web.stanford.edu · domains and codomains every function f has two sets associated with it: its...
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Functions
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What is a function?
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Functions, High-School Edition
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f(x) = x4 – 5x2 + 4
source: https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_intermediate-algebra/section_07/6aaf3a5ab540885474d58855068b64ce.png
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source: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/asymptote_1.JPG
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Functions, High-School Edition
● In high school, functions are usually given as objects of the form
● What does a function do?● It takes in as input a real number.● It outputs a real number● … except when there are vertical asymptotes or
other discontinuities, in which case the function doesn't output anything.
f (x) =x3
+3x2+15x+7
1−x137
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Functions, CS Edition
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int flipUntil(int n) { int numHeads = 0; int numTries = 0; while (numHeads < n) { if (randomBoolean()) numHeads++; numTries++; } return numTries; }
int flipUntil(int n) { int numHeads = 0; int numTries = 0; while (numHeads < n) { if (randomBoolean()) numHeads++; numTries++; } return numTries; }
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Functions, CS Edition
● In programming, functions● might take in inputs,● might return values,● might have side efects,● might never return anything,● might crash, and● might return diferent values when called
multiple times.
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What's Common?
● Although high-school math functions and CS functions are pretty diferent, they have two key aspects in common:● They take in inputs.● They produce outputs.
● In math, we like to keep things easy, so that's pretty much how we're going to defne a function.
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Rough Idea of a Function:
A function is an object f that takes in an input and produces exactly one output.
(This is not a complete defnition – we'll revisit this in a bit.)
fx
f(x)
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High School versus CS Functions
● In high school, functions usually were given by a rule:
f(x) = 4x + 15 ● In CS, functions are usually given by code:
int factorial(int n) { int result = 1; for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { result *= i; } return result;
}
● What sorts of functions are we going to allow from a mathematical perspective?
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DikdikNubian
IbexSloth
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… but also …
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f(x) = x2 + 3x – 15
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f (n)={ −n/2 if n is even(n+1)/2 otherwise
Functions like these are called piecewise
functions.
Functions like these are called piecewise
functions.
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To defne a function, you will typically either
· draw a picture, or· give a rule for determining the output.
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In mathematics, functions are deterministic.
That is, given the same input, a function must always produce the same output.
The following is a perfectly valid piece ofC++ code, but it’s not a valid function under
our defnition:
int randomNumber(int numOutcomes) { return rand() % numOutcomes; }
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One Challenge
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f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
f( 3 ) = 32 + 3 · 2 + 5 = 20 f( 0 ) = 02 + 0 · 2 + 5 = 5
f( 3 ) = … ?
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f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
f( 3 ) = 32 + 3 · 2 + 5 = 20 f( 0 ) = 02 + 0 · 2 + 5 = 5
f( 3 ) = … ?
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f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
f( 3 ) = 32 + 3 · 2 + 5 = 20 f( 0 ) = 02 + 0 · 2 + 5 = 5
f( 3 ) = … ?
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f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
f( 3 ) = 32 + 3 · 2 + 5 = 20 f( 0 ) = 02 + 0 · 2 + 5 = 5
f( 3 ) = … ?
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f( ) =
f( ) = 137 …?
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We need to make sure we can't apply functions to meaningless inputs.
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Domains and Codomains
● Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain.
● A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain. For any x in the domain, f(x) belongs to the codomain.
Domain Codomain
The function must be defned
for every element of the domain.
The function must be defned
for every element of the domain.
The output of the function must
always be in the codomain, but
not all elements of the codomain
must be produced as
outputs.
The output of the function must
always be in the codomain, but
not all elements of the codomain
must be produced as
outputs.
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Domains and Codomains
● Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain.
● A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain. For any x in the domain, f(x) belongs to the codomain.
double absoluteValueOf(double x) { if (x >= 0) { return x; } else { return -x; }}
The domain of this function is ℝ. Any real number can be
provided as input.
The domain of this function is ℝ. Any real number can be
provided as input.
The codomain of this function is ℝ. Everything produced is a real number, but not all real numbers
can be produced.
The codomain of this function is ℝ. Everything produced is a real number, but not all real numbers
can be produced.
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Domains and Codomains
● If f is a function whose domain is A and whose codomain is B, we write f : A → B.
● Think of this like a “function prototype” in C++.
f : A → B
Argumenttype
Argumenttype
Returntype
Returntype
Functionname
Functionname
B f(A arg);
Argumenttype
Argumenttype
Returntype
Returntype
Functionname
Functionname
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The Oficial Rules for Functions
● Formally speaking, we say that f : A → B if the following two rules hold.
● First, f must be obey its domain/codomain rules:
∀a ∈ A. ∃b ∈ B. f(a) = b(“Every input in A maps to some output in B.”)
● Second, f must be deterministic:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ = a₂ → f(a₁) = f(a₂))(“Equal inputs produce equal outputs.”)
● If you’re ever curious about whether something is a function, look back at these rules and check! For example:● Can a function have an empty domain?● Can a function with a nonempty domain have an empty codomain?
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Defning Functions
● Typically, we specify a function by describing a rule that maps every element of the domain to some element of the codomain.
● Examples:● f(n) = n + 1, where f : ℤ → ℤ● f(x) = sin x, where f : ℝ → ℝ● f(x) = ⌈x⌉, where f : ℝ → ℤ
● Notice that we're giving both a rule and the domain/codomain.
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Defning Functions
● Typically, we specify a function by describing a rule that maps every element of the domain to some element of the codomain.
● Examples:● f(n) = n + 1, where f : ℤ → ℤ● f(x) = sin x, where f : ℝ → ℝ● f(x) = ⌈x⌉, where f : ℝ → ℤ
● Notice that we're giving both a rule and the domain/codomain.
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Defning Functions
Typically, we specify a function by describing a rule that maps every element of the domain to some element of the codomain.
Examples:
f(n) = n + 1, where f : ℤ → ℤ
f(x) = sin x, where f : ℝ → ℝ● f(x) = ⌈x⌉, where f : ℝ → ℤ
Notice that we're giving both a rule and the domain/codomain.
This is the ceiling function – the smallest integer
greater than or equal to x. For example, 1 = 1, 1.37 ⌈ ⌉ ⌈ ⌉
= 2, and 3.14⌈ ⌉ = 4.
This is the ceiling function – the smallest integer
greater than or equal to x. For example, 1 = 1, 1.37 ⌈ ⌉ ⌈ ⌉
= 2, and 3.14⌈ ⌉ = 4.
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Is This a Function From A to B?
A B
Stanford
Berkeley
Michigan
Arkansas
Cardinal
White
Blue
Gold
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Is This a Function From A to B?
California
New York
Delaware
Washington DC
Sacramento
Dover
Albany
A B
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Is This a Function From A to B?
عيد الفطر
عيد الضحى
صفر
م محر
ربيع الأل
A
B
جمادى الألى
ربيع الثاني
جمادى الخآرة
شعبان
رجب
رمضان
ذأ القعدة
شوال
ذأ الحجة
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Combining Functions
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People Places Prices
Gili
Amanda
Hugo
Teresa
Mountain View
San Francisco
Redding, CA
Barrow, AK
Far Too Much
King's Ransom
A Modest Amount
Pocket Change
RobertPalo Alto
f : People → Places g : Places → Prices
h : People → Pricesh(x) = g(f(x))
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Function Composition
● Suppose that we have two functions f : A → B and g : B → C.
● Notice that the codomain of f is the domain of g. This means that we can use outputs from f as inputs to g.
f gf(x)
x
g(f(x))
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Function Composition
● Suppose that we have two functions f : A → B and g : B → C.
● The composition of f and g, denoted g ∘ f, is a function where● g ∘ f : A → C, and● (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)).
● A few things to notice:● The domain of g ∘ f is the domain of f. Its codomain is
the codomain of g.● Even though the composition is written g ∘ f, when
evaluating (g ∘ f)(x), the function f is evaluated frst.
The name of the function is g ∘ f. When we apply it to an input x, we write (g ∘ f)(x). I don't know
why, but that's what we do.
The name of the function is g ∘ f. When we apply it to an input x, we write (g ∘ f)(x). I don't know
why, but that's what we do.
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Time-Out for Announcements!
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Problem Set One Feedback
● Problem Set One grades have been posted● If you haven’t already, please review the
feedback we’ve left for you as soon as possible, as well as the solution set.
● We’re happy to answer any questions about specifc comments in ofice hours or on Piazza.
● If you believe we’ve made a grading error, see the Regrade Policies handout for instructions on how to submit a regrade.
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Problem Set Three
● Problem Set Two was due today at 3:00PM.● Want to use late days? Submit the assignment by
Sunday at 3:00PM.● Problem Set Three goes out today.
● The checkpoint is due on Monday at 3:00PM.● The remaining problems are due Friday at 3:00PM.● Play around with binary relations, functions, their
properties, and their applications!● As usual, feel free to ask questions!
● Ask on Piazza!● Stop by ofice hours!
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Back to CS103!
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Special Types of Functions
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
Pluto
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
Pluto
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
![Page 51: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
![Page 52: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Injective Functions
● A function f : A → B is called injective (or one-to-one) if the following statement is true about f:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂))
(“If the inputs are diferent, the outputs are diferent.”)
● The following frst-order defnition is equivalent and is often useful in proofs.
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (f(a₁) = f(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
(“If the outputs are the same, the inputs are the same.”)
● A function with this property is called an injection.
● How does this compare to our second rule for functions?
![Page 53: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
![Page 54: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
![Page 55: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ = n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) = f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ ≠ n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ = n₂.Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ ≠ n₂.
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ = n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) = f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ ≠ n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ = n₂.Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ ≠ n₂.
![Page 56: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₀ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₀) = f(n₁) → n₀ = n₁ )
∀n₀ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ( n₀ ≠ n₁ → f(n₀) ≠ f(n₁) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₀ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₀) = f(n₁) → n₀ = n₁ )
∀n₀ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ( n₀ ≠ n₁ → f(n₀) ≠ f(n₁) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
![Page 57: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
![Page 58: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁), then prove that n₀ = n₁.
![Page 59: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
![Page 60: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
![Page 61: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
![Page 62: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₀, n₁ ∈ ℕ where f(n₀) = f(n₁). Wewill prove that n₀ = n₁.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
What does it mean for the function f to be injective?
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( f(n₁) = f(n₂) → n₁ = n₂ )
∀n₁ ∈ ℕ. ∀n₂ ∈ ℕ. ( n₁ ≠ n₂ → f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂) )
Therefore, we'll pick arbitrary n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂), then prove that n₁ = n₂.
![Page 63: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₀) = f(n₁), we see that
2n₀ + 7 = 2n₁ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
![Page 64: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₁) = f(n₂), we see that
2n₁ + 7 = 2n₂ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₀ = 2n₁,
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
![Page 65: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₁) = f(n₂), we see that
2n₁ + 7 = 2n₂ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₁ = 2n₂
so n₀ = n₁, as required. ■
![Page 66: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₁) = f(n₂), we see that
2n₁ + 7 = 2n₂ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₁ = 2n₂
so n₁ = n₂, as required. ■
![Page 67: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₁) = f(n₂), we see that
2n₁ + 7 = 2n₂ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₁ = 2n₂
so n₁ = n₂, as required. ■
![Page 68: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℕ → ℕ be defned as f(n) = 2n + 7.Then f is injective.
Proof: Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). Wewill prove that n₁ = n₂.
Since f(n₁) = f(n₂), we see that
2n₁ + 7 = 2n₂ + 7.This in turn means that
2n₁ = 2n₂
so n₁ = n₂, as required. ■
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ = n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) = f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ ≠ n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ = n₂.Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ ≠ n₂.
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ = n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) = f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where n₁ ≠ n₂. We will prove that f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂).Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) = f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ = n₂.Consider any n₁, n₂ ∈ ℕ where f(n₁) ≠ f(n₂). We will prove that n₁ ≠ n₂.
Good exercise: Repeat this proof using the other defnition of injectivity!
Good exercise: Repeat this proof using the other defnition of injectivity!
![Page 69: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 70: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 71: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Assume for the sake of contradiction that f is not injective.
Assume for the sake of contradiction that there are integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂) but x₁ ≠ x₂.
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where x₁ ≠ x₂. We will provethat f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂). We will provethat x₁ ≠ x₂.
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Assume for the sake of contradiction that f is not injective.
Assume for the sake of contradiction that there are integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂) but x₁ ≠ x₂.
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where x₁ ≠ x₂. We will provethat f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂). We will provethat x₁ ≠ x₂.
![Page 72: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 73: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 74: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))
∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 75: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 76: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₀ ≠ x₁ → f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 77: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ ¬(f(x₀) ≠ f(x₁)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 78: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₀ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. (x₀ ≠ x₁ ∧ f(x₀) = f(x₁))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 79: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₀, x₁ ∈ ℤ such that x₀ ≠ x₁, butf(x₀) = f(x₁). Can we do that?
![Page 80: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
![Page 81: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
![Page 82: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
![Page 83: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₀ and x₁such that x₀ ≠ x₁, but f(x₀) = f(x₁).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
What does it mean for f to be injective?
∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))
What is the negation of this statement?
¬∀x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ¬∀x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. ¬(x₁ ≠ x₂ → f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ ¬(f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂)))∃x₁ ∈ ℤ. ∃x₂ ∈ ℤ. (x₁ ≠ x₂ ∧ f(x₁) = f(x₂))
Therefore, we need to fnd x₁, x₂ ∈ ℤ such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) =
f(x₂). Can we do that?
![Page 84: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 85: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 86: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1.
f(x₁) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 87: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1.
f(x₁) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₂) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
![Page 88: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1.
f(x₁) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₂) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₁) = f(x₂) even though x₁ ≠ x₂, as required. ■
![Page 89: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1.
f(x₁) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₂) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₁) = f(x₂) even though x₁ ≠ x₂, as required. ■
![Page 90: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₀ = -1 and x₁ = +1. Then
f(x₀) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₁) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₀) = f(x₁) even though x₀ ≠ x₁, as required. ■
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Assume for the sake of contradiction that f is not injective.
Assume for the sake of contradiction that there are integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂) but x₁ ≠ x₂.
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where x₁ ≠ x₂. We will provethat f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂). We will provethat x₁ ≠ x₂.
How many of the following are correct ways of starting of this proof?
Assume for the sake of contradiction that f is not injective.
Assume for the sake of contradiction that there are integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂) but x₁ ≠ x₂.
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where x₁ ≠ x₂. We will provethat f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Consider arbitrary integers x₁ and x₂ where f(x₁) = f(x₂). We will provethat x₁ ≠ x₂.
![Page 91: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Injective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℤ → ℕ be defned as f(x) = x4. Then fis not injective.
Proof: We will prove that there exist integers x₁ and x₂such that x₁ ≠ x₂, but f(x₁) = f(x₂).
Let x₁ = -1 and x₂ = +1.
f(x₁) = f(-1) = (-1)4 = 1
and
f(x₂) = f(1) = 14 = 1,
so f(x₁) = f(x₂) even though x₁ ≠ x₂, as required. ■
![Page 92: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Injections and Composition
![Page 93: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Injections and Composition
● Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is an injection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is an injection.
● Our goal will be to prove this result. To do so, we're going to have to call back to the formal defnitions of injectivity and function composition.
![Page 94: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
![Page 95: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
![Page 96: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
![Page 97: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
![Page 98: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
![Page 99: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
![Page 100: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
There are two defnitions of injectivity that we can use here:
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. ((g ∘ f)(a₁) = (g ∘ f)(a₂) → a₁ = a₂)
∀a₁ ∈ A. ∀a₂ ∈ A. (a₁ ≠ a₂ → (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂))
Therefore, we’ll choose an arbitrary a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂,then prove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂).
![Page 101: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
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Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
![Page 103: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
![Page 104: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
![Page 105: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
![Page 106: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
How is (g ∘ f)(x) defned?
(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))
So we need to prove that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
![Page 107: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
A B C
a₁
a₂
f(a₁)
f(a₂)
g(f(a₁))
g(f(a₂))
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Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
A B C
a₁
a₂
f(a₁)
f(a₂)
g(f(a₁))
g(f(a₂))
![Page 109: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
A B C
a₁
a₂
f(a₁)
f(a₂)
g(f(a₁))
g(f(a₂))
![Page 110: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
A B C
a₁
a₂
f(a₁)
f(a₂)
g(f(a₁))
g(f(a₂))
![Page 111: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is an injection and g : B → C is aninjection, then the function g ∘ f : A → C is also aninjection.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary injections. Wewill prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is also injective.To do so, consider any a₁, a₂ ∈ A where a₁ ≠ a₂. We willprove that (g ∘ f)(a₁) ≠ (g ∘ f)(a₂). Equivalently, we need toshow that g(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)).
Since f is injective and a₁ ≠ a₂, we see that f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂). Then, since g is injective and f(a₁) ≠ f(a₂), we see thatg(f(a₁)) ≠ g(f(a₂)), as required. ■
A B C
a₁
a₂
f(a₁)
f(a₂)
g(f(a₁))
g(f(a₂))
Great exercise: Repeat this proof using the other defnition of
injectivity.
Great exercise: Repeat this proof using the other defnition of
injectivity.
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Let’s take a fve minute break!
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Another Class of Functions
![Page 114: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
California
Washington
Oregon
Mt. Lassen
Mt. Hood
Mt. St. Helens
Mt. Shasta
![Page 115: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Surjective Functions
● A function f : A → B is called surjective (or onto) if this frst-order logic statement is true about f:
∀b ∈ B. ∃a ∈ A. f(a) = b
(“For every possible output, there's at least one possible input that produces it”)
● A function with this property is called a surjection.
● How does this compare to our frst rule of functions?
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Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
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Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
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Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 119: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 120: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 121: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 122: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 123: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
What does it mean for f to be surjective?
∀y ∈ ℝ. ∃x ∈ ℝ. f(x) = y
Therefore, we'll choose an arbitrary y ∈
ℝ, then prove that there is some x ∈ ℝ where f(x) = y.
![Page 124: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 125: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 126: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 127: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 128: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 129: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 130: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 131: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Surjective Functions
Theorem: Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defned as f(x) = x / 2. Thenf(x) is surjective.
Proof: Consider any y ∈ ℝ. We will prove that there is achoice of x ∈ ℝ such that f(x) = y.
Let x = 2y. Then we see that
f(x) = f(2y) = 2y / 2 = y.
So f(x) = y, as required. ■
![Page 132: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Composing Surjections
![Page 133: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
![Page 134: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
![Page 135: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
![Page 136: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
![Page 137: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
![Page 138: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
![Page 139: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
What does it mean for g ∘ f : A → C to be surjective?
∀c ∈ C. ∃a ∈ A. (g ∘ f)(a) = c
Therefore, we'll choose arbitrary c ∈ C and prove that thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c.
![Page 140: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
![Page 141: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
![Page 142: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
![Page 143: web.stanford.edu · Domains and Codomains Every function f has two sets associated with it: its domain and its codomain. A function f can only be applied to elements of its domain](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071102/5fdc40752cab54319c566693/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
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Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
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Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
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Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
A B C
c
ba
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Theorem: If f : A → B is surjective and g : B → C is surjective,then g ∘ f : A → C is also surjective.
Proof: Let f : A → B and g : B → C be arbitrary surjections.We will prove that the function g ∘ f : A → C is alsosurjective. To do so, we will prove that for any c ∈ C, thereis some a ∈ A such that (g ∘ f)(a) = c. Equivalently, wewill prove that for any c ∈ C, there is some a ∈ A such thatg(f(a)) = c.
Consider any c ∈ C. Since g : B → C is surjective, there is some b ∈ B such that g(b) = c. Similarly, since f : A → B is surjective, there is some a ∈ A such that f(a) = b. This means that there is some a ∈ A such that
g(f(a)) = g(b) = c,
which is what we needed to show. ■
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Injections and Surjections
● An injective function associates at most one element of the domain with each element of the codomain.
● A surjective function associates at least one element of the domain with each element of the codomain.
● What about functions that associate exactly one element of the domain with each element of the codomain?
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Katniss Everdeen
Elsa
Hermione Granger
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Bijections
● A function that associates each element of the codomain with a unique element of the domain is called bijective.● Such a function is a bijection.
● Formally, a bijection is a function that is both injective and surjective.
● Bijections are sometimes called one-to-one correspondences.● Not to be confused with “one-to-one functions.”
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Bijections and Composition
● Suppose that f : A → B and g : B → C are bijections.
● Is g ∘ f necessarily a bijection?● Yes!
● Since both f and g are injective, we know that g ∘ f is injective.
● Since both f and g are surjective, we know that g ∘ f is surjective.
● Therefore, g ∘ f is a bijection.
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Inverse Functions
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Katniss Everdeen
Elsa
Hermione Granger
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
♀☿
♂♃♄♅♆
♀
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California
Washington
Oregon
Mt. Lassen
Mt. Hood
Mt. St. Helens
Mt. Shasta
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California
Washington
Oregon
Mt. Lassen
Mt. Hood
Mt. St. Helens
Mt. Shasta
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Inverse Functions
● In some cases, it's possible to “turn a function around.”● Let f : A → B be a function. A function f-1 : B → A is
called an inverse of f if the following frst-order logic statements are true about f and f-1
∀a ∈ A. (f-1(f(a)) = a) ∀b ∈ B. (f(f-1(b)) = b)● In other words, if f maps a to b, then f-1 maps b back to
a and vice-versa.● Not all functions have inverses (we just saw a few
examples of functions with no inverses).● If f is a function that has an inverse, then we say that f
is invertible.
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Inverse Functions
● Theorem: Let f : A → B. Then f is invertible if and only if f is a bijection.
● These proofs are in the course reader. Feel free to check them out if you'd like!
● Really cool observation: Look at the formal defnition of a function. Look at the rules for injectivity and surjectivity. Do you see why this result makes sense?
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Let’s play a game!
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Telephone Pictionary
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Telephone PictionaryLog
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How did it go?
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Strategies to Keep in Mind
“All Ps are Qs.” “Some Ps are Qs.”
“No Ps are Qs.” “Some Ps aren't Qs.”
∀x. (P(x) → Q(x)) ∃x. (P(x) ∧ Q(x))
∀x. (P(x) → ¬Q(x)) ∃x. (P(x) ∧ ¬Q(x))
● The ∀ quantifer usually is paired with →.
∀x. (P(x) → Q(x))● The ∃ quantifer usually is paired with ∧.
∃x. (P(x) ∧ Q(x))