web health centre

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Chapter 1

Company Profile

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RV Technologies Softwares Pvt Ltdis a Web Development company providing a widerange of IT solutions, services in latest technologies, Web development, Web Designing,

Mobile Applications (iphone, Android, Window Apps), oftware Testing and earch

!ngine "ptimi#ation (!") since $%%&' family has strong relationship with

thousands of global clients spread across the world' Technologies which has proved

its iron in no time in the field of Web Development and Designing' It has set its own

benchmar* in global mar*et of Web Development and Designing' "ur *ey Mantra for

success is always laid on pillars of +uality- and +.reativity- which has built up a strong

bonding of trust with our .lients'

We have a team of creative web designers, software engineers, e/perienced programmers

and most efficient management to provide cost0effective and on0timed solutions to meet

business needs of our esteemed clients' We encourage innovation and e/perimentation

with fresh ideas, while considering the client-s re1uirements at the same time'

At RV Technologies, client satisfaction means everything to us' That-s why we wor*

hard to provide the best and most revolutionary solutions possible' "ur .lient-s

achievement is our success, that is why we have a team of e/perts who create the reality

of our .lient-s Imagination whether it is designing a web site compatible with all devices

(Responsive Wesite) or to building a web applications, or thin* out the best informationpossible for our .lient-s business' !very attempt is made to ensure timely delivery and

every pro2ect is crucial to us'

!"r #chievements3

"ur wor*ing on World-s 4argest Wor*place 5ortals "des* and !lance are more than

6,%%,%%% hours and 67,%%% hours respectively' We have a record of more than &%8

repeated customers'

RV Technologies Softwares Pvt Ltd!mail 3 training9rvtechnologies'co'in

.all3 %:$:;:>rvtechnologies'co'in>

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http://rvtechnologies.co.in/http://rvtechnologies.co.in/http://rvtechnologies.co.in/http://rvtechnologies.co.in/


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$nd"strial Training in Chandigarh

We ians have assembled again same enthusiasm in the field of $%&'STR$#L

TR#$%$%( to $T #spirantsin and around our 5eriphery of .handigarh' o if you are

loo*ing for an e/cellent industrial training and an added combo with e/posure on live

pro2ects internationally then this is the best organi#ation for sure' "ur tudents will have

an opportunity to wor* on 4ive ervers li*e ?ostmonster, @odaddy, luehost, peed

?ost (hared ?osting, 5, Dedicated ervers in 4inu/ and Window erver)' !ach

students will be provided with one domain, BT5 and Database details to *eep their wor*

live' Cnli*e other institutes where wor*ing environment is on local machines, here we

provide training from our e/perienced Developers in live environment which all

developers re1uire in real ob'

'SP !f !"r $nd"strial Training)

$n*ho"se placement for candidates3

We offer In0house 5lacement of .andidate who perform well during our training session

and successfully clear our test on training completion'

'ni+"e &omain for ,very St"dent)

Bor 4ive training Technologies has a separate hosting for training where student-s

daily training pro2ects will be live' tudents will have full access of live erver (BT5

and Database Access) to wor* from home or lab' !very tudents performance will be

chec*ed by higher management daily' tudents domain will loo* li*e

http3>>www'studentname'industrialtrainingatrv'com-

Training Sylla"s)

"ur Training syllabus is designed by our e/perienced management who have 67 years of

e/perience in the same field' As our motive is to trained resources for our upcoming

business, yllabus is designed as per industry re1uirement' We teach the basics, core and

the fundamentals which many new IT Aspirants are lac*ing now a days' We have not

restricted ourselves in the boundaries of fi/ed syllabus, we prepare our students with

latest technologies going on and also research for the upcoming'

Live Pro.ect ,/pos"re

tudents will get training with real time environment as they will wor* with

Technologies oftware 5vt' 4td' .ompany (www.rvtechnologies.co.in/). !very students

will get access of their pro2ects on 5?5, 'E!T, Android on following addresses

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http://industrialtrainingatrv.com/.

Placement)

tudent will not have to wait till the end of their Industrial Training for getting placed, we

have e/perienced Management whose bulls eye will place the deserving Meritorious.andidate in between the Industrial Training ession'

While getting e/posure on technologies, RV Technologieswill give you upto 6%F on0

campus placement opportunities with top IT .ompanies

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http://industrialtrainingatrv.com/http://industrialtrainingatrv.com/


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Chapter 0

$ntrod"ction To

Pro.ect

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0- $%TR!&'CT$!% ! T2, PR!3,CT

0-1 $%TR!&'CT$!%

The main purpose for developing this site is to provide various users useful information

about the health care' The ob2ective of this system is to allow various users to chec* theirdiseases problem and its solution' The user can easily made an appointment with the

doctor by filling up the appointment form' The search tas* is made easy as one can search

the doctors list,diseases and its solutions etc'

To ma*e this website wor* successfully we have used some latest technology such as

5?5 as the Development 5latform, 5?5 frame wor* as the development and MG4 as

the Database Management environment'

A brief description about 5?5 and MG4 are provided into the documentation in

technology used for front0end and bac*0end instruction'All the covered commitments and provided utilities are described in the proposed system'

The CM4 Diagram has been drawn which is useful to display the flow of the 5rocess

throughout the system so even an ine/perienced people can easily get idea of the

proposed system'

The HTesting techni1ue that we have followed is up to grade and it-s helpful in easily

finding the error or bugs' Testing is a process necessary to be conducted

by analyst to have the system build error0less' Testing is important for consistency

purposes that is user cannot access beyond its limitation'

In our bibliography we have mentioned a list of all the oo*s Eames including the

Author Eame, the website that we have used for our help in searching the data, with an

ob2ective of letting the user *now that with these tools use we have been able to create a

website for various purposes'

0-0 !43,CT$V,S)

The main purpose for developing this site is to provide various users

useful information about the health care'

The ob2ective of this system is to allow various users to chec* theirdiseases problem and its solution'

The user can easily made an appointment with the doctor by filling up

the appointment form'

The search tas* is made easy as one can search the doctors list,diseases

and its solutions etc'

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0-5 ,/isting System)*

!very system might have e/isting system and might don-t have' ome system may be

developed to perform on0line tas* to ma*e the wor* of human being in an easier way as

before e/isting system people might have wor*ed on a manual basis' To complete a tas*through Manual basis is time consuming as well as it increases burden on the employee

so for a better side to complete a tas* many of organi#ations are implementing on0line

system' In early way the before there'

Whenever admin want to manage all the modules in admin site then there no

facility for that'

The day0to0day entries are made "nline into the boo* that has gotten all the

relevant entries'

In another problem in !/isting ystem is that admin side' There are many

admin are wor*' o the admin wants to give the specific permission to the

control panel'

Limitation of ,/isting System)

!ach and every system has certain drawbac*s that lead them in to the improper wor*ing'

There is some problem faceted in the e/isting website' o, the ite owner

wants to the e0develop the !/isting ite

A second is that admin side problem' There is the three and four admin'

!ach time one is not present then another will change the Admin'

The biggest problem in e/isting site that the pages of that website are static

and not dynamic, so the functionality of the site is not dynamic and the site

doesn-t wor* dynamically'

And in the e/isting system there are only some selected cities, so the ownerwants to e/plode his site with adding new cities across the country so in the

new site we add more cities as compared to e/isting site'

In this new website we e/plore this site in all India, and we provide the

facility to visit the patients detail '

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ome other basic problem that arise so, we e0develop that site very

carefully'

0-6 Proposed System)*

The aim of proposed system is to develop a system of improved facilities' The proposed

system can overcome all the limitations of the e/isting system' The system provides

proper security and reduces the manual wor*' The e/isting system has several

disadvantages and many more difficulties to wor* well' The proposed system tries to

eliminate or reduce these difficulties up to some e/tent' The proposed system will help

the user to reduce the wor*load with automation' The proposed system helps the user to

wor* user friendly and he can easily do his 2obs much efficiently'

Eow we will e/plain every module in detail

Registration 7od"le) In this module the user can register himself and afterthe registration he can be the login user of the site, The main advantage of

this module is that the customer who is not register with us, so he cannot

boo* the tic*ets, If he wanted to boo* the tic*ets so first of all he have to

register'

&octors 7od"le) In this module the information about the doctors is given'

In this module, the information about the doctors li*e name,pic and

speciality is given'

Testimonials 7od"le) Cser of this application can post their opinion,

complaints, suggestions regarding this portal and services to the the

administrator' Accordingly the administrator can ta*e various steps to act on

the complaints and suggestions

Visitors) The visitors of this website can directly contact the passenger

through contact module for any difficulty and help through e0mail, contact

number'

There are following types of visitors)

Administrator

Csers

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#dministrator)

Administrator is the super0user of the system

?e > he control the overall system as they possess all rights of

system'

?e > he has all the details of the authenticated user > client

?e > he can change the password and other details related to a

system'

?e > he manages all the information of their all customers through

databases

?e > he can view, reply the feedbac* and in1uiries that has been

posted by their clients as they are the super users and possess all

rights re1uired for managing the system'

'ser)

The users of website mean the person who is login customer with

us'

The users can see the pac*ages and as well as he> she can see the all

information because they are the registered users of the website'

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Chapter 5

Re+"irement #nalysis

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R,8'$R,7,%TS #%#L9S$S

5-1 $n Re+"irement (athering process following steps has een "nderta:en)

Several 7eetings cond"cted

We conducted several meetings with our manager and discussed on various

aspects of the system and collected information needed to develop the system'

y analy#ing the wor* flow, we got a proper understanding of the

+re1uirements-' Meetings were conducted as and when necessary to gather

re1uirements' We followed the team oriented approach for re1uirement

gathering' !veryone was allowed to put forward his>her view points' We even

discussed on our pro2ect with our seniors in company'

$nformation ,/change

.ommunicating within ourselves e/posed us to the basic functionality to be

e/ecuted by our system' All of us got aware of our target to be met within the

predefined deadline' We set the milestones and baseline so that we could

proceed with the system development on schedule'

'nderstanding The Concept

HTo understand the nature of the software to be built, the software engineer

must understand the information domain for the software, as well as the

re1uire function, behavior, performance and interface' Direct communication

to meetings introduces us to the current scenario and provided us with the

basic guidelines on which our system would be developed' Bree flow of ideas

made us understand the benefits of our system' "ur motto was to develop a

1uality product so we laid emphasis on 1uality control right from when we

understood the concept'

&oc"ment Prototype

All our discussion was documented for the future access' During the meeting

itself, we made it a point to note important thing discussed on paper' 4ater this

rough note helps us to ma*e an entire document of our system' After

understanding a reason why we are developing the website and how our

website would tac*le problems, we prepared document prototype' The

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document gave us an idea about the wor* flow of our system from our

perspective and some additional benefits that we would provide in our

website'

5-0 easiility St"dy)

Beasibility study is made to see if the pro2ect on completion will serve the purpose of the

organi#ation for the amount of wor*, effort and the time that spend on it' Beasibility study

lets the developer foresee the future of the pro2ect and the usefulness' A feasibility study

of a system proposal is according to its wor*ability, which is the impact on the

organi#ation, ability to meet their user needs and effective use of resources' Thus when a

new application is proposed it normally goes through a feasibility study before it is

approved for development'

5-0-1 7eaning of Technical easiility)*

The system must be evaluated from the technical point of view first' The assessment of

this feasibility must be based on an outline design of the system re1uirement in the terms

of input, output, programs and procedures' ?aving identified an outline system, the

investigation must go on to suggest the type of e1uipment, re1uired method developing

the system'

5-0-0 7eaning !f !perational easiility)*

"perational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems,

and ta*es advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and

how it satisfies the re1uirements identified in the re1uirements analysis phase of

system development' "perational feasibility parameters are3

Will the proposed system really benefit the organi#ationJ

Does this pro2ect re1uire some investment in tools, s*ill levels, hiring, and

infrastructuresJ

Do we have the right mi/ of team to ta*e up this pro2ectJ

Is there any time #one advantageJ

Identify the anticipated impact on customer satisfaction, retention, and loyaltyJ

ased on this the operational feasibility of the pro2ect is chec*ed'

!perational easiility of Pro.ect)*

This pro2ect is approved by the management because there is no such a web application

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and the wor* was done manually' Eow this is made for the each doctor, the admin or

doctor both can modify the details of them' ut only the administrator is allowed to

create and delete the new doctor and diseases'The advance search option can be used by

the admin that will search the record regarding any employee that can be modified or

deleted'

5-0-5 7eaning of ,conomic easiility)*

The developing system must be 2ustified by cost and benefit' The total men power will be

calculated daily and total wor* load and wor* done can be e/pected from them'The

following are some of the important financial 1uestions as*ed during preliminary

Investigation3

The cost of the hardware and software'

The benefits in the form of reduced costs or fewer costly errors'

ince the system is developed as part of pro2ect wor*, there is no manual cost to spend

for the proposed system' Also all the resources are already available, it give an indication

of the system is economically possible for development'

The proposed system is economically feasible because the cost involved in purchasing

the hardware and the software are within approachable' The personal cost li*e salaries of

employees hired are also nominal, because wor*ing in this system need not re1uired a

highly 1ualified professional' The operating0environment costs are marginal' The less

time involved also helps to ma*e it economical'

,conomic easiility !f Pro.ect)*

This pro2ect is economic feasible for the client because it reduces the paper wor*' In this

the cost benefit analysis is done in which e/pected costs and benefits are evaluated'

!conomic analysis is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system' In the

e/isting system we need many persons for wor* because of the paper wor*' ut with the

help of this system all wor* is done by single person' Eow we don-t need for all the

person now the system provide the benefit to the client' ecause in the e/isting system

we need more manual wor* that why we need more man power' More man power means

more e/pense' The software reduced the manual wor* and also provided many morefacilities to the user and admin' The bac*end re1uired for storing other details is also the

same database that is 4' The computers in the organi#ation are highly sophisticated

and don-t needs e/tra components to load the software' ?ence the organi#ation can

implement the new system without any additional e/penditure' ?ence, it is economically

feasible'

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user whether the web0server uses 5?5 or not, because the entire

browser sees is ?TM4' 5?5-s support for Apache and MG4 further

increases its popularity'

Apache is now the most used web0server in the world, and 5?5 can be

compiled as an Apache module' MG4 is a powerful free 4

database, and 5?5 provides a comprehensive setoff functions for

wor*ing with it' The combination of Apache, MG4 and 5?5 is all

but unbeatable'

That does not mean that 5?5 can-t wor* in other environments or with

other tools in fact, 5?5 supports an e/tensive list of databases and web0

servers' The rise in popularity of 5?5 has coincided with a change of

approach in web0publishing' While in the mid06==%s it was o* to build

seated, even relatively large sites, with hundreds of individual hard0

coded ?TM4 pages, today-s webmasters are ma*ing the most of the

power of databases to manage their content more effectively and to5ersonali#e their sites according to individual users preferences'

Reasons for "se P2P)

There are some indisputable great reason to wor* with 5?5'As an open

source product, 5?5 is well supported by a talented production team and

committed user community' Burthermore, 5?5 can be run on all ma2or

operating system with most servers'

The speed of development is important because 5?5 allows you to

separate ?TM4 code from scripted element, you will note significant

decrease in development time on many pro2ect' In many instances, you

will be able to separate the coding stage of a pro2ect from the design and

build stage' Eot only can this ma*e life easier for you as programmer, but

it also remove obstacle that stand in the way of effective and fle/ible

design

5-6-5 C!7P$L,R

5?5 became a compiled language in the year $%%%, when 5?5 ; was released for the first

time' Cntil version , 5?5 source code was parsed and e/ecuted right away by the 5?5

interpreter'

5?5 ; introduced the the Pend engine' This engine splits the processing of 5?5 code into

several phases' The first phase parses 5?5 source code and generates a binary

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Engine


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representation of the 5?5 code *nown as =end opcodes' "pcodes are sets of instructions

similar to ava bytecodes' These opcodes are stored in memory' The second phase of

Pend engine processing consists in e/ecuting the generated opcodes'

The Pend engine was built in such way that right after the first phase, the opcodes may be

stored in the server shared memory space' This is done by special 5?5 e/tensions *nows

as opcode caching e/tensions' There are several 5?5 caching e/tensions also *nown as

5?5 accelerator e/tensions'

The purpose of these e/tensions is to s*ip the initial compilation step' If a 5?5 script was

previously compiled and stored in shared memory, ne/t time the same script is e/ecuted,

the caching e/tension 2ust loads the compiled opcodes from the shared memory very

1uic*ly' This way 5?5 gains a lot of time by s*ipping the initial opcode compilation

step'

Qeep in mind that despite the name, accelerator e/tensions do not ma*e compiled 5?5

opcodes actually e/ecute faster' !ventual acceleration of the e/ecution of 5?5 opcodes

may be achieved with optimi#er e/tensions' These are special e/tensions that analy#e the

compiled opcodes and rearrange them in order that they may e/ecute the same code

faster'

5-6-6 P2P #RC2$T,CT'R,

The mys1lnd replication and load balancing plugin is implemented as a 5?5 e/tension' It

is written in . and operates under the hood of 5?5' During the startup of the 5?5

interpreter, in the module init phase of the 5?5 engine, it gets registered as a mys1lnd

plugin to replace selected mys1lnd . methods'

At 5?5 runtime, it inspects 1ueries sent from mys1lnd (5?5) to the My4 server' If a

1uery is recogni#ed as read0only, it will be sent to one of the configured slave servers'

tatements are considered read0only if they either start with SELECT, the 4 hint

/*ms=slave*/or a slave had been chosen for running the previous 1uery, and the 1uery

started with the 4 hint /*ms=last_used*/' In all other cases, the 1uery will be sent to

the My4 replication master server'

Bor better portability, applications should use the mys1lndRmsRmasterRswitch,

mys1lndRmsRslaveRswitch, and mys1lndRmsRlastRusedRswitch predefined mys1lndRms

constants,instead of their literal values, such as /*ms=slave*/'

The plugin handles the opening and closing of database connections to both master and

slave servers' Brom an application point of view, there continues to be only one

connection handle' ?owever, internally, this one public connection handle represents a

pool of networ* connections that are managed by the plugin' The plugin pro/ies 1ueries

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5-6 T,#7 STR'CT'R,

As this pro2ect is a live pro2ect and the company has given me the opportunity to wor* on

this pro2ect' In this pro2ect there is one Technical 4eader and one enior oftware

!ngineer' trainee allotted for this pro2ect and pro2ect is progressed under the supervision

of all the team members'

Bigure3 Team tructure

5-> &,V,L!P7,%T SC2,&'L,

The wor* in developing the new system commenced immediately with our first meeting

with the management and users thereafter we were in continuous touch with the

management and client'

5hases involved in the development of the system

Identify needs and benefits

?eld meetings with the management and client

tudied and identified the e/isting system

Identify needs and pro2ect constraints

!stablished pro2ect statements 5repared a detailed report of the e/isting system at wor*

5repare the software re1uirements specifications

Actual coding started

5-? R,8'$R,7,%T SP,C$$C#T$!% &!C'7,%T

5-?-1 Re+"irement Specification)*

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Technical Lead

Software

Trainee


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egister Cser

5-?-6 Characteristics

etter performance'

e able to e/tend to add>configure'

e able to e/tend for more functionality' 5rovide more e/tensive features'

5-?-> 2ardware and Software Re+"irement

2#R&W#R, R,8'$R,7,%TS)*

S!TW#R, R,8'$R,7,%TS)*

?ardware !nvironment

5.5. (Windows)

5rocessor Intel 5entium ; with 7%%M?# or ?igher

AM 6 @

?DD :% @

Qeyboard 6%: *eys

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Re+"irements developed in System #nalysis Stage

4ogical ystem Design involves developing general specification for how the basic I

activities of input, processing, output, storage and can meet the end user re1uirements' At

this stage, we start giving shape to our database which includes detail structure of various

tables used to store information'5hysical ystem Design involves the detailed design of user interface methods and

products, database structures, processing S control procedures' ?ardware (machine,

media), software (program and procedures) S personnel specifications are also developed

for purpose system' At this point of development we designed our forms, menus and

procedures and decided about hardware (.D0"M) and other software re1uirements and

put them in wor*'

It must also specify how such resources will convert data resources (stored in files and

database they design) into info products (displays, responses, reports and documents)'

7ethods of different prod"cts

It is another way to look at System design and focus on three major

products or deliverables that should result from design stage. In this framework,

System esign consists of three activities!

'ser $nterface &esign) The user interface design activity focuses on designing

the interactions between users and computer system' It concentrates input

methods and conversion of data and information between human0readable and

machine0readable forms i'e' in @ree* Travel @reece'.om("nline

?oteleservation ystem) this step produces detailed specifications for

information products such as display screens, forms, reports, documents and

dialog design'

&ata &esign) The data design activity focus on design of logical structure of files

and databases to be used by the proposed system' Data design produces detailed

description of3

!ntities (people, place, thing, and event) about which information system

needs to maintain'

Information li*e customers, employees'

elationships between these entities i'e' Boreign Qeys'

Data elements (databases, files or records) needed to maintain each entity'

Process design) The 5rogram design activity focus on design of software

resources that is programs and procedures needed by proposed system' It

concentrates on detailed specifications for the program modules, that will be

purchased as software pac*ages or development by custom programming needed

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to meet user interface and data design specification as well as control and

performance re1uirements of proposed is'

Characteristics of a well defined system

In design an efficient and effective system is of great importance to consider the human

factor and e1uipment that these will re1uire to use' ystem analyst must evaluate the

capabilities and limitations of the personal and corresponding factors of the e1uipment

itself' The characteristics associated with effective system operations are3

Decision Ma*ing Ability

!conomy, Ble/ibility

Acessibility

eliability

implicity

Three Layers !f Pro.ect) ,ach pro.ect has these three layers-

6-0 #RC2$T,CT'R#L &,S$(%)

6-0-1 T#4#S, &,S$(% )

T# L!W &$#(R#7

In our DBD, we give names to data flows, processes, and data stores' Although the namesare descriptive of the data, they do not give details' o the following the DBD, our

@ig 6-1) Layers of pro.ectA

6-1-1 #rchitect"ral &esign)

6-1-1-1 7od"les !f W2C

7od"les of We 2ealth Centre)

25

W! ?!A4T?

.!ET!

ADMIE

C!


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@ig 6->) && for LoginA

&& !R #&7$%

aved in

aved in aved in

28

Delete

Docs

Add

disease

s

Add

Docs

Data ase

Admin


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@ig 6-0) Tale for &octorsA

Tale for diseases)

@ig 6-5) Tale for &iseases and ConditionsA

Tale for departments)

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@ig 6-6) Tale for &epartmentsA

Tale for testimonials )

@ig 6->) Tale for Testimonial $nformationA

Tale for contact_form)

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2ome Page)*

@inde/-phpA

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@ig 6-D) 2ome PageA

&escription) This is the home page from where the user or doctor can chec* the

information' Brom this page , user can login and set an appointment with the doctor'

?e>he can also chec* the doctor list'

Services*page )*

@services-phpA

@ig 6-E) Services PageA

&escription) This page contain the information about the services'

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information and visit us easily'

#dmin*login page

@inde/-phpA

@ig 6-10)#dmin Login PageA

&escription3 !nter username and password then login'Admin add page,photos according

to the city, area '

#dmin 2ome Page)*

@add_doctors-phpA

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@ig 6-15) #dd &octors PageA

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coding for the program begins3

"nce the design phase was over,coding commenced'

.oding is natural conse1uence of design'

.oding step translate a detailed design representation of software into aprogramming language reali#ation'

Main emphasis while coding was on style so that the end result was an optimi#ed

code'

The following points were *ept into consideration while coding3

Coding Style

The structured programming method was used in all the modules of the pro2ect'

It incorporated the following features3

The code has been written so that the definition and implementation of eachfunction is contained in one file'

A group of related function was clubbed together in one file to include it when

needed and save us from the labour of writing it again and again'

There are two types of approaches

Top*down #pproach

A top0down design approach starts by identifying the ma2or components of the

system, decomposing them into their lower level components and iterating until

the desired level of details is achieved'

4ottom*"p #pproach

A bottom0up design approach starts with designing the most basic or primitive

components and proceeds to higher0level components that use these lower level

components'

>-1 #pproach ollowed) Top &own #pproach

A Top Down Approach (is also *nown as tep0Wise Design) is essentially the brea*ing

down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub0systems' In a Top Down

Approach, an overview of the system is first formulated, specifying but not detailing any

first0level subsystems' !ach subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in

many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base

elements' a Top0Down Model is often specified with the assistance of Hblac* bo/es,

these ma*e it easier to manipulate'?owever,blac* bo/es may fail to elucidate elementary

mechanisms or be detailed enough to realistically validate the model'

Top0Down 5rogramming has several advantages3

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e&plorer-

Bigure3 Test cases for system testing

P"rpose of Testing)

The main purposes of this procedure are3

To carry out comprehensive testing of the system>product and its

individual components in order to ensure that the developed

system>product conforms to the user re1uirements>design'

To verify the proper integration of all components of the software'

To verify that all re1uirements have been correctly implemented'

To identify and ensure defects are addressed prior to the deployment of the

software'

'nit testing)*

Cnit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software i'e' the module'

Csing the detailed design and the process specifications, testing is done to uncover errors

within the boundary of the module' All modules must be successful in the unit test before

the start of the integration testing begins'

$ntegration Testing)*

After unit testing, we have to perform integration testing' The goal here is to see if

modules can be integrated properly, the emphasis being on testing interfaces betweenmodules' This testing activity can be considered as testing the design and hence the

emphasis on testing module interactions'

TestSubject

Test "ethod E#pected$esult

%ctual $esult $emarks

'%%essf'lregistr)tion of 'ser)nd%#e%(ing

t#e 'serst)t's-

"#e login form!)s filled%ompletely !it#)ll t#e ne%ess)ry,)l'es )res'mitted )nd

t#en t#e st)t'sof ne!lyregistered /seris %#e%(ed-

)l'es gots'%%essf'llystored in t#etri%ity d)t))se)nd retrie,eds'%%essf'lly

!#ile %#e%(ingt#e 'ser det)ils

All t#e ,)l'esentered )reretrie,ed !it#t#e def)'ltst)t's-

ot t#e %orre%tdet)ils%orresponding tot#e 'ser id of t#ene!ly registered'ser -

Tale)Test cases for integration testing

System Testing)

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Bigure&'6'$3 tages of Testing

$nformation flow of data for testing )

95

System TestingValidation Testing

Integration Testing

Validation testing

Code

!valuatio

n

Evaluatio

nTesting

eliability

Model

Debug

oftware

.onfiguration Test esults

!rror ate

D)t)

!/pected esults

Error


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testing)'

$' &efect Testing3

Defect testing is testing for situation where the program does not meet its functional

specification' 5erformance testing tests a system\s performance or reliability underrealistic loads' This may go some way to ensuring that the program meets its non0

functional re1uirements'

&,4'(($%()

Debugging is a cycle of detection, location, repair and test' Debugging is a hypothesis

testing process' When a bug is detected, the tester must form a hypothesis about the cause

and location of the bug' Burther e/amination of the e/ecution of the program (possible

including many returns of it) will usually ta*e place to confirm the hypothesis' If the

hypothesis is demonstrated to be incorrect, a new hypothesis must be formed' Debugging

tools that show the state of the program are useful for this, but inserting print statements

is often the only approach' !/perienced debuggers use their *nowledge of common

and>or obscure bugs to facilitate the hypothesis testing process' After fi/ing a bug, the

system must be reset to ensure that the fi/ has wor*ed and that no other bugs have been

introduced' This is called regression testing' In principle, all tests should be performed

again but this is often too e/pensive to do'

Test Planning

Testing needs to be planned, to be cost and time effective' 5lanning is setting out

standards for tests' Test plans set out the conte/t in which individual engineers can place

their own wor*' Typical test plan contains3

!verview of testing process

6' e1uirements trace ability (to ensure that all re1uirements are tested)

$' 4ist of item to be tested

' chedule

;' ecording procedures so that test results can be audited

7' ?ardware and software re1uirements

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management and software modification audits' oftware modification consists of

program rewrites system level updates, and re0audits of low ran*ing programs to verify

and correct the soft spots'

The outcome should be more reliable software, a reduced maintenance bac*log,

and higher satisfaction and morale among the maintenance staff'In ?5, care has

been ta*en towards maintenanceO 4oop ?oles can be eradicated from the system from

time to time according to changing re1uirements with lesser cost'

?-5 ,val"ation)*

The evaluation phase ran*s vendor proposals and determines the one best suited,

!valuation of the system is performed to identify its strengths and wea*nesses' The actual

evaluation can occur along any of the following dimensions3

"perational !valuation3 Assessment of the manner in which the system functions,

including case of use, response time, overall reliability and level of utili#ation' "rgani#ational Impact3 Identification and measurement of benefits to the

organi#ation in such areas as financial concerns, operational efficiency and

competitive impact'

Cser Manager Assessment !valuation of the attitudes of senior and user manager

within the organi#ation, as well as end0users'

Development 5erformance3 !valuation of the development process in accordance

with such yardstic*s as overall development time and effort, conformance to budgets

and standards and other pro2ect management criteria'

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