web-based assessment & treatment of dysfunctional career ... · a problem for career counseling...
TRANSCRIPT
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Web-Based
Assessment & Treatment of
Dysfunctional Career Thinking
Darrin Carr &
James P. Sampson, Jr.
Florida State University
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
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A Problem for Career Counseling
Mortimer, Zimmer-Gembeck, Holmes, & Shanahan (2002)
• interviewed 1,000 youth in STW transition
• identified themes of unfulfilled expectations and postponement of career decisions
Behrens & Altman (2000, p. 44)
• three year qualitative study
• 95% of 92 mid-life career changers lacked confidence in their ability to find mid-life career satisfaction
• felt their desire to explore these core issues was rebuffed by job search experts
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A Problem for Career Counseling
Behrens & Altman (2000)
• “…many mid-life career changers must deal with the frustrations of having their core issues glossed over or even ignored…” by job search professionals
• “By helping them to conquer their fears, correct erroneous beliefs, and become aware of and revise negative self-talk…,” practitioners can help mid-life job seekers to “…find the energy to network and project the confidence to interview successfully.”
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
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Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Louisa
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Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
CBT view of “Core Issues”
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Problem
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Problem
1
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Problem
1
2
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Problem
1
2
3
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Problem
1
2
3
4
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The Problem
• Clients may not be ready to
make a career decision due to self-
reinforcing, dysfunctional schema
• Dysfunctional schema create
– negative self-talk
– negative affect
– maladaptive behavior
– distortion of information
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A Solution
• Improve dysfunctional schema by
reframing negative self talk
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Solution
1
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Solution
1
2
Interview
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Self Talk Schema
I have no skills.
I’m too old.
It all depends
on who you
know.
Behavior
Emotion
The Solution
1
2
Interview
3
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Self Talk Schema
Maybe I do have skills
people want.
Behavior
Emotion
The Solution
1
2
Interview
3
Maybe I’m not too old.
Maybe I can
meet new
people.
4
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Readiness Assessments
• Career Decision Scale
• My Vocational Situation
• Career Decision Profile
• Career Factors Inventory
• Career Beliefs Inventory
• Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory
• Career Maturity Inventory-Revised
• Career Thoughts Inventory
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Career Thoughts Inventory
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20
Completing the CTI
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Client Writes SA or A Thoughts
20
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Client Reframes Thoughts
20
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Is this an effective reframe?
I should talk to someone to help
me and guide me to my right path.
New Career Thought
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
![Page 26: Web-Based Assessment & Treatment of Dysfunctional Career ... · A Problem for Career Counseling Mortimer, Zimmer-Gembeck, Holmes, & Shanahan (2002) • interviewed 1,000 youth in](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050117/5f4dfb12159aa544857c38cb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What makes a
“good” reframe?
• “expert” practitioners have more complex schema
than novices for intervening with clients (Martin, Slemon, Hiebert, Hallberg, & Cummings, 1989)
• experts may have difficulty defining & communicating
these complex & tacit schemata to trainees & clients
• create an expert model for evaluating effectiveness
of client reframes of negative career thoughts
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? ?
? ?
Expert Panel Greater than
100 years
combined
experience in
mental health
and career
counseling
Authored and
coauthored
numerous
articles, book
chapters, and
texts on career
development
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Robert Reardon, Ph.D.
James P. Sampson, Ph.D.
Gary W. Peterson, Ph.D.
Janet G. Lenz, Ph.D.
Expert Panel
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Instructions Given to Experts
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Reframe Prompts: Forms A & B
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Think Aloud Data
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25 Criteria
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Sorted Think Aloud Data
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Seven Themes
Locus of Control
Explicitness
Affect
Time Sensitivity
Word Choice
Missing Key Point(s)
Reframe Structure
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Initial Expert Model
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Validation of Themes
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Validation of Themes
Agreement Non-Agreement Total
Experts
Agreeing 5 of 5 4 of 5 3 of 5 2 of 5
Judgments 11 8 5 1 25
Percent 44% 32% 20% 4% 100%
Expert* Agreement on
Categorization of Criteria
* The fifth member of the expert panel was Denise Saunders, Ph.D.,
also an original author of the CTI Workbook
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Validation of Themes
Less Effective/More Effective Criteria Category Change
A sense of pessimism about the future/
A sense of optimism about the future Time Sensitivity Affect
Reactive or defensive posture/
Proactive or open posture Locus of Control Affect
Lacks self-confidence/
Has self-confidence Locus of Control Affect
No evidence of a decision-making model/
Evidence of a decision-making model Explicitness Missing Key Point
Views planning as important Explicitness Removed from Model
Changes Due to Expert Categorizations
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Revised Expert Model
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
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You’re the Expert!
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Client Version
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Client Version Matched to Model
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Steps to Reframing
Challenge
Alter
Act
Identify
Effective
Reframe
?
Yes No
Counselor: Expert Model
Client: Thinking More
Helpful Thoughts
Judge Effectiveness
& Provide Feedback
Feedback
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1. Enhanced practice and
feedback improves client
reframes, which promote
better career decisions
2. Context free “reframing
rules” lead to more
generalized application of
reframing skills to
non-career situations
Possible Outcomes
Challenge
Alter
Act
Identify
Effective
Reframe
?
Yes No
Feedback
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
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Client views advanced organizer/menu
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Client responds to 48 CTI items
48. I can’t think of any fields of study or
occupations that would suit me.
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Client next identifies his negative thoughts
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Client learns about negative thinking
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Client receives total score and interpretation
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Client receives scale scores and interpretation
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Client returns to menu
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Client challenges negative thought
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Client alters negative thought
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Client receives feedback based in expert model
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Client receives feedback based in expert model
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Client receives feedback based in expert model
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Client again alters negative career thought
I will be able to choose an occupation if I learn about my options with a counselor.
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Counselor prints client report for session
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Counselor prints client report for session
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Counselor prints client report for session
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print a client report
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print a client report
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Overview
• Identify a problem in career counseling
• Review a possible solution (CBT)
• Create an expert model of “good” reframes
• Apply the model
– Practice
– Web-Based Intervention
• Conclude
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Conclusion
• Career counselors may avoid “core issues” of clients
• Core issues can be seen as dysfunctional schema
which result in low readiness for career choice
• These schema can be changed through
a cognitive-behavioral theory
• Helping clients learn to reframe negative thoughts
is a key part of CBT
• An expert model of reframe effectiveness may
support practice in the assessment and treatment
of low readiness clients
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Homework
• Study “Table 8” to become more familiar with
how the “experts” evaluate the effectiveness of
reframes of dysfunctional career thoughts
• Try using the “Worksheet” with clients to coach
them in the skill of reframing
• Learn more about this study (Tech Report 36) and the
efficacy of the CTI Workbook (Tech Report 37)
www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter/technical_reports.htm
• Be on the lookout for web-based assessments and
treatment for dysfunctional career thoughts
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Effect of CTI Workbook
on Average Reframe Quality
Time
PostTx + 2 WksPostTxPreTx
Avera
ge R
efr
am
e Q
ualit
y
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
Group
Control
Treatment
-.40*
.99**
.51**
.77**
** p ≤ .001
* p < .05
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CTI Scoring
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Integration of CTI Workbook
& Client Version
Specific General