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GI GI BLEEDS & ISCHEMIABLEEDS & ISCHEMIAMDCT MDCT -- In the hands of a In the hands of a radiologistradiologist
Bertil Leidner, Bertil Leidner, MDMD
Part I
GI BleedsGI Bleeds
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Acute Bleed - Clincial Workup
Stabilize the patient» stabilization of BP/pulse
» restoration of volume before diagnostics
» Most complications from hypo-perfusion
Upper GI – endoscopy
L GI MDCT / CTA Lower GI – MDCT / CTA
Sensitivity & specificity CTA
Problem of intermittent bleeding
Metaanalys 1995-2009
9 studies, 198 patients
CTA acute GI bleeding» Ref standard: endoskopy, angio or surgery
Sens 89%, specif 85%
My comment: » Better performance w MDCT 64 ch+
Wu et al, World J Gastroenterol, Aug 2010
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Bleeding rate for detection
RBC scintigraphy 0 1 0 2 ml/min RBC scintigraphy 0.1- 0.2 ml/min
Convent mesent angio 0.5 ml/min
CTA 0.2-0.3 ml/min» iv high dose high injection rate» iv – high dose, high injection rate
» 0.2 ml vid peak aortic enhancement >200 HU
Kuhle et al Radiology 2003 228:743-752 (CTA -swine model)
Subacute/chronic
Surgical/clinical» Endoscopy
– Gastroscopy
– Capsule endoscopy
– Colonoscopy
Radiologygy» RBC scintigraphy
» MDCT / CTA
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70 y old woman
3 months earlier 3 months earlier» Small bowel GIST tumor with intussuception
(invagination)
Abd pain, dark vomiting, diarrhea with freshblood
Clinically unstable
Native – non-contrast
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(Late) Arterial
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What phases? Earlier contrast; confusing details
»native Vasculature – aneurysm – interventional roadmap
» angiographic phase (late arterial)
Active bleed» late arterial
» venous
» + Late phase– enhances detection of slow bleed
– gives information of bleeding pace
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Protocol
Scan protocol (64 ch)» Native series (50% of rad dose; 5/5mm)» Arterial phase - 25 sec after 160 HU in
aorta abd» Venous phase + 25 sec» Late phase + 60-120 sec» Late phase + 60 120 sec
Thin slice recon» Base for MIP, VRT
Oral Contrast
No oral contrast» Time loss with oral C» Positive contrast obscures contrast
extravasation» Negative contrast (water) may dilute the
extravasation…
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Iv contrast
0.75 g I/ kg bodyweight
High concentration 400/370/350 mg I/ ml
Warm ! (värmeskåp + injektorvärmare!)
Max 6 – 8 ml/sec – 25 sec injection time» Pink (rosa) 1.0/1.1 mm - 20 G = OK
» Green (grön) 1.2/1.3 mm 18 G
Connection line (special for power injector)» No other devices (ingen 3-vägskran)
» Multiuse systems – ”backventil” must be ”high flow”
Abdominal trauma
Woman Woman» Fell over child car seat
Severe abd pain
Signs of peritonitis
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Sliding MIP 10/3 + interactive
Roadmap
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SOS / FFF
Hypovolemic signs Hypovolemic signs» IVC ↓, aorta ↓
– (in the scenario of ongoing or recent bleed)
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SOS?
SOS? Change in patient management?
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When to use MDCT/CTA ?Broad spectrum diagnostics!
Complicated Whipple w portal resection Complicated Whipple w portal resection» Postop day 2 – liver enzymes up
Referral: US liver and portal cirkulation
Examination: CTA
Findings – cf art/venous phase
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How to optimizeradiological care/MDCT ?
Define logistics of how to handle the acute Define logistics of how to handle the acutesituation of a bleeding patient» Together with your surgeons!
Establish MDCT / CTA-protocols» Use liberally in critical patientsy p
Critical patients with relative contraindications» Be prepared – don´t hesitate
Hesitations:Radiation & Contrast
R di ti Radiation»Young & Pregnancy
iv- contrast
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Radiation Cost vs Benefit
Old Old vs young
Risk comparison -- CT abd 10 mSv» 2 months work travel Stockholm-Gävle (before
highway north of Uppsala)
» 500 cigarettesg
» 5 months construction work
What happens if you miss a serious diagnosis?
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Pregnancy & radiation
< 10 days < 10 days» Any damage abortion
week 3-8» border dose: 100-200 mGy
week 8-15week 8 15» border dose 200 mGy
Trauma CT Huddinge» 25 mGy
CT & pregnancy
Save the mother» Save the child
Emergency & Trauma = OK» Threshold damage 100 mGy
» 4x whole body scan
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Structure a pregnancy protocol
Lower the dose for native series Lower the dose for native series » From 50% to 25% of standard dose
Omit late scan
Use 100 kV for arterial + venous series» Set a dose reduction by 50%» Set a dose reduction by 50%
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Questions/problems iv contrast
Breast feeding OK Breast feeding – OK
Allergy» Premedicate
» If severe - anestesiologist present
Renal function & iv contrast
Renal insuffiency» Calculate GFR
» Omnivis – re: achieve a diagnostic examination
» kV adjustment– 80 -100 kV
Cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis
» severity of clinical situation
Don´t save the kidneys and loose the patient
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Example: Female 59 y o
Renal insuffiency (P-creatinine >200) Renal insuffiency (P creatinine >200) 2 h sudden onset of severe abd pain with
peritonitis. Free air? Perforated ulcer? Pancreatitis? Scan protocol?
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Now what?
Angio? Angio?
CT-angio?
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Angio – only vessel accessible - SMA
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CTA vs Angio
Unstable patient?» CT-angio?
» Angio?
CT » During preparation time for angio
» more sensitive for bleed
» roadmap for intervention– Saves intervention time
» CT + intervention More iv contrast (?)
If negative MDCT?
If 1st MDCT is of high quality If 1st MDCT is of high quality» New MDCT if the clinical situation motivates
If 1st MDCT is of low quality» Conventional angio
» Or if possible –new MDCT of high qualityp g q y
After negative MDCT + negative conv angio» Keep catheter indwelling
» MDCT with arterial injection
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Intermittent bleeding - provocation Nonlocalised lower gastrointestinal bleeding:
provocative bleeding studies with intraarterial tPAprovocative bleeding studies with intraarterial tPA, heparin and tolazoline.
J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1273e7. Ryan JM, Key SM, Dumbleton SA, et al. Koval G, Benner KG, Rosch J, et al. Aggressive angiographic diagnosis in acute
lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:248-53
If clinically needed» 3 neg operations, 6 neg angios, > 150 units of
blood
MDCT patient preparation/provocation
Stabilized with adequate BP» BP > 100; pulse< 100
– If not treat w fluid volume to the patient
– Cf permissive hypotension in trauma care
Consider provocation (w surgeon) in extreme casescases» If neg MDCT, neg angio, serious clinical problem
» Aggressive volume substitution
» With indwelling cath - anticoagulation; vasodilatation
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Take home message
CTA detects slower bleed rates than conventionalangioangio» 0.2-0.3 ml/min vs 0.5 ml/min
Cooperate with your surgeons
» Together create a routine for CTA use in criticalcases
» Agree on handling of patients with relative contraindications
Be present @ the examination
Do not hesitate – remember you are a doctor
P IIPart II
GI ischemia
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Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Arterial
V Venous » SMV thrombosis
» SBO – small bowel obstruction
No occlusion of SMA/SMV» commonly decreased cardiac output hypoperfusion
» both the SMA and IMA (small+large bowel) + parenchym organs
» mesenteric vessels patent + intestinal wall enhancement
Acute Ischemia
Treatment » largely surgical?
» emergent need for revascularization combined with an assessment of bowel viability
Reginelli et al.: Mesenteric ischemia: the importance of differential diagnosis forReginelli et al.: Mesenteric ischemia: the importance of differential diagnosis for the surgeon. BMC Surgery 2013 13(Suppl 2):S51.
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Chronic Ischemia
ArterialArterial» severe atherosclerotic disease; older
patients
» at least 2 of the major mesenteric arteries
» develops over a long period collaterals are presentare present
Treatment» Largely non-surgical
MDCT / CTA in ischemia
Gold standard Gold standard
Sensitivity 82% - 96%; specificity 94%
Reginelli et al.: Mesenteric ischemia: the importance of differential diagnosis for the surgeon. BMC Surgery 2013 13(Suppl 2):S51.
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Case: Female 66 y o
Diarrhea vomiting + abd pain 2 days Diarrhea, vomiting + abd pain 2 days
KOL, longstanding Mb Crohn
Exam without iv contrast» due to non defined ”allergy towards» due to non-defined allergy towards
contrast media”
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No free air. Dilated small bowelloops with suspicion of distal obstruction.
O d i t & di t l Oedema in mesentary & distal ileal wall – inflammmatoryreaction??
Air in intrahepatic bilary ducts or in peripheral portal branches but not in central porta. No air in bowel
llwalls
Status post ERCP/papillotomy?
Follow-thru exam started……
12 h later2nd exam + iv contrast
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2nd radiology report (iv contrast +)
Suspicion of thrombus in proximal a mes Suspicion of thrombus in proximal a mes sup & coeliac trunc.
Air in portal vein + intestinal wall
Patchy hepatic necrosis
Acute laparotomy reveals no pulsation in Acute laparotomy reveals no pulsation in these arteries & extensive tissuenecrosis
No further actions. Patient dies in ICU
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Discussion
Limits of non contrast exam Limits of non-contrast exam» Diagnostic hesitation, delay!
Make it easy to diagnose» = iv contrast !
» Even the least experienced radiologistp gshould be able to diagnose correctly
Ischemia
85 year old man 85 year old man
Advanced cardiovascular disease, claudicatio
5 h severe abd pain w acute onset, no peritonitisp
Lactate up 6.8
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SMA– ocklusion
Consequenses
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Now what?
Diagnosis» SMA ocklusion, intestinal ischemia/necrosis?
» @ 6.5 h after onset
How to optimize handling of this type of patients?» Intervention suite?» Intervention suite?
» OR?
» Hybrid room?
Female 57 y - MS
2 days abdominal pain vomiting peritoneal status 2 days abdominal pain, vomiting, peritoneal status
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CT @ 24 h
Necrotic intestine
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MDCT protocol in ischemia
Native Native
Late arterial phase
Venous phase as in bleeding protocol.» No late series
Why do we need native scan?
Native Native
+ iv contrast
Non contrastintestinal wall with high density
(Venous oedemahaemorrage)
Images from Yann Geffroy et al: CT Detection of Ischemia
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Hesitation to use iv contrast
Value of the hypotheticaldiagnosis (frågeställning)diagnosis (frågeställning)
to choose iv contrast or not?
Clincial case :non-contrast exam possible?
53 y o man Cholecytistis? Abdominal pain 2
days, right flank
Fever 38.4, LPK 16.4
Tender dorsal over kidney + right flank +
Pyelitis? Appendicitis? Rt testis?
y gpain in the scrotum
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Aortic ocklusion
Case discussion: iv contrast complication
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32 year old female;4 h post partum
Abdominal pain Abdominal pain
Tachycardia, low blood pressure
P-krea 150
DIC injury to liver + kidneys
CT PROTOCOL CT PROTOCOL» 160 ml Visipaque 320 @ 6 ml/s
+ pending intervention w contrast
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Follow up
Dialysis 6 weeks» Anuria 2 weeks
» Polyuria phase
Rescanned twice w iv contrast» abscess?
Judged to regain renal & liver function Judged to regain renal & liver function
2 years later – limited renal impairment» Creatinine 120
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Discussion
Amount of iv contrast high Amount of iv contrast high» Lower dose vs find the bleeding source
Several instances of iv contrast use
Lifesaving procedures
Take home messages
Identify the critical patient
Use iv contrast if the patient is critically ill» Even if there are relative contraindications
Optimize the use of iv contrast» Lower the kVp
» High flow rate
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Take home messages
Diagnosis of the critically ill patient g y pis the goal !! Use Radiation & Contrast
Be a Doctor
In struggle to save livesTEAMWORK ......
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Thank you for your
attention!
bertil.leidner.se
attention!