web programming with html and css
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WebProgramming
with
HTML and CSSby
Greg Chiponda
Published by Webisa
2012
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Overview
The web,
Web disciplinesThe book
About the Author
Greg Chiponda is a Zimbabwean Web Scientist, he is the Executive Director of Webisa (Web Institute of SouthernAfrica) a research institute based in Pretoria, South Africa focused on web technologies and CEO of BMG
(Business Mobility Group). Web programming with HTML and CSS is his first book, Greg can be found online a
www.greg.co.zw .
About Technical Reviewer
We want to hear from you
As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your opinion and want to
know what we're doing right, what we could do better, what areas you'd like to see us publish in, and any other
words of wisdom you're willing to pass our way.
When you write, please be sure to include this book's title and author as well as your name and phone or email
address. I will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the
book.
Who Should Read This Book?This book is also intended for a wide range of nontechnical professionals interested in building websites. The goo
news is you don't have to be a rocket scientist to understand it but if you are, it'll work out for you, too!
Reader Services
Visit our website and register this book at www.webisa.net/register for convenient access to any updates,
downloads, or errata that might be available for this book.
AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank my God, my family and my friends for their patience with me as I tried to find my way in lif
Thanks Webisa staff, stakeholders and sponsors for making this book a reality.
Copyright
Web Programming with HTML and CSS First EditionCopyright 2012 by Webisa
150 pages
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the
publisher.
No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for
errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information containedherein.
Printed in the South AfricaFirst Printing: May 2012
Trademarks
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately
http://www.greg.co.zw/http://home/user1/bin/.chmsee/bookshelf/e0b259b6d690a140336c9d2c17f6c2df/067232878X/14021536.htmlhttp://www.greg.co.zw/ -
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capitalized. Webisa cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Warning and Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness i
implied. The information provided is on an "as is" basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability n
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained inthis book.
Bulk SalesWebisa offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For
more information, please contact
South African Sales
International [email protected]
Publishing team
Project EditorProof reader
Technical EditorInterior and Cover Designer
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Table of Content
1. Introduction to the Internet and web
What is the web
Brief history of the web
Internet governance, laws and ethics.
Browsers (rendering, detection, browsers wars, grading browsers & development browser)
Mobile web
HTML data types
2. Web programming 101
Basic Computer literacy pre-requisites (directory) & web terminology
Web programming tools & softwares
The DOM, Structure, Semantics, Behavior & Style of web documents
HTML syntax (elements, tags & attributes)
CSS syntax (rules, selectors, properties & values)
3. Global structure of a web page : Your 1st web page
Components of a web document (HTML, head, metadata & body)
Declaring & identifying web documents, saving and viewing web documents
4. CSS Box Model
Inline elements, block level elements, replaced elements & non-replaced elements)
Box dimensions (Margins, Borders, and Padding)
Margin collapsing, positioning, Floats, and Z-index
5. Text
Inline elements, block level elements, presentational elements & phrase elements
Editing text, grouping text, lines & special characters
Typography, text formating, color & backgrounds
Internationalization (language support & direction)
6. List and Links
Lists (ordered, un-ordered lists, definitions lists & drop-down menus )
Links (inter-page, intra-page, absolute links, relative links, link effects, tool-tips & email links)
7. Organizational elements
Tables
Forms (form attributes, form controls, structuring forms, labels & focus)
Validating and processing form data
8. Frames
No-frames, nested frames, floating frames & i-frame
9. Multimedia: Audio, Images & Videos
Images (styling images, image captions, image links, background images & image maps)
Multimedia plug-ins and players
Audio on the web (streaming & non-streaming)
Interactivity on the web (animation, photo gallery & image side shows)
10. Page Layout & navigation
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Page size & resolution
Wire frames & structured pages
Liquid layouts, elastic layouts & faux columns)
Navigation (single column & multi column navigation, breadcrumb navigation)
11. Putting it all together : Your first website
Domain registration, web hosting, testing, web publishing and web maintenance
Web project management
12. Web Programming 102
Deprecated & browser specific mark-up
Usability engineering, search engine optimization & rounded corner techniques
Web standards, accessibility & browser detection
Hacks, work-arounds and filters (drop shadows, image replacement, rollovers)
Troubleshooting & debugging HTML and CSS
Serve Side Includes
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Chapter 1 : Introduction to the Internet
What Is the Internet?
The Internet is a network of computer networks around the the world, that allows the sharing of information and
various other resources.
What is the web
The web (World Wide Web) is a network of computers able to exchange text, graphics, and multimedia informatiovia the Internet.
History of the Internet.
It was started by researchers at ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in the USA who created ARPAnet,which became the first WAN.
Initially to find information on the Internet, you had to know where it was stored and then navigate through thenetwork to find the data you were looking for. Later on the Gopher protocol was introduced as a precursor to the
web. Gopher was a search tool that allowed the user to search hierarchical archives of textual documents. It enable
Internet users to easily search, retrieve, and share information.
In the late 1980's a new protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) was created by Tim-Berners Lee in
Switzerland at the . HTTP allowed you to jump from one page to another by pointing and clicking. The informatio
on computers in the network had now to be stored as HTML documents (Hypertext Markup Language) bringing tobirth the web ( World Wide Web). Todays World Wide Web is capable of delivering information via any number o
mediumtext, audio, video. The content can be dynamic and even interactive.
How the Internet works
The Internet is based on the Internet Protocol which is a predefined set of rules used to enable computers to
communicate with each other, regardless of which operating system they are running.
You can view information in a HTML document using a using a Web browser like Internet Explorer, GoogleChrome, Firefox, Opera, that interprets the format of the information after you receive the page.
You look for information on the web by using HTTP, the storage computer, or server, then sends the new Web pag
(as a plain text file) back to your computer using the same HTTP. Your browser sees the new Web page and
interprets the text and HTML tags to show you the formatting, graphics, and text that appear on the page.
The computers that make all these Web pages available are called Web servers. On any computer thats connected
the Web, you can run an application called a Web browser. Technically, a Web browser is called a Web clientthais, a program thats able to contact a Web server and request information. When the Web server receives the
requested information, it looks for this information within its file system, and sends out the requested information
via the Internet.
They all speak a common language, called HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). (HTTP isnt really a language
like the ones people speak. Its a set of rules or procedures, called protocols, that enables computers to exchange
information over the Web.) Regardless of where these computers resideChina, Norway, or Austin, Texastheycan communicate with each other through HTTP.
The following illustrates how HTTP works (see Figure 1-1):
Most Web pages contain hyperlinks, which are specially formatted words or phrases that enable you to access
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another page on the Web. Although the hyperlink usually doesnt make the address of this page visible, it contains
all the information needed for your computer to request a Web page from another computer.
When you click the hyperlink, your computer sends a message called an HTTP request. This message says, in
effect, Please send me theWeb page that I want.
The Web server receives the request, and looks within its stored files for the Web page you requested. When it finds the Web page, it sends it to your computer, and your Web browser displays it. If the page isnt found, you see
an error message, which probably includes the HTTP code for this error: 404, Not Found. Client computer
running browser Server HTTP request Returns page or error message
Figure 1-1: The client requests the page.
Then the server evaluates the request and serves the page or an error message.
Web technology infrastructure
HTML is a markup language, not a programming language that allows you format documents that display text,
images, sound and movie files, and almost any other type of electronic information.
Internet governance, law and ethics
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) is a members organization involved in the development of the protocols thatmake up the World Wide Web. ICANN, Afrinic, ISP, Ministry, Department of , Industry associations
Internet Service Provider (ISP) : A company that provides you with access to the Internet.
Intranet : This is like your own private Internet in that it uses the same HTTP as the World Wide Web, but it is
accessible only by people within your own network.
Web Host : A company that stores (hosts) information that can be accessed from the Internet using the HTTP. A
Web host may also be called a Web Presence Provider (WPP).