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Susan Wagner High School US History and Government Regents

Review Package

UNIT 5: World War II and the Cold War (1935 – 1990)

Course Wide Compelling Questions

What motivations and intentions shape foreign affairs? What does it mean to be a global leader? How have foreign affairs shaped or influenced modern American society?

Essential Questions

How did US participation in WW2 shape the role of the United States in the modern world?

How did US participation in WW2 affect the American economy & society?

Understandings

Outbreak of World War 2 in Europe reshaped American foreign policy The US participation in WW2 positively impacted the American economy WW2 reshaped and defined the American role as a global leader during the modern

era Civil liberties while available to citizens during times of peace, are vulnerable during

times of war Executive orders, actions, and decisions can directly impact American citizens

Content Knowledge - Years: 1940 -1950

World War 2 in EuropeUS & Japan - aggression & war in the PacificPearl HarborJapanese Internment in AmericaInvasion at NormandyWorld War 2 & impact on the USAFDR’s leadership

Course Wide Compelling Questions

How have foreign affairs shaped or influenced modern American society? What motivations and intentions shape foreign affairs?

Essential Questions

What were the causes and effects of the Cold War? How did the Cold War impact American foreign and domestic policy?

Understandings

The impact of the Cold War on the daily lives of Americans How the Cold War shaped America as a global leader Impact of Cold War on foreign & domestic policy Culture of fear during the Cold War Causes and effects of Cold War tension between the USA & USSR

Content Knowledge - Years: 1940 -1950

Cold War foreign & domestic policyTruman DoctrineMarshall PlanKorean WarRace for nuclear powerSpace RaceMcCarthyismRed ScareJulius & Ethel RosenbergImpact of Cold War on daily American lifeVietnam WarCuban Missile CrisisBay of Pigs Invasion

Multiple Choice Practice

1. The most accurate description of United States foreign policy toward Japan between 1900 and 1941 is that the United States

A. supported Japan's territorial ambitions.B. attempted to restrict Japan's growth and power.C. encouraged Japan to develop a strong industrial base.D. lacked interest in Japanese policies.

2. United States economic aid to Western Europe after World War II was intended primarily toA. create a tariff free Common Market.B. provide the United States with badly needed raw materials.C. bring about political unity in Europe under United States leadership.D. rebuild the economies of European nations.

3. The term "cold war," referring to the period following World War II, primarily signifies theA. struggle to overcome disease and poverty throughout the world.B. efforts to rebuild the economies of war-damaged countries in Europe.C. attempts by Third World nations to develop their military strength.D. political, economic, and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.

4. Which was a major effect of the cold war on the United States in the 1950s?A. Congress passed laws prohibiting United States contact with communist countries.B. The United States refused to enter military alliances with other nations.C. Participation, or even past participation, in extremist movements was viewed as un-American.D. Americans were required to take loyalty oaths before registering to vote.

5. During the cold war era of the 1950s, United States foreign policy was characterized byA. a policy of nonalignment.B. an increase in the number of trade agreements with Communist nations.C. a willingness to compromise with Communist nations.D. a willingness to protect allies against Communist aggression.

6. After the end of World War II, the United States government policy toward the Soviet Union was influenced primarily by the

A. existence of Soviet control in Eastern European countries.B. close alliance between the United States and Canada.C. abundance of Soviet aid during the war.

D. cooperation between Soviet and American scientists on nuclear projects.

7. Which is a secondary source of information about the period between World Wars I and II?A. a passage in a social studies textbookB. the Treaty of VersaillesC. Adolf Hitler's biography Mein KampfD. one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chats

8. As World War II was ending, the United States decided to join the United Nations mainly because the United States

A. sought to meet the American public's overwhelming demand for free trade agreements.B. wanted to continue to play the same role it had in the League of Nations.C. recognized that efforts to achieve world peace required United States involvement.D. wanted to stop the growing influence of newly independent developing nations.

9. After World War II, the United States occupied Japan, joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and helped organize the United Nations. These actions show that the United States was

A. concerned solely with rebuilding Europe.B. taking on greater global responsibility.C. expanding its imperialistic empire.D. returning to its policy of neutrality.

10. During the Korean War, what was the main reason that President Harry Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur as commander of the United States troops?

A. The United States had suffered many severe military losses.B. Congress refused to appropriate any more money to support the war.C. President Truman believed that General MacArthur's conduct threatened the concept of civilian

control over the military.D. General MacArthur disobeyed President Truman by deciding to stop fighting the war.

11. After World War II, the United States was better able than its allies to adjust its economy from wartime to peacetime because the United States

A. possessed nuclear weapons.B. raised tariffs on imports.C. had collected its war debts from the Allies.D. had suffered no widespread wartime destruction.

12. A major reason for the United States neutrality in the 1930s was the nation'sA. belief in the domino theory.B. disillusionment resulting from World War I.C. strong approval of political conditions in Europe.D. military and naval superiority.

13. The main purpose of the lend-lease program enacted by the United States during World War II was to

A. sell weapons to both Allied and Axis nations.B. rehabilitate countries devastated by war and occupation.

C. encourage the extension of democratic reforms in Germany.D. assist countries fighting the Axis powers.

14. United States economic aid to Western Europe following World War II was known as theA. Truman Doctrine.B. Eisenhower Doctrine.C. Marshall Plan.D. New Deal.

15. In the United States during World War II, the role of women changed as theyA. were drafted and assigned military roles equal to those held by men.B. continued to work outside the home only in jobs traditionally held by women.C. made major contributions to the war effort by taking jobs in factories.D. achieved positions of leadership in most major industries.

16. The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 is a significant event in United States diplomatic history because it

A. committed the United States to a peacetime military alliance.B. strengthened United States influence in oil-producing nations.C. eased tensions with the Soviet Union and its satellites.D. created new patterns of international trade.

17. The rulings of the Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and Korematsu v. United States (1944) all demonstrate that the Supreme Court has

A. continued to extend voting rights to minorities.B. protected itself from internal dissent.C. sometimes failed to protect the rights of minorities.D. often imposed restrictions on free speech during wartime.

18. After World War II, United States foreign policy in Western Europe was based primarily on the belief that

A. Western Europe required assistance to preserve its ancient cultures.B. the threat of communism to Western European nations must be counteracted.C. Western Europe possessed abundant agricultural resources needed by the United States.D. the attitude of militarism found in most Western European nations threatened world peace.

19. The United States became involved in World War II primarily becauseA. Germany refused to pay its debts from World War I.B. European democracies supported United States policies toward Germany and Japan.C. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts.D. Germany and Japan achieved important military successes in Europe and Asia.

20. Based on a study of the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1920s) and the internment of Japanese Americans (1940s), which conclusion is most accurate?

A. The Bill of Rights is not intended to apply to naturalized citizens.B. Racial and ethnic hostilities are effectively checked by adherence to due process of law.C. Internment of suspected criminals is necessary during wartime.D. Nativism and racism sometimes override the ideals of constitutional democracy.

21. Which action best illustrates the policy of isolationism followed by the United States before it entered World War II?

A. signing a collective security pact with Latin American nationsB. passage of neutrality legislation forbidding arms sales to warring nationsC. embargo on the sale of gasoline and steel to JapanD. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's exchange of American destroyers for British naval and air bases

22. The Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine were United States foreign policies concerningA. the international balance of payments.B. the containment of communism.C. worldwide environmental pollution.D. nuclear disarmament.

23. Today, the term "McCarthyism" is used to describe the practice ofA. removing members of Congress for abuses of power.B. investigating civil service employees for corruption.C. accusing a person of subversive activities without sufficient evidence.D. using illegal means to obtain evidence in criminal trials.

24. Which action by the United States government best demonstrated President Harry Truman's post-World War II containment policy?

A. reaching an agreement with the Soviet Union to restrict military conflicts in AsiaB. increasing scientific research in the field of armamentsC. refusing to officially recognize most Communist countriesD. establishing economic and military programs to stop communism

25. How did the personal diplomacy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II affect the presidency?

A. Subsequent Presidents have refused to use this method.B. The President's role in shaping United States foreign policy was strengthened.C. The President's war powers as Commander in Chief were sharply reduced.D. Congress increased its power over the executive branch.

26. At the outbreak of both World War I and World War II in Europe, public opinion in the United States generally favored

A. remaining neutral.B. entering the war on the side of the Allies.C. invading Europe in order to acquire territory.D. settling the conflict through and international organization.

27. During the early 1940s, the United States aided the Soviet Union mainly in order toA. strengthen Soviet resistance to Nazi Germany.B. persuade Josef Stalin not to become an ally of Japan.C. encourage anti-Communist uprisings among the Russian people.D. increase Soviet agricultural production.

28. The immediate cause of United States entry into World War II was that the United StatesA. had to fulfill its collective security agreements with Western European nations.B. felt it necessary to defend the principle of freedom of the seas.C. suffered a direct military attack.D. was ready to use its superior military and atomic capabilities.

29. One important result of the Red Scare of the 1920s and the McCarthy Era of the 1950s was the realization that

A. large numbers of Soviet agents had infiltrated high levels of the federal government.B. fears of subversion can lead to the erosion of constitutional liberties.C. communism gains influence in times of economic prosperity.D. loyalty oaths by government employees prevent espionage.

30. In the period after World War II, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed toA. supervise the government of West Germany.B. establish a common trade market for Western European nations.C. provide collective security against Communist aggression.D. create a new world court.

31. The decline of Progressivism during World War I and of the New Deal at the start of World War II shows that

A. the problems these movements faced were effectively solved.B. domestic problems may be overshadowed by wartime priorities.C. balanced budgets are more important to the public than social reforms.D. Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt lacked the leadership to continue these

movements.

32. The Korean War (1950–1953) marked the first time thatA. the United Nations used military force to oppose aggression.B. American and Asian forces fought against each other.C. a major disagreement between arose between the Soviet Union and the United States.D. an atomic bomb was used in warfare.

33. Senator Joseph McCarthy built his power on the issue of theA. need to weaken the role of Congress.B. extent of communist influence in the federal government.C. decline of academic achievement among American students.D. importance of improving race relations.

34. In its dependence upon members to enforce human rights declarations, the United Nations most closely resembles the

A. Soviet Union under Josef Stalin.B. United States under the federal Constitution.C. United States under the Articles of Confederation.D. Japanese government before World War II.

35. Nations have often followed "balance of power" politics on the assumption thatA. nations will form alliances only when other means of collective security have failed.B. nations will not go to war with enemies of equal or superior strength.C. the existence of a weak nation between two powerful nations will prevent war.D. peaceful and open negotiations will solve international conflicts.

Regents Prep.org Questions6a. World War II

World War Two: Question 1 of 73

A major cause of the growth of state and Federal highway systems after World War II was the

1. increased use of mass transit systems2. growing prosperity of inner-city areas3. rapid development of suburbs4. return of city dwellers to farm areas


During World War II, women and minorities made economic gains mainly because

1. a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the workplace2. more educational opportunities increased the number of skilled workers in

these groups3. labor unions successfully demanded equal opportunities for these groups4. new civil rights legislation forced businesses to change their hiring practices


A major cause of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II was

1. national segregation policies2. immigration quotas3. racial prejudice

4. economic depression


In the early 1940’s, the "destroyers-for-military-bases deal" with Great Britain and the Lend-Lease Act were evidence that the United States

1. recognized that its policy of neutrality conflicted with its self-interest2. followed its policy of neutrality more strictly as World War II progressed in

Europe3. believed that the Allied policy of appeasement would succeed4. wanted to honor the military commitments it had made just after World War

I


A violation of civil rights that occurred in the United States during World War II was the

1. arrests made as a result of the Palmer raids2. passage of an open immi-gration law3. internment of Japanese Americans4. forced removal of Native American Indians from their reservations


The Lend-Lease Act and the Destroyers-for-Bases deal were adopted prior to World War II primarily because these actions would

1. help Allied nations without the United States entering the war2. stop the spread of communism

3. convince the American people that war was necessary4. create jobs to end the Great Depression


Which statement about Japanese Americans interned during World War II is most accurate?

1. Many were forced to return to Japan at the conclusion of the war.2. No Japanese Americans were allowed to serve in the United States armed

services during the war.3. Most were released after signing a loyalty oath4. Many lost their homes and businesses


President Harry Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was primarily based on his belief that

1. an invasion of Japan would result in excessive casualties2. Germany would refuse to surrender in Europe3. an alliance was developing between Japan and the Soviet Union4. Japan was in the process of developing its own atomic weapons


Which action best illustrates the policy of isolationism followed by the United States before it entered World War II?

1. signing of a collective security pact with Latin American nations2. passage of neutrality legislation forbidding arms sales to warring nations

3. embargo on the sale of gasoline and steel to Japan4. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s exchange of American destroyers for British

naval and air bases


President Harry Truman justified using atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 on the grounds that the

1. world was ready for a demonstration of nuclear power2. Axis powers deserved total destruction3. early ending of the war would save many lives4. American public demanded that the bombs be used


Which precedent was established by the Nuremberg war crimes trials?

1. National leaders can be held responsible for crimes against humanity .2. Only individuals who actually commit murder during a war can be guilty of a

crime.3. Defeated nations cannot be forced to pay reparations.4. Defeated nations can be occupied by the victors.


In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the surviving Americans of Japanese descent who were interned during World War II because

1. the danger of war with Japan no longer existed2. all of the interned Japanese Americans eventually became American citizens

3. the World Court ordered the United States to pay reparations4. many Americans believed the internment was unjust and unnecessary


"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible."

This quotation supports a foreign policy of

1. imperialism2. appeasement3. neutrality4. economic sanctions


In the 1930’s, the United States attempted to avoid a repetition of the events leading up to United States involvement in World War I by

1. establishing the Good Neighbor policy with Latin American nations2. forgiving the foreign debts incurred during World War I3. officially recognizing the existence of the Soviet Union4. passing a series of neutrality laws


How did the personal diplomacy conducted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II affect the Presidency?

1. Subsequent Presidents have refused to use this unsuccessful method.2. The President’s role in shaping United States foreign policy was

strengthened.3. The President’s war powers as Commander in Chief were sharply reduced.4. Congress increased its power over the executive branch.


As World War II was ending, the United States decided to join the United Nations mainly because the United States

1. sought to meet the American public’s overwhelming demand for free-trade agreements

2. wanted to continue to play the same role it had in the League of Nations3. recognized that efforts to achieve world peace required United States

involvement4. wanted to stop the growing influence of newly independent developing

nations


The United States became involved in World War II primarily because

1. Germany refused to pay its debts from World War I2. European democracies supported United States policies toward Germany

and Japan3. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts4. Germany and Japan achieved important military successes in Europe and

Asia


Speaker A:"We must take action even if we are not sure it will work. To do nothing to stop them would be a repeat of the Munich mistake."Speaker B:"We must recognize the increasing interdependence of nations and join the United Nations."Speaker C:"Stopping the spread of communism can and must take several forms. We must be willing to do whatever is necessary."Speaker D:"Involvement in European affairs would be a mistake. We should not jeopardize our peace and prosperity over issues that Europe’s ambitions and rivalries control."

The "Munich mistake" mentioned by speaker A refers to a policy of

1. interdependence2. appeasement3. balance of power4. collective security


After World War II, the United States was better able than its allies to adjust its economy from wartime to peacetime because the United States

1. possessed nuclear weapons2. raised tariffs on imports3. had collected its war debts from the Allies

4. had suffered no widespread wartime destruction


An immediate effect of the Lend-Lease program was that

1. Western Europe recovered from the damage caused by World War I2. the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact3. Japan declared war against the United States4. the United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet Union


The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is an illustration of the

1. impact a single event can have on public opinion a time of crisis2. effectiveness of a policy of appeasement in stopping aggression3. success of the pacifist movement in the United States4. role of communism as a negative influence in global affairs


Which congressional action not only raised money for World War II but also contributed to the national debt?

1. requiring employers to withhold taxes from workers’ paychecks2. raising income tax rates3. selling war bonds4. enacting wage and price controls


The rulings of the Supreme Court inDred Scott v. Sanford (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson(1896), and Korematsu v. United States (1944) all demonstrate that the Supreme Court has

1. continued to extend voting rights to minorities2. protected itself from internal dissent3. sometimes failed to protect the rights of minorities4. often imposed restrictions on free speech during wartime


Based on a study of the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1920’s) and the internment of Japanese Americans (1940’s), which conclusion is most accurate?

1. The Bill of Rights is not intended to apply to naturalized citizens2. Racial and ethnic hostilities are effectively checked by adherence to due

process of law.3. Internment of suspected criminals is necessary during wartime.4. Nativism and racism sometimes override the ideals of constitutional

democracy


What was a key challenge faced by the United States during World War II?

1. lack of public support for the war effort2. fighting the war on several fronts3. difficulty gaining congressional support4. total reliance on naval power


How did the post–World War II baby boom affect American society between 1945 and 1960?

1. It decreased the demand for housing.2. It bankrupted the Social Security System.3. It increased the need for educational resources.4. It encouraged people to migrate to the Sun Belt.


World War I and World War II brought about changes for minorities and women because these conflicts led to

1. the creation of new job opportunities2. the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment3. a greater number of high-level management positions4. greater integration in housing and schools throughout the nation


The United States Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. United States (1944) concerned

1. restricting freedom of the press2. the president’s right to use atomic weapons3. limiting civil liberties during wartime4. the right of women to serve in military combat


Which statement identifies a change in American society during World War II?

1. Economic opportunities for women increased2. Government regulation of the economy decreased.3. The Great Depression worsened.4. Racial tensions were eliminated.


After World War II, the Marshall Plan was proposed as a way to

1. improve diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union2. help European nations recover economically3. remove nuclear weapons from Western Europe4. bring Nazi war criminals to justice


President Harry Truman supported a containment policy after World War II in an attempt to

1. limit the use of atomic bombs and other nuclear weapons2. end colonialism in Africa and Asia3. bring German and Japanese war criminals to justice4. reduce the influence of the Soviet Union in European countries


“Korematsu was not excluded from the military

area because of hostility to him or his

race. He was excluded because we are at war

with the Japanese Empire, because the . . .

authorities feared an invasion of our West

Coast and felt constrained to take proper

security measures.”

—Justice Hugo Black

Korematsu v. United States, 1944

Which generalization is supported by this quotation?

1. Individual rights need to be maintained in national emergencies.2. The Supreme Court lacks the power to block presidential actions taken

during wartime.3. Individual rights can be restricted under certain circumstances.4. Only the Supreme Court can alter the constitutional rights of American

citizens.


In the period following World War II, the United States established a long-term military presence in West Germany in an effort to

1. support the unification of Europe, by force if necessary2. stop communist expansion in Europe3. prevent the renewal of German aggression in Europe4. allow the United Nations to resolve international disputes


Prior to United States entry into World War II, Congress passed the Cash-and-Carry Act of 1939 and the Lend-Lease Act of 1941. These foreign policy actions showed that the United States

1. gave equal support to both the Allied and Axis Powers2. attempted to contain the spread of communism3. maintained a strict policy of isolationism4. became increasingly drawn into the war in Europe


“. . . it is known that there are Japanese residents of California who have sought toaid the Japanese enemy by way of communicating information . . .”

— Culbert Olson, Governor of California, February 1942

This statement helped influence President Franklin D. Roosevelt to

1. ask Congress to declare war on Japan2. force most Japanese Americans to leave the United States3. send federal troops to guard California’s capital4. restrict the civil liberties of Japanese Americans


The war crimes trials of German and Japanese military officials following World War II established that

1. it is difficult to convict leaders of crimes against humanity2. civil liberties must be expanded for civilians during wartime3. individuals can be held responsible for wartime atrocities against civilians4. genocidal acts are acceptable during wartime


During the early years of World War II, the Destroyer Deal and the Lend-Lease Act were efforts by the United States to

1. help the Allies without formally declaring war2. maintain strict neutrality toward the war3. negotiate a settlement of the war4. provide help to both sides in the war


• Cash and Carry (1937)

• Destroyers for Naval Bases Deal (1940)

• Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Which change in United States foreign policy is demonstrated by the passage of these acts prior to World War II?

1. a shift from neutrality toward more direct involvement2. an effort to become more neutral3. a movement from isolationism to containment of communism4. a desire to provide aid to both Allied and Axis powers


During World War II, many women experienced a change in role in that they

1. served in military combat positions2. worked in jobs formerly held by men3. controlled most corporations4. chaired several congressional committees


Speaker A: “The use of the bomb shortened the war and saved American lives.”

Speaker B: “The United States might have been able to force the Japanese to surrender

simply by demonstrating the power of the bomb on a deserted island.”

Speaker C: “The use of the bomb was justified

because of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor.”

Speaker D: “In Hiroshima, the bomb instantly incinerated

more than 60,000 people. Most were civilians.”

Which speakers hold the view that using the bomb was an appropriate military action?

1. A and B

2. A and C3. B and C4. B and D


Speaker A: “The use of the bomb shortened the war and saved American lives.” Speaker B: “The United States might have been able to force the Japanese to surrender simply by demonstrating the power of the bomb on a deserted island.” Speaker C: “The use of the bomb was justified because of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor.” Speaker D: “In Hiroshima, the bomb instantly incinerated more than 60,000 people. Most were civilians.”

These statements most likely were made during theVersailles Peace Conference (1919)

1. 1920s2. Great Depression3. post–World War II period


Between 1934 and 1937, Congress passed a series of neutrality acts that were designed primarily to

1. strengthen the nation’s military defenses2. provide aid to other democratic nations3. create jobs for unemployed American workers4. avoid mistakes that had led to American involvement in World War I


In the 1944 case Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that wartime conditions justified the

1. use of women in military combat2. ban against strikes by workers3. limitations placed on civil liberties4. reduction in the powers of the president


During World War II, posters of Rosie the Riveter were used to

1. recruit women into wartime industries2. encourage women to serve in the armed forces3. promote women’s suffrage4. support higher education for women


What was one result of World War II?

1. The arms race ended.2. The Cold War ended.3. Communism was eliminated.4. Two superpowers emerged.


Convictions of war criminals by courts at Tokyo and Nuremberg following World War II showed that

1. government officials and military leaders could be held accountable for their actions

2. the United Nations accepted responsibility for international peacekeeping3. the League of Nations could successfully enforce international law4. nations that start wars would be forced to rebuild war-torn nations


Which federal policy was enacted during World War II and justified as a wartime necessity?

1. a ban on German-language books2. internment of Japanese Americans3. exclusion of Chinese immigrants4. adoption of the quota system of immigration


In 1944, Congress enacted the GI Bill of Rights in order to

1. provide economic aid to veterans2. reduce military expenditures3. ban racial segregation in the armed forces4. create government jobs for returning soldiers


During World War II, this poster was used primarily to

1. contain the spread of communism2. create jobs for the unemployed3. gain financial support for the war4. convince women to fill vacant factory jobs


In the 1930s, Congress attempted to avoid the situations that led to United States involvement in World War I by

1. enacting a peacetime draft law2. passing a series of neutrality acts3. authorizing the deportation of American Communist Party members4. relocating Japanese Americans to internment camps


During World War II, the federal government used rationing to

1. hold down prices of military weapons2. increase educational benefits for veterans3. increase imports of scarce products4. provide more resources for the military


What was the main purpose of the GI Bill passed by Congress shortly before the end of World War II?

1. to offer low-interest loans to the defense industry2. to provide economic aid to veterans3. to contain the spread of international communism4. to expand career opportunities in the military


During World War II, many Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were relocated to detention centers primarily because they

1. were known spies for Japan2. were seen as a security threat3. refused to serve in the United States military4. expressed their support for Italy and Germany


To help pay for World War II, the United States government relied heavily on the

1. money borrowed from foreign governments2. sale of war bonds3. sale of United States manufactured goods to neutral nations4. printing of additional paper money


Speaker A: “The current situation has necessitated that more women enter the workforce.”

Speaker B: “My family will have to get along without sugar and flour this week.”

Speaker C: “I say we should continue to support our president, even if a president has never been elected to four terms before now.”

Speaker D: “I support the government in everything it has to do, to be sure we are safe from fascism here at home.”

These speakers would have made these statements during

1. World War I2. World War II3. the Korean War4. the Vietnam War


Speaker A: “The current situation has necessitated that more women enter the workforce.”

Speaker B: “My family will have to get along without sugar and flour this week.”

Speaker C: “I say we should continue to support our president, even if a president has never been elected to four terms before now.”

Speaker D: “I support the government in everything it has to do, to be sure we are safe from fascism here at home.”

Which situation is Speaker B describing?

1. destruction of crops during wartime2. need for importation of food products3. food rationing to support a war effort4. limitation of agricultural production through farm subsidies


The Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in the mid-1930s were efforts to

1. avoid mistakes that led the country into World War I2. create jobs for the unemployed in the military defense industry3. support the League of Nations efforts to stop wars in Africa and Asia4. help the democratic nations of Europe against Hitler and Mussolini


The decision of the Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States (1944) upheld the power of the president during wartime to

1. ban terrorists from entering the country2. limit a group’s civil liberties

3. stop mistreatment of resident legal aliens4. deport persons who work for enemy nations


Why was the United States called the “arsenal of democracy” in 1940?

1. The leaders in the democratic nations of Europe were educated in the United States

2. Most of the battles to defend worldwide democracy took place on American soil.

3. The United States supervised elections in European nations before the war.4. The United States provided much of the weaponry needed to fight the Axis

powers.


Shortly after entering World War II, the United States began the Manhattan Project to

1. work on the development of an atomic bomb2. increase economic production to meet wartime demands3. defend New York City against a nuclear attack4. recruit men for the military services


The experiences of African Americans serving in the military forces during World War II influenced their postwar decision to

1. renew support for the principle of separate but equal

2. join the armed forces in record numbers3. increase efforts to end racial discrimination4. move back to the rural south


Which wartime policy toward Japanese Americans was upheld by the Supreme Court in its 1944 ruling in Korematsu v. United States?

1. deportation to Japan2. mandatory military service3. denial of voting rights4. confinement in internment camps


A controversial issue that resulted from World War II was the

1. future role of the League of Nations2. morality of nuclear warfare3. commitment of troops without congressional approval4. civilian control of the military


At the beginning of World War II, national debate focused on whether the United States should continue the policy of

1. coexistence2. containment3. imperialism4. isolationism


Before entering World War II, the United States acted as the “arsenal of democracy” by

1. financing overseas radio broadcasts in support of democracy2. supplying war materials to the Allies3. creating a weapons stockpile for use after the war4. providing workers for overseas factories


“The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in

the purposes and principles of the Charter of the

United Nations and their desire to live in peace

with all peoples and all governments.

“They are determined to safeguard the freedom,

common heritage and civilization of their

peoples, founded on the principles of democracy,

individual liberty and the rule of law. . . .”

— Preamble to the North Atlantic Treaty, 1949

This statement shows the commitment of the United States to the principle of

1. colonialism2. neutrality3. militarism4. collective security


One reason the Nuremberg trials following World War II were held was to

1. bring Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo to justice2. force Japan to pay for the attack on Pearl Harbor3. make German leaders accountable for the Holocaust4. punish the German government for bombing England


“Arms Sales to Warring Nations Banned” “Americans Forbidden to Travel on Ships of Warring Nations” “Loans to Nations at War Forbidden” “War Materials Sold Only on Cash-and-Carry Basis” These headlines from the 1930s reflect the efforts of the United States to

1. maintain freedom of the seas2. send military supplies to the League of Nations3. limit the spread of international communism4. avoid participation in European wars


A main purpose of government-ordered rationing during World War II was to

1. increase foreign trade2. limit the growth of industry3. conserve raw materials for the war effort4. encourage women to enter the workforce


“. . . The Director of the War Relocation Authorityis authorized and directed to formulate and effectuate [implement] a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander under the authority of Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision. . . .” — Executive Order 9102, March 18, 1942

Shortly after this executive order was signed, federal government authorities began to

1. move Japanese Americans to internment camps2. deport German and Italian aliens3. detain and interrogate Chinese immigrants4. arrest the individuals who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor


Which series of events leading to World War II is in the correct chronological order?

1. Neutrality Acts → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → Lend-Lease Act → United States declaration of war on Japan

2. Lend-Lease Act → Neutrality Acts → United States declaration of war on Japan → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

3. United States declaration of war on Japan → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → Lend-Lease Act → Neutrality Acts

4. Neutrality Acts → Lend-Lease Act → Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor → United States declaration of war on Japan


This World War II cartoon was used to encourage Americans to

1. buy war bonds2. conserve natural resources3. serve in the armed forces4. work in war industries


A major purpose of the GI Bill (1944) was to

1. replace the draft near the end of World War II2. prohibit racial discrimination in the armed forces3. provide federal funds for veterans to attend college4. increase the number of women working in defense industries

6b Cold War at Home and McCarthyism

Cold War at Home & McCarthyism: Question 1 of 30

A similarity between the Red Scare of the 1920’s and McCarthyism in the 1950’s was that during each period

1. thousands of American citizens were expelled from the United States2. the Communist Party gained many members in the United States3. many government employees were convicted of giving secrets to the Soviet

Union4. the civil liberties of American citizens were threatened


Which situation resulted from Senator Joseph McCarthy’s search for Communists within the United States during the 1950’s?

1. Thousands of American citizens who believed in communism were either jailed or deported.

2. The reputations of many people were ruined by false accusations of disloyalty

3. Many high-ranking government officials were exposed as spies of the Soviet Union.

4. Organized groups of Communists began a wave of violent political terrorism.


The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning of

1. American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority2. the Cold War with the United States3. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China4. disarmament discussions between the superpowers


In the 1950’s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was most closely associated with issues related to

1. Communist infiltration and the denial of civil liberties2. farm problems and taxation3. military preparedness and foreign aid4. collective bargaining and the rights of unions


"Those of us who shout the loudest about Americanism in making character assassinations are all too frequently those who, by our own words and acts, ignore some of the basic principles of Americanism."

-Senator Margaret Chase Smith, 1950

This criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy and his supporters suggests that

1. Senator McCarthy did not do enough to protect the nation from a Communist conspiracy

2. the tactics of Senator McCarthy were necessary to protect the basic principles of democracy

3. free speech must be limited in times of national crisis4. Senator McCarthy was a greater threat to the nation than Communist

sympathizers were


A governmental action that was consistent with the Cold War mentality was the

1. establishment of loyalty reviews of government employees2. reduction in military defense spending3. elimination of the Central Intelligence Agency4. adoption of the GI Bill of Rights


Which would be the most appropriate entry for line D in the list below?

I.The Cold War at home A. The McCarthy hearings B. Alger Hiss case C. House Un-American Activities Committee D. __________________

1. Labor unrest2. Racial segregation3. Wage and price controls4. Loyalty oaths


In a farewell message to the American public, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of the growth of the "military-industrial complex." This term refers to the

1. influence of defense contractors on Congress2. threat from the Soviet Army3. internal danger from Communist spies4. economy’s dependence on oil imported from the Middle East


Most Americans who opposed sending United States troops to fight in the Vietnam War believed that

1. nuclear weapons should be used to end the war2. the war should be extended into China3. the United States should not police the world4. international trade would be interrupted


In the United States, the Red Scare of 1919 and the McCarthy Era of the early 1950’s were periods of

1. severe economic depression2. widespread support for groups promoting international anarchy3. great growth in art, literature, and music4. persecution of people suspected of holding anti-American political views


What was one similarity between the Red Scare following World War I and the Cold War following World War II?

1. Fear of communism led to the suppression of the civil liberties of some Americans.

2. Large numbers of Russian revolutionaries set-tled in the United States.3. Congressional investigations proved that the Federal Government was

heavily infiltrated by Communist spies.4. Renewed fighting between wartime enemies was a constant threat.


The growth of McCarthyism in the early 1950s was based on

1. public fear concerning the spread of communism2. outrage over government corruption3. dissatisfaction with the results of World War II4. opposition to the policy of containment


What was a cause for the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee in the late 1940s and the investigations of a Senate committee headed by Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s?

1. the belief that there were Communist agents in the federal government2. excessive spending by the United States military3. the corruption and bribery of members of Congress4. actions of President Harry Truman that might have led to his impeachment


“Sputnik Launch Propels Soviets Ahead in Space Race” In 1957, the United States government responded to the event described in this headline by

1. reducing military spending2. building a joint space station with the Soviet Union3. constructing President Ronald Reagan’s “Star Wars” defense system4. providing funds to improve the educational system in the United States


Which development following World War II caused the urban-suburban pattern shown in the diagram?

1. increase in the number of farms2. expansion of highways and automobile ownership3. movement of most factories to rural areas4. decline in the number of middle-income families


In the post–World War II era, Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee attempted to

1. develop an effective system for spying on other countries2. make Cold War programs a priority in United States foreign policy3. identify Communists in the government and elsewhere in American society4. establish a policy of détente with the Soviet Union


Who led a “witch hunt” for Communist spies in the United States government during the early 1950s?

1. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren2. President Dwight Eisenhower3. Senator Joseph McCarthy4. Secretary of State Dean Acheson


The baby boom primarily resulted from the

1. economic prosperity of the 1920s2. Great Depression of the 1930s3. delay in marriages during World War II4. counterculture movement of the 1960s


Since the 1950s, the term McCarthyism has been applied to events that are related to

1. the basic rights of citizens to own and carry guns2. the violent activities of international terrorists3. reckless accusations unsupported by evidence4. questionable methods used to finance political campaigns


The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it

1. forced the United States to find new sources of fuel2. focused attention on the need to regulate the uses of outer space3. ended the period of peaceful coexistence between the United States and the

Soviet4. heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition


What was the main purpose of the GI Bill passed by Congress shortly before the end of World War II?

1. to offer low-interest loans to the defense industry2. to provide economic aid to veterans3. to contain the spread of international communism4. to expand career opportunities in the military


What does this photograph indicate about the United States in the 1950s?

1. Extraordinary steps were taken to hide atomic weapons.2. The nation had become the only nuclear superpower.3. Much fear was created by the Cold War.4. Only government officials would be safe in a nuclear attack.


The rapid growth in personal income in the decade after World War II contributed to

1. a decrease in the birthrate2. a major economic depression3. expansion of the middle class4. shortages in the supply of luxury goods


Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of this cartoon?

1. Russia put cosmonauts on the Moon.2. The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite.3. The United States was defeated in the Vietnam War.4. American students scored low on tests in math and science.


The GI Bill affected American society after World War II by

1. eliminating child labor2. expanding voting rights3. increasing spending on space exploration4. extending educational and housing opportunities


The changes shown on the chart most clearly reflect the

1. effects of the Cold War2. influence of the business cycle3. failure of United States military policy4. reverses in political party control of Congress


Before ratification of the 22nd amendment in 1951, most presidents served no more than two terms because of

1. a federal law2. custom and tradition3. the elastic clause4. a Supreme Court decision


The protestors in the photograph are expressing their hatred for

1. fascists2. communists3. immigrants4. police officers


Which factor is most closely associated with McCarthyism?

1. buildup of Soviet missiles in Cuba2. fear of communist influence in the United States3. rise of the Communist Party in China4. creation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union


Which development led to the other three?

1. The United States government increased funding for science and math education.

2. The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite.3. A joint Soviet-American space mission was announced.4. President John F. Kennedy set the goal of landing a man on the Moon.

7a Cold War Foreign Policy

Cold War Foreign Policy: Question 1 of 42

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan represented attempts by the United States to deal with the

1. national debt2. spread of communism3. President’s political opposition4. arms race


Both the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba (1961) and the invasion of Panama (1989) are examples of United States attempts to

1. eliminate unfriendly governments geographically close to the United States2. cultivate good relations with Latin American nations3. stop the drug trade4. end the Cold War


The speakers below are discussing foreign policies that the United States has followed at various times. Base your answers on their statements and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: Steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. Speaker B: The United States will give economic aid to needy countries anywhere in the world, but will not provide military aid. Speaker C: The United States must prevent the growth of communism. Speaker D: The United States can take over other countries to help them become more like us. The Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict were attempts to carry out the foreign policy described by Speaker

1. A2. B3. C4. D


The speakers below are discussing foreign policies that the United States has followed at various times. Base your answers on their statements and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: Steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. Speaker B: The United States will give economic aid to needy countries anywhere in the world, but will not provide military aid. Speaker C: The United States must prevent the growth of communism. Speaker D: The United States can take over other countries to help them become more like us. Which speakers would most likely support a United States foreign policy of intervention

1. A and B2. A and C3. C and D4. B and D


“An attack on one shall be considered an attack on all.” This statement summarizes the foreign policy known a

1. colonialism2. nonalignment3. appeasement4. collective security


Shortly after World War II, the cold war developed mainly as a result of the

1. United States refusal to send economic aid to European nations2. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe3. competition between the superpowers to explore outer space4. continuation of the pre-World War II balance of power


A common purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Eisenhower Doctrine was to

1. carry out the United States policy of preventing the spread ofcommunism2. insure the survival of the newly independent nations of Africa andAsia3. limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons4. provide medical aid to Latin American nations


A constitutional issue that was frequently raised about United States involvement in the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict was the

1. right to regulate commerce with foreign nations2. use of deficit spending to finance wars3. lack of a formal declaration of war by Congress4. Supreme Court’s role in foreign policy decision-making


After World War II, the United States departed most sharply from its traditional foreign policy when it

1. stopped foreign-aid programs2. sponsored disarmament treaties3. organized global systems of alliances4. recognized revolutionary governments


What was the main purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin air-lift?

1. controlling Nazism in Europe2. establishing friendly relations between the United States and the Soviet

Union3. spreading democracy to developing nations4. limiting Soviet expansion


In the years just after World War II, the United States attempted to prevent the spread of communism in Europe mainly by

1. taking over the governments of several Western European nations2. increasing opportunities for political refugees to settle in the United States3. holding a series of summit meetings with leaders of the Soviet Union4. establishing policies of economic and military aid for European nations


The Korean War and the Persian Gulf War were similar in that both

1. represented United Nations efforts to assist nations in repelling aggressors2. involved unilateral military action by the United States3. were military defeats for the United Nations4. brought about lasting solutions to problems in each region


"Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are . . . frightened by experiences of the past and are less interested in . . . freedom than in security . They are seeking guidance rather than responsibilities. We should be better able than the Russians to give them this. And unless we do, the Russians certainly will."

This advice to President Harry Truman helped influence Truman’s decision to

1. drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki2. end segregation in the Armed Forces3. deport any person suspected of being a Communist4. develop the Marshall Plan


During the Korean War, what was the main reason that President Harry Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur as commander of the United States troops?

1. The United States had suffered many severe military losses.2. Congress refused to appropriate any more money to support the war.3. President Truman believed that General MacArthur’s conduct threatened

the concept of civilian control over the military4. General MacArthur disobeyed President Truman by deciding to stop fighting

the war.


During the Cold War Era, the easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in

1. the organization of the Warsaw Pact2. the invasion of Hungary and Czechoslovakia

3. the Berlin Airlift4. a treaty banning nuclear tests


Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the Korean War?

1. The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe2. United Nations economic sanctions are more effective than military action.3. The American people will support United States participation in any war,

whether declared or undeclared.4. United States cooperation with a wartime ally ends when the war ends.


A major long-term effect of the Vietnam War has been

1. an end to communist governments in Asia2. a change in United States foreign policy from containment to imperialism3. a reluctance to commit United States troops for extended military action

abroad4. a continued boycott of trade with Asia


The Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine were United States foreign policies concerning

1. the international balance of payments2. the containment of communism3. world-wide environmental pollution4. nuclear disarmament


The primary purpose of the War Powers Act (1973) is to

1. limit Presidential power to send troops into combat2. allow for a quicker response to a military attack3. assure adequate defense of the Western Hemisphere4. stop the use of troops for nonmilitary purposes


". . . Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."

Which conclusion is best supported by this quotation from the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy in 1961?

1. The Cold War was over, and the Soviet Union was beginning to unravel.2. President Kennedy was encouraging a very strong presence in foreign policy

in the post-World War II period.3. Compromise and appeasement were the best avenues to world peace.4. President Kennedy understood the limitations of power, even for a strong

nation like the United States


The intent of the War Powers Act of 1973 is to limit the President’s power to

1. send troops to rescue Americans held captive by terrorists in a foreign nation2. use troops to defend against an armed attack on the United States

3. send troops to suppress a riot in an American city4. commit troops to major military operations in a foreign nation


From the end of World War II until the 1980’s, the United States carried out its foreign policy mainly by

1. giving in to foreign demands2. avoiding any situation that might involve the nation in a conflict3. acting forcefully to obtain and control colonies4. taking a variety of actions to prevent the spread of communism


One similarity between the Korean War and the Persian Gulf War is that in each conflict the

1. United States attempted to limit traffic through the Suez Canal2. sentimet of the American public turned against the conflict3. United Nations took action to halt the aggression4. dictators of North Korea and Iraq were removed from office


Throughout United States history, the most important aim of the country’s foreign policy has been

1. participation in international organizations2. advancement of national self interest3. containment of communism

4. development of military alliances


United States annexation of the Philippines (1898) and military involvement in Vietnam (1960’s and 1970’s) are similar because in each event the United States

1. achieved its long-range foreign policy objectives2. put the domino theory into action3. demonstrated the strength and success of its military power4. provoked domestic debate about its involvement in the internal affairs of

other nations


The Peace Corps was established by President John F. Kennedy in an effort to provide

1. support to developing nations of the world2. job training for the unemployed3. markets for consumer goods4. teachers for inner-city areas


President John F. Kennedy supported the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba as an effort to

1. remove a communist dictator from power

2. stop the flow of illegal drugs to the United States3. support Fidel Castro’s efforts for reform4. rescue hostages held by Cuban freedom fighters


The United States experience in the Vietnam War supports the idea that the outcome of a war

1. is determined mainly by technological superiority2. is dependent on using the greatest number of soldiers3. is assured to countries dedicated to democratic ideals4. can be strongly affected by public opinion


Which event led directly to the end of the cold war?

1. reunification of Germany2. formation of the European Union3. breakup of the Soviet Union4. creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)


One way in which the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War are similar is that in all three wars

1. the goal was to defeat the Soviet Union2. the United States was primarily interested in protecting oil supplies

3. the United States was fighting without allies4. no formal declaration of war was made by Congress


Which foreign policy decision by President Harry Truman is an example of the policy of containment?

1. relieving General MacArthur of his Korean command2. recognizing the new nation of Israel3. supporting the trials of war criminals in Germany and Japan4. providing military aid to Greece and Turkey


“Batista Driven from Power” “Bay of Pigs Invasion Fails” “U-2 Planes Reveal Soviet Missiles” These headlines refer to the relationship between the United States and

1. Canada2. Cuba3. Mexico4. Panama


One reason for the creation of the Peace Corps by President John F. Kennedy was to

1. stop the spread of AIDS in Africa and Asia

2. gain control of territory in Latin America3. provide workers for industrial nations4. give support to developing nations


Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States to

1. encourage membership in the United Nations2. promote American business in Asia3. limit the spread of communism4. gain additional overseas colonies


Which action was taken by the United States government to help Europe’s economic recovery after World War II?

1. forming the Alliance for Progress2. sending troops to Turkey3. creating the Marshall Plan4. joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


The cartoonist is commenting on which Cold War foreign policy?

1. détente2. brinkmanship3. the domino theory4. collective security


Which United States foreign policy decision most clearly reflects the relationship

shown in the cartoon?

1. issuance of the Eisenhower Doctrine2. quarantine of Cuba3. support of Israel in the Six Day War4. negotiation of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)


In the Truman Doctrine, President Harry Truman pledged to

1. support Greece in its fight against communist aggression2. fight hunger in Africa and Asia3. strengthen the United States nuclear arsenal4. reject a policy of containment


Which development led to the other three?

1. The United States government increased funding for science and math education.

2. The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite.3. A joint Soviet-American space mission was announced.4. President John F. Kennedy set the goal of landing a man on the Moon.


Which development is most closely associated with the belief in the domino theory?

1. military involvement in Vietnam2. construction of the Berlin Wall3. signing of the nuclear test ban treaty4. end of the Korean War


The primary purpose of President Richard Nixon’s policy of détente was to

1. expand United States military involvement in Southeast Asia2. assure an adequate supply of oil from the Middle East3. ease tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union4. maintain a favorable balance of trade with China


“Eisenhower Sends U.S. Troops to Protect Lebanon”; “Kennedy Places Quarantine on Shipment of Soviet Missiles to Cuba”; “Johnson Increases U.S. Troop Strength in Vietnam by 125,000” Which statement about the Cold War is illustrated by these headlines?

1. Rivalries between the superpowers often involved conflicts in other nations.2. United States military support was most often deployed in Europe.3. Communist forces were frequently victorious in Asia.4. Summit talks frequently succeeded in limiting international tensions.

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