in 1050
who took control of much of the Abbasid empire with Abbasid caliph operating only as a nominal head
Divisions between Shia and Sunni Mongol capture of Baghdad in 1258 officially
brought dynasty to an end Effects of Islamic rule
o Diffusion of new crops- Muslim Agricultural Revolution from India to Persia to North Africa and to Europe
o Urbanization and growth of large cities: Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, Cairo
o Paper manufacturing acquired from China and diffused throughout Islamic world
o Overland trade: Trans-Saharan, Silk Roadso Maritime trade: Arab merchants involved in Indian
Ocean trade, particularly Omani merchantso Bankingo Diffusion of Greek and Roman scientific knowledge
to Europe Islam and Women
o Although Islam promised equality for women, pre-Islamic practices like veiling continued as did the custom of harems for wealthy men and rulers
Ibn Battuta’s pilgrimages/voyages(1325-1354)o Began his journey in Morroccoo Legal scholar who offered advice to Islamic
leaders in India and West Africao Traveled through the entire Islamic world, and
past it reaching Chinao Made pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca
Anatolia Seljuks Turkso Nomadic Turks from Central Asia invaded
Anatolia in 11th century, converted to Islamo Gradually took control over much of the
Abbasid empireo Effective warriors who defeated the Christian
Crusader armies and retook Jerusalem Ottoman Turks
o Second wave of nomadic invasions during Mongol period landed in Anatolia and incorporated the Seljuks into their armies
o Captured Constantinople in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire
Seljuk Turks Ottoman
Empire Crusades
Persia Ilkhanate (1258-1335)o Persia was incorporated into the Mongol
empireo Mongols allowed Persians to administer and
run the Ilkhanateo Persians had to deliver tax revenue to Mongol
leaders and maintain ordero Higher degree of religious toleration than
Muslim empires: Buddhists, Jews, Zoroastrians, Nestorian Christians mixed freely and many held positions of influence
o Many Mongol leaders converted to Islam Mongol Khan Ghazan
Ilkhanate
Continuities & Changes 600CE to 1450CEContinuities Changes
Patriarchy –Muslims adopted practice of veiling women
Silk roads trade continued to diffuse goods, technology, religion, and epidemic disease
Rigid social hierarchy largely remains Persian bureaucratic practices
adopted by Muslim and then Mongol rulers
Conflict with Europe but now has religious basis-Christian versus Muslim
Spread of Islam as religious movement, replacing polytheism in the Middle East
Political unification under Islam Mongol conquests and acceleration of silk
road trade Arab traders played major role in Indian
Ocean trade system Trans-Saharan trade developed with
kingdom of Ghana and Mali Empire Muslim Agricultural Revolution diffused
crops from India to the Middle East and to Europe
End of Byzantine Empire and presence in the Middle East
More interconnection between regions: Ibn Battuta’s voyages
Possible Essay Topics:
Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effects of Mongol rule on
Persia in the period between 1000 and 1450CE.
2. Analyze the effects of the spread of Islam on the political and cultural development of the Middle East in the period between 600 and 1450CE.
1. Compare the spread of Islam in the 7th century CE with the spread of Christianity between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE.
2. Compare how Islam affected economic and political development in the Middle East with ONE other region in the period 600 to 1450CE:South AsiaWest AfricaEurope
Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the
emergence of Islam in the 7th century CE can be considered a turning point in world history.
2. Evaluate the extent to which the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries can be considered a turning point in world history.
3. Evaluate the extent to which the Christian Crusades that began in the 11th century CE can be considered a turning point in world history.
1. Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interaction along the silk roads in the period between 200BCE and 1450CE.2. Analyze political and social continuities and changes in the Middle East between 600CE and 1450CE.
Unit 4 1450 to 1750 Global InteractionsChapter(s): The Islamic Empires (Chapter 27)Country/Region
Key Features Key Terms/People
Ottoman Empire Expansion 1450-1650
o Mehmed II conquers Constantinople in 1453o Ottomans extend territories throughout
Balkans conquering Greece and Serbia, extending rule as far north as Hungary
o Conquest benefitted from superior gunpowder technology
o Devshirme system Christian boys were turned over to
Ottomans, converted to Islam and served in the civil administration or in the elite fighting corps called the Janissaries
Millet System Devshirme
system Janissaries Mehmed II Suleiman the
Magnificent
o Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Ottomans became major naval power in the Mediterranean
Religious diversityo Sizable Jewish and Christian minorities lived
in the Ottoman empireo Millet system allowed religious minorities to
keep their religious traditions and customs as long as they paid the jizya tax and swore loyalty to the sultan
Tradeo Engaged in extensive Mediterranean trade
with England, France and other European nations
o Benefitted from existing trade networks and trading routes
o Acquired new world crops such as coffee and tobacco which became popular consumption items
o Less dramatic effect of new world crops on population growth in Ottoman empire
Art and Architectureo Ottoman sultans commissioned large
palaces like the Topkapi palace, built large mosques like the Blue Mosque, lavish garden, and promoted miniature painting
Declineo European military technology gradually
became superior to Ottoman gunpowdero Military setbacks and loses began in mid
17th centuryo Corruptiono Unrest among various subject peopleso European merchants gradually gained
privileges over the Ottoman economyo Nevertheless, Ottoman Empire lasted until
the early 20th centuryo Cultural isolationism: censorship and
printing ban limited diffusion of knowledge
Safavid Persia Origins and expansiono Safavids originated in central Asia near
the Caspian Sea and then invaded Persia near the end of the 15th century
o Shah Ismail (1501-1524) extended rule over much of Persia
o Setback at Battle of Chaldrian (1514)o Loss to Ottoman armies forced Safavids to
reform military and adopt better gunpowder technologies
Twelver Shiism Shah Ishmail Shah Abbas Battle of
Chaldrian
o Shah Abbas (1588-1629) Reforms military and
administrative institutions Further expansion into central
Asia Military improvements reduced
threats from Ottomans and Portuguese
Religious Policyo Twelver Shiism official state religiono Limited toleration of Zoroastrians and
Jews and persecution of Sunnis
Art and Architectureo Monumental architecture like the Shah
Mosque built in Isfahano Miniature paintings depicted Shia
religious themes Decline
o Incompetent sultans succeeded Shah Abbas
o Corruptiono unable to expand westwards or
eastwardso officially ended in 1736
Continuities and Changes 1450-1750CEContinuities Changes
Political and cultural importance of Islam Patriarchy Slave trade-Trans-Saharan Arab traders still involved in Indian
Ocean trade and serve as middlemen between Europeans and indigenous populations
Rise and decline of gunpowder empires: Ottoman and Safavid
Spread of Islam reaches its limit Silk roads replaced by maritime trade
networks European merchants overtake Muslim
merchants in trade with East Asia European rather than Muslim domination
in West and East Africa Increased urbanization Social mobility possible in merit-based
system of Ottoman empire
Possible Essay Topics:
Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effect that Ottoman
expansion had on the Middle East in the 1. Compare the expansion of maritime and
land-based empires in the period
period 1450 to 1750.2. Analyze the causes of Ottoman
consolidation and expansion in the period between 1450 and 1750.
between 1450 and 1750.2. Compare the expansion of the Ottoman
and Russian Empires in the period between 1450 and 1800.
Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the Trans-
Atlantic slave trade that developed in the 16th century can be considered a turning point in world history.
2. Evaluate the extent to which the development of gunpowder in the 13th century can be considered a turning point in world history.
1. Analyze the continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 600-1750CE.2. Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interaction between Europe and the Middle East in the period between 600 and 1750CE.
Unit 5 1750 to 1900CE Industrialization and Global IntegrationChapter(s): Societies at Crossroads (Chapter 31)
Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleOttoman Empire Military Decline
o Palace coups and intrigues staged by Janissaries
o Loss of revenue from distant provinces and territories as central government unable to maintain military control over whole empire
Territorial losseso Loss of control over Egypt which had
become autonomous region within empire under the control of Muhammad Ali
o Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania all fought for and achieved independence from Ottoman rule in the 19th century
Economic Declineo Ottoman Empire fell behind Europe
economicallyo Cheap mass produced textiles and
goods from industrialized Europe flooded the Ottoman and hurt Ottoman craftsmen
o Increasingly dependent on European banks for loans
Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)o Introduction of improved weapons
Muhammad Ali (Egypt)
Young Turks Tanzimat
Reforms
and military tacticso European-style secular educationo Legal reforms designed to safeguard
the rights of Ottoman subjectso Legal equality for religious minoritieso Liberal constitution and creation of a
Parliament which created representative government
Opposition to reformso Conservative forces in the bureaucracy
as well as Muslim clerics sought to undermine reforms which challenged the traditional order
o Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) dissolved the newly created parliament and ruled as an autocrat
Young Turkso Liberal-minded young Turks pushed
for further liberal and modernizing reforms
o Organized coup to depose Abdul Hamid II and put a puppet sultan on the throne in 1909
o Young Turks called for fee public education, freedom of religion, and secularization
o Highly nationalistic generating hostility from subject peoples and unable to revive decaying empire
Continuities and Changes 1750-1900Continuities Changes
Continued military decline of Ottoman Empire
Islam remains important political and social force in Arab world and Middle East
Patriarchy
Attempts at reform to Ottoman system (Tanzimat)
Increasing European domination of Mediterranean and Balkans
Loss of territories to independence movements in the Balkans
Young Turk movement pushes for modernization and secularization in Turkey
Loss of territories to French and British imperialism
Possible Essay Topics:
Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the decline of land- 1. Compare how the Ottomans responded to
based empires such as the Ottoman empire in the period 1750 to 1900.
2. Analyze the effects of European imperialism in the period 1750 and 1900 on ONE of the following regions: Middle East Africa East Asia
calls for reform and modernization in the period 1800 to 1900 with responses from ONE of the following:RussiaChinaJapan
2. Compare how the Ottomans and ONE of the following countries responded to increasing European dominance during the period 1800 to 1900:ChinaJapan
Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the rise of
nationalism in the 19th century can be considered a turning point in world history.
2. Evaluate the extent to which the industrial revolution that began in Britain in the 18th century represented a turning point in world history.
1. Analyze political and social continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 1450 and 1900.2. Analyze the continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Islamic world between 1000CE and 1900.
Unit 6 1900 to present Accelerating Global Change and RealignmentsChapter(s): The Great War: The World in Upheaval (Chapter 33), End of Empire (Chapter 37), A World Without Borders (Chapter 38)
Country/Region
Key Features Key Terms/People
Ottoman Empire/Turkey
World War One (1914-1918)o Ottomans entered war on the side of the Central
Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)o Though the Ottomans won a decisive battle against
Allied forces at Gallipoli they lost the war and had a harsh treaty imposed on them, the Treaty of Sevres (1920) which dissolved the Ottoman empire and stripped Turkey of parts of Anatolia and all its Balkan territories
o Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and the Young Turks declared war on the Allies and drove Greeks and their Western Allies out of Anatolia and received and then negotiated the more favorable Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)o During the course of the war approximately 1
million ethnic Armenians who lived in the Ottoman Empire were massacred
Turkey under Ataturk (1923-1938)
Gallipoli Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk
Young Turks Armenian
Genocide Secularization Treaty of
Sevres and Treaty of Lausanne
o Industrialized and modernized Turkeyo Republican constitution with democratic elements
but restrictions on civil libertieso Religious freedom granted to minoritieso Secularization of institutions
and equal rights including suffrage granted to women
Arab lands Arab revolts and nationalismo Arabs resisted Ottoman rule and fought on the side
of the British against Ottoman forces in exchange for independence after the war
Mandate systemo After dismantling of Ottoman Empire Arab
territories such as Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Kuwait came under British or French League of Nations mandate protection- independence would be awarded at a later date
Zionism and the Creation of the State of Israelo Beginning in the mid 19th century thousands of
Jews began immigration to Palestine in the hope of establishing a Jewish homeland
o The Balfour Declaration (1917) issued by the British promised British support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
o Waves of Jewish settlers immigrated to British Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s causing friction with Arab populations
o UN Partition of Palestine in 1947 created a Jewish state and an Arab state- Arab states rejected this and attacked Israel
Arab-Israeli Conflicto Six Day War (1967)
Israel goes on offensive against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and wins decisively, captures Suez peninsula
o Yom Kippur War (1973) Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack
on Jewish holy day and recapture lost territory
o Camp David Accords (1978) Peace achieved with Egypt, later in
1990s with Jordano Palestinians
Oppose Israeli occupation of Arab lands Fought armed struggle as PLO from
1970s to 1990s More recently have sought negotiated
settlements Arab nationalism
o President Gamal Abdel Nassar (1956-1970) of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal prompting a joint British, French, and Israeli
WW1 French and British Mandates
Arab nationalism
Zionism Balfour
Declaration Arab-Israeli
Conflict Suez Crisis
(1956) Six Day War
(1967) Yom Kippur
War (1973) Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO)
Camp David Peace Accords
OPEC 1st and 2nd
Gulf Wars Terrorism September 11,
2001
invasion of Egypt in the 1956 Suez Crisis, subsequently resolved by UN intervention
o Creation of Arab League to advance the interests of Arab states
o Oil rich Arab states created OPEC which gave them economic and political power
o Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003) posed as champion and defender of Arab world
Invaded Shia Iraq in 1980 Invaded Kuwait in first Gulf war
(1991) Eventually deposed by Americans in
second Gulf War (2003) Terrorism
o Rise of Islamic fundamentalism in 1970so Desire to return to restore sharia law and
political power of Islamo Terrorist attacks carried out against Western
and Israeli targets including airplane hijackings and bombings of buildings
o September 11, 2001 Terrorist attack on New York World
Trade Towers
Iran Iran under the Shah (1945-1979)o The Shah sought to restore Iran to its former
greatness as a Persian empireo Modernized and secularized Irano Industrialization and modernization
financed by oil wealtho Emancipated women
Iranian Revolution(1979)o Shia fundamentalists with the help of other
groups opposed to the Shah overthrew the Shah and created an Islamic fundamentalist state hostile to the West
o Revolution led by charismatic cleric Ayatollah Khomeini (1979-1989)
Shah 1979 Iranian
Revolution Shia Islam Ayatollah
Khomeini
Afghanistan Strategic mountainous location between Middle East and South Asia
Invaded by Soviets in 1979o Afghan Mujahadeen (Islamic holy
warriors) defeated Soviet invaders Taliban rule and American invasion
o Ruled by Islamic fundamentalist Taliban from 1996-2001
o Men had to wear beards, women forced to cover themselves completely
o Overthrown by American invasion in 2001 in wake of September 11th attacks
Soviet invasion
Taliban American
invasion Islamic
fundamentalism
Continuities and Changes 1900-presentContinuities Changes
Patriarchy in much of the Arab world Importance of Islam as a political and social
force/movement Interference by European or foreign powers
in the Middle East
Arab Nationalism Emancipation of women in Turkey Zionism Economic prosperity (oil) Islamic fundamentalism Terrorism Modernization and Secularization Genocide (Armenians)
Possible Essay Topics:
Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the Arab-Israeli
conflict in the twentieth century.2. Analyze the effects of Decolonization in
the 20th century on the Arab World.
1. Compare the Iranian Revolution in 1979 with ONE of the following:Russian RevolutionChinese Cultural RevolutionCuban Revolution
2. Compare twentieth century nationalist movements in the Middle East with ONE from the following region:Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaSoutheast Asia
Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the
emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in the latter part of the twentieth century can be considered a turning point in world history.
2. Evaluate the extent to which the Cold War can be considered a turning point in world history.
1. Analyze the political and social continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 1900 to the present.
2. Analyze the continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Middle East from 1900 to the present.
Possible DBQ Topics:1. Religion in early civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia)2. Spread of Islam3. Comparing Christian and Muslim merchants4. Crusades5. Silk Roads6. Trans-Saharan trade7.Indian Ocean trade
8. Mongol conquests9. Rise of Gunpowder empires10. Decline of the Ottoman Empire11. Women in Islam12.Zionism (Israel)13.Nationalism in Turkey14. Iranian Revolution 1979
Maps that you need to be familiar with