TCAP REVIEW PACKET

Mrs. Decker’s Science

***Also study your Astronomy Folder

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Scientific Method

Assistive Technology: are devices for people with disabilities that enable them to perform functions that would otherwise have been difficult or impossible.

Wheel chairs, artificial limbs, and telecare products such as fall detectors for people with motor difficulties are examples of assistive technologies

Adaptive Technology: describe products, materials, equipment, or inventions that have been modified from their original design to make them fully accessible to people with physical disabilities or functional limitations.

Examples of adaptive technologies are TTY telephones and close caption television

Biosphere – part of Earth where life existsEcosystem – a community of organisms and the abiotic

environment of the community (living and non-living)Community – All of the populations of species that live in

and interact in an area. (living)Population – a group of individuals of the same species

that live together (living)Organism – single living thing

ABIOTIC – non-livingBIOTIC – living

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Marine Ecosystems

The Intertidal Zone - the place where the ocean meets the land. This area is exposed to the air for part of the day. Waves are always crashing on the rock and sand. The animals have adaptations to survive exposure to air and to keep from being washed away by the waves.

The Neritic Zone - As you move farther away from shore, into the neritic zone, the water becomes deeper. The ocean floor starts to slope downward. The water is warm and receives a lot of sunlight. Many interesting plants and animals, such as corals, sea turtles, fishes, and dolphins, live in this zone.

The Oceanic Zone - In the oceanic zone, the sea floor drops sharply. This zone contains the deep water of the open ocean. Plankton can be found near the water surface. Animals, such as fishes, whales, and sharks, are found in the oceanic zone. Some animals in this zone live in very deep water. These animals often get food from material that sinks down from the ocean surface.

The Benthic Zone - the ocean floor. The deepest parts of the benthic zone do not

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get any sunlight and is very cold. Animals, such as fishes, worms, and crabs, have special adaptations to the deep, dark water. Many organisms get food by eating material that sinks.

FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB

Symbiosis

• Symbiosis is a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other.• Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.• Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.• Parasitism is a symbiotic association in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.

The Coriolis Effect - The Earth's rotation causes wind and surface currents to move in curved paths rather than in straight lines. The apparent curving of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth's rotation is called the Coriolis effect. To understand the Coriolis effect, imagine trying to roll a ball straight across a turning merry-go-round. Because the merry-go-round is spinning, the path of the ball will curve before it reaches the other side.

Atmospheric HeatingRadiation: Energy Transfer

by Waves

Conduction: Energy Transfer

by Contact4

Convection: Energy Transfer

by Circulation

How Deep Currents Form

The AtmosphereAs Altitude Increases, Air Pressure Decreases

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The Thermosphere: The Edge of theatmosphere

The Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras

The Mesosphere: The Middle Layer

The Stratosphere: Ozone Layer

The Troposphere: We live here

The Greenhouse Effect

Local Winds

Sea and Ocean Breezes

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Global Winds

Polar EasterliesThe wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude in both hemispheres. The polar easterlies are formed as cold, sinking air moves from the poles toward 60° north and 60° south latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, polar easterlies can carry cold arctic air over the United States, producing snow and freezing weather.

WesterliesThe wind belts found between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres. The westerlies flow toward the poles from west to east. The westerlies can carry moist air over the United States, producing rain and snow.

Trade WindsIn both hemispheres, the winds that blow from 30° latitude almost to the equator are called trade winds. The Coriolis effect causes the trade winds to curve to the west in the Northern Hemisphere and to the east in the Southern Hemisphere. Early traders used the trade winds to sail from Europe to the Americas. As a result, the winds became known as "trade winds."

The DoldrumsThe trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet in an area around the equator called the doldrums. In the doldrums, there is very little

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wind because the warm, rising air creates an area of low pressure. The name doldrums means "dull" or "sluggish."

The Horse LatitudesAt about 30° north and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates an area of high pressure. The winds at these locations are weak. These areas are called the horse latitudes.

Jet Streams: Atmospheric Conveyor BeltsThe jet streams are narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. These winds can reach maximum speeds of 400 km/h. Unlike other global winds, the jet-streams do not follow regular paths around the Earth.

The Water CycleWater in liquid, solid, and gaseous states is constantly being recycled through the water cycle. The water cycle is the continuous movement of water from sources on Earth's surface—such as lakes, oceans, and plants— into the air, onto and over land, into the ground, and back to the surface.

Relative HumidityRelative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at a certain temperature. So, relative humidity is given as a percentage.

Measuring Relative HumidityA psychrometer is an instrument that is used to measure relative humidity. A psychrometer consists of two thermometers, one of which is a wet-bulb thermometer.

Condensation - the process by which a gas, such as water vapor, becomes a liquid. Before condensation can occur, the air must be saturated, which means that the air must have a relative humidity of 100%. Condensation occurs when

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saturated air cools.

Dew PointThe dew point is the temperature at which a gas condenses into a liquid.At its dew point, air is saturated.

Clouds

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PrecipitationRainThe most common form of precipitation is rain. Sleet and SnowSleet forms when rain falls through a layer of freezing air. The rain freezes in the air, which produces falling ice. Snow forms when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly to a solid.HailBalls or lumps of ice that fall from clouds are called hail. Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds.

Air Masses and FrontsCold Air MassesA continental polar (cP) air mass brings cold winter weather. In the summer, a cP air mass generally brings cool, dry weather.

A maritime polar (mP) air mass is cool and very wet. This air mass brings rain and snow to the Pacific Coast in the winter and cool, foggy weather in the summer.

A maritime polar air mass that forms over the North Atlantic Ocean brings cool, cloudy weatherand precipitation to New England in the winter.

Warm Air MassesA maritime tropical (mT) air mass that develops over warm areas in the Pacific Ocean is milder than the maritime polar air mass that forms over the Pacific Ocean.

A continental tropical (cT) air mass forms over the deserts of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. This air mass moves northward and brings clear, dry, and hot weather in the summer.

FrontsCold FrontA cold front forms where cold air moves under warm air, which is less dense, and pushes the warm air up. Cold fronts can move quickly and bring thunderstorms, heavy rain, or snow. Cooler weather usually follows a cold front because the air mass behind the cold front is cooler and drier than the air mass that it is replacing.

Warm FrontA warm front forms where warm air moves over cold, denser air. In a warm front, the warm air gradually replaces the cold air. Warm fronts generally bring drizzly rain and are followed by clear and warm weather.

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Occluded FrontAn occluded front forms when a warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses. The coldest air mass moves under and pushes up the warm air mass. The coldest air mass then moves forward until it meets a cold air mass that is warmer and less dense. The colder of these two air masses moves under and pushes up the warmer air mass. Sometimes, though, the two colder air masses mix. An occluded front has cool temperatures and large amounts of rain and snow.

Stationary FrontA stationary front forms when a cold air mass meets a warm air mass. In this case, however, both air masses do not have enough force to lift the warm air mass over the cold air mass. So, the two air masses remain separated. This may happen because there is not enough wind to keep the air masses pushing against each other. A stationary front often brings many days of cloudy, wet weather.

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Forecasting the Weather – Weather ToolsWeather balloonsA tool used to measure air temperature is called a thermometer.A barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure.Wind direction can be measured by using a windsock or a wind vane.An instrument used to measure wind speed is called an anemometer.Radar is used to find the location, movement, and amount of precipitation.Weather satellites -orbit Earth provide the images of weather systems that you see on TV weather reports.Reading a Weather Map

Weather maps that you see on TV include lines called isobars. Isobars are lines that connect points of equal air pressure. Isobars that form closed circles represent areas of high or low pressure. These areas are usually marked on a map with a capital H or L. Fronts are also labeled on weather maps.

Planets

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One way that scientists measure distances in space is by using the astronomical unit. One astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the sun and Earth, or approximately 150,000,000 km. Another way to measure distances in space is by using the speed of light. Light travels at about 300,000 km/s in space. This means that in 1 s, light travels 300,000 km.

The Inner PlanetsThe planets of the inner solar system are more closely spaced than the planets of the outer solar system. The inner planets are also known as the terrestrial planets because their surfaces are dense and rocky. However, each of the inner planets is unique.

The Outer PlanetsThe planets of the outer solar system include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The outer planets are very different fromthe inner planets.

Unlike the inner planets, the outer planets are large and are composed mostly of gases. Because of this, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are known as gas giants. The atmospheresof these planets blend smoothly into the denser layers of their interiors.

Earth is said to have prograde rotation because it appears to spin in a counterclockwise direction when it is viewed from above its North Pole. If a planet spins in a clockwise direction, the planet is said to have retrograde rotation.

Dwarf PlanetsBecause Pluto is so small and is so unusual, its classification as a planet has been questioned for many years. A dwarf planet is any object that orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path. Ceres is another object that has been reclassified as a dwarf planet. Ceres was previously classified as an asteroid.

CometsSometimes, a comet has two tails—an ion tail and a dust tail. The ion tail is made of electrically charged

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particles called ions. The solid center of a comet is called its nucleus.

AsteroidsSmall, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun are called asteroids. They range in size from a few meters to more than 900 km in diameter. Asteroids have irregular shapes, although some of the larger ones are spherical. Most asteroids orbit the sun in the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt is a wide region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Like comets, asteroids are thought to be material left over from the formation of the solar system. MeteoroidsA meteoroid is a small, rocky body that revolves around the sun.A meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere and strikes the ground is called a meteorite.A meteor is the bright streak of light caused by a meteoroid or comet dust burning up in the atmosphere.

Earth, Sun, and MoonThe Seasons

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EquinoxesThe time when the sun is directly above the Equator is called equinox

SolsticesA solstice happens when the sun is farthest north or south of the equator. In the month of June, the Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the sun, so the Northern Hemisphere is warmer than the Southern Hemisphere. At this time, the Northern Hemisphere has more daylight hours than the Southern Hemisphere does. In December, the opposite happens because the Southern Hemisphere tilts toward the sun.

Lunar Cycles

Waxing and WaningWhen the moon is waxing, the sunlit part that can be seen from Earth appears to get larger. When the moon is waning, the sunlit part seen from Earth appears to get smaller.Eclipses

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Lunar Eclipses Solar Eclipses

Tides, the Sun, and the Moon

What Is Energy?16

energy is the ability to do workKinetic energy is the energy of motion.Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position.Elastic Potential Energy - You change the shape of these objects by stretching them.

Gravitational Potential Energy - When you lift an object, you do work on it. You use a force that is against the force of gravity. When you do this, you transfer energy to the object and give the object gravitational potential energy.

Mechanical energy is the total energy of motion and position of an object. Both potential energy and kinetic energy are kinds of mechanical energy.

Thermal Energy energy is all of the kinetic energy due to random motion of the particles that make up an object.

Chemical Energy Chemical energy is the energy of a compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged.

Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the energy of moving electrons

Sound Energy Sound energy is caused by an object's vibrations.

Light Energy Light energy is produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles.

Nuclear Energy the energy that comes from changes in the nucleus of an atom.

• Kinetic energy is energy of motion and depends on speed and mass.• Potential energy is energy of position. Gravitational potential energy depends on weight and

height.• Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.• Thermal energy and sound energy can be considered forms of kinetic energy.• Chemical energy, electrical energy, and nuclear energy can be considered forms of

potential energy.

Table 1 Some Conversions of Electrical EnergyAlarm clock electrical energy → light energy and sound energyBattery chemical energy → electrical energyLight bulb electrical energy → light energy and thermal energyBlender electrical energy → kinetic energy and sound energy

Law of Conservation of EnergyAccording to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in a closed system is always the same.

Energy Resources17

nonrenewable resources, cannot be replaced or are replaced much more slowly than they are used. Fossil fuels are the most important nonrenewable resources.renewable resources, are naturally replaced more quickly than they are used. Some renewable resources, such as solar energy and wind energy, are considered practically limitless.

Temperature

Heat is the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures

Substances that conduct thermal energy very well are called thermal conductors

Table 1 Conductors and InsulatorsConductors InsulatorsCurling iron Flannel shirtCookie sheet Oven mittIron skillet Plastic spatulaCopper pipe Fiberglass insulationStove coil Ceramic bowlThermal ConductivityDifferent substances have different thermal conductivities. Thermal conductivity is the rate at which a substance conducts thermal energy.ConductorsAn electrical conductor is a material in which charges can move easily. Most metals are good conductors because some of their electrons are free to move. Conductors are used to make wires. InsulatorsAn electrical insulator is a material in which charges cannot move easily. Insulators do not conduct charges very well because their electrons cannot flow freely. Plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air are good insulators.

States of Matter

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A change of state is a change of a substance from one state of matter to another. A change of state is a physical change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without changing the identity of the substance. Changes of state include freezing (liquid to solid), melting (solid to liquid), boiling (liquid to gas), and condensing (gas to liquid).

chemical changes—changes that occur when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances that have different properties. During a chemical change, new substances are formed.ElectricityThree Ways to Charge an Object

Static ElectricityAfter you take your clothes out of the dryer, they sometimes are stuck together. They stick together because of static electricity. Static electricity is the electric charge at rest on an object.Electrical Energy

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Using a Switch

A series circuit is a circuit in which all parts are connected in a single loop. There is only one path for charges to follow, so the charges moving through a series circuit must flow through each part of the circuit.

A parallel circuit is a circuit in which loads areconnected side by side. Charges in a parallel circuithave more than one path on which they can travel.

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The Earth’s Land Biomes

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Tropical rain forest - Tropical rain forests have a greater variety of organisms than any other biome.

The rain forest may seem as if it has nutrient-rich soil. But most of the nutrients in the tropical rain forest are found in the plants. The soil is actually very thin and poor in nutrients. Because the soil is so thin, many trees grow above-ground roots for extra support.

Savannas - A grassland that has scattered clumps of trees and seasonal rains is called a savanna. Savannas are found in parts of Africa, India, and South America.

During the dry season, savanna grasses dry out and turn yellow. But the grasses' deep roots survive for many months without water. The African Savanna is home to many large herbivores, such as elephants, giraffes, zebras, and wildebeests.

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Deserts - Biomes that are very dry and often very hot are called deserts. Many kinds of plants and animals are found only in deserts. These organisms have special adaptations to live in a hot, dry climate. For example, plants grow far apart so that the plants won't have to compete with each other for water.

Some plants have shallow, widespread roots that grow just under the surface. These roots let plants take up water during a storm. Other desert plants, such as cactuses, have fleshy stems and leaves. These fleshy structures store water. The leaves of desert plants also have a waxy coating that helps prevent water loss.

Tundra - Imagine a place on Earth where it is so cold that trees don’t grow. There is

little rainfall. Two types of tundras – polar

and alpine. The surface is covered in PERMAFROST.

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Temperate Grasslands Temperate grasslands have few trees, and many different kinds of seed and grass-eating animals.

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