web of science: the use & abuse of citation data mark robertson & adam taves scott library...
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Web of Science: The Use & Abuse of Citation Data
Mark Robertson & Adam TavesScott Library
Reference Dept.
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What is Citation Data?
• Generated by counting numbers of times publications have been cited
• Allows for the analysis of relationships between publications
• Measure of importance and usage• Another name for this field: Bibliometrics• First proposed by Eugene Garfield in
1955• Garfield founded Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI)
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3 Kinds of Citation Data
Articles• Citation Impact
Authors• h-index & g-index
Journals• Journal Impact Factor
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Kinds of Citation Data
Counting Articles
Times Cited
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Kinds of Citation Data
Measuring Author Impact & Productivity
h-index: a scholar with an index
of h has published h papers with at least h citations each
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Kinds of Citation Data
Measuring Journal Quality
Impact Factor
Definition: The average number of times published papers are cited in the two calendar years following publication
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Sources of Citation Data
ISI ProductsWeb of Science (ISI)
Journal Citation Reports (ISI)
Other ProductsGoogle Scholar
Scopus
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The Uses of Citation Data
By Researchers– To look for research which up-
dates earlier findings– Identify more articles on same
topic– To look for replications of
empirical research– To follow a scholarly debate
through time– To identify significant
publications– Historians examining scholarly
trends
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The Uses of Citation Data
Administrative Purposes– Tenure & promotion– Funding / grant
proposals– Deciding where to
publish– Libraries use to make
collection decisions
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Demonstrations
Web of Science
Journal Citation Reports
Google Scholar
Publish or Perish
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Thinking Critically About Citation Analysis
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Is It Comprehensive?
• Excludes citations in books• SCI indexes 5,900 journals• SSCI indexes 1,725 journals• A&HSI indexes 1,144 journals• In 1997 estimated that SCI
covers only 2.5% of world’s scientific journals
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Apples & Oranges?
All articles are not the same (review articles vs. case studies)
Disciplinary Cultures: History vs. Immunology
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Psychiatry journals
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Developmental Psychology journals
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Manipulation of Rankings
• Self-citation• Journals publish more
review articles, etc.• Some journals
encourage citation from same journal
• Speeding up publication cycle increases impact factor
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The Matthew Effect
• “The rich get richer and poor get poorer”
• A centrifugal effect• High journals rankings are self-
perpetuating• Hard for new journals to break
into high rankings• Anglo-American bias• Non-English language citations
undercounted
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What Does It Really Measure?
• Use not quality
• Consider case of Google result rankings