weathering
DESCRIPTION
Mass Wasting. Erosion. Soils. Weathering. Weathering: the physical and chemical breakdown of rock – exposed to wind, water, ice, and living organisms. Regolith: loose or broken rock layers resulting from weathering Regolith covers most of the earth. Soil: the upper-most layer of - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Weathering
Soils
Erosion
Mass Wasting
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Weathering:the physical and chemicalbreakdown of rock – exposed to wind, water, ice, and living organisms
Regolith:loose or broken rock layers resulting from weathering Regolith covers most of the earth. Soil:the upper-most layer of regolith that supports life
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Do “things” last for ever ? Consider :
new concrete
a 1955 Chevrolet
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Rocks can be broken down or chemically altered on theearth’s surface.
Mechanical Weathering: Rocks are physically broken down by varioussurface processes into smaller parts withoutchanging physical properties.
Chemical Weathering:
Rocks are altered from one form to a completely new form with a different set of physical properties.
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I weathering
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes
Discuss with a friend:
1.Describe the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering.2. Give two examples of MW and CW you have observed.
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Mechanical Weathering – the breaking down of rocks
How do we expose “more surface” area for chemical weathering to do its job ?
Let’s show some surface
Less surface area More surface area
Increased mechanical weathering accelerates chemical weathering.
Rock
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Types of Mechanical Weathering ProcessesFrost Wedging: repeated cycles of freezing and thawing
rockrock
Water Freezes (expands)pieces break off(watch for falling rock)
Dominantly takes place in freezing / thawing areas
Unloading – reduction of pressure from overlying rocks -- take the pressure off me.
overlying rocksSheet like structures
Sheet like structures
granite pluton
eroded and uplifted
Water
granite pluton
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Frost Wedging – rocks are broken intoplates and split apart.
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Exfoliation Dome – granite is “sheeting” from loss of pressure due to unloading processes.
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Types of Mechanical Weathering Processes
Biological Activity – breaking down rocks through • animal burrowing• humans• plant roots
Animal burrowing
Plant root weathering
Human intervention
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I mechanical weathering
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes
Discuss with a friend:1.Why is MW important?
2. Briefly describe how frost wedging, unloading and biological activity contributes to mechanical weathering
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Chemical Weathering Rocks are chemically altered producing a new
compound
Why would a perfectly good rock want to change it’s appearance? STABILITY! Rocks require stability and achieve
equilibrium with it’s surroundings
• Most rocks are not chemically stable at the earth’s surface
• Minerals (compositions) change to become stable at surface conditions
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What common agent can begin the process of chemical alteration?????• The Universal Solvent – WATER (H2O)
How would we speed up the action of water? Rain + ?????What in the atmosphere is added to water to create a weak acid?
H2O (rain) + CO2 (atmosphere) = H2CO3 (carbonic Acid)
Let’s weather some granite with the natural acid H2CO3 Granite – the most abundant continental rock weathering the potassium feldspar (orthoclase)
2KAlSi2O8 + 2(H+ + HCO3) + H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K + 2HCO3 + 4SiO2
orthoclase carbonic acid water kaolinite clay
in solution
potassiu
m
bicarb
onate
silica
Granite has been chemically weatheredand broken down intoindividual grains.
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Reduced to Clay
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I Chemical weathering
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:1.What is the universal solvent?2. How is carbonic acid naturally Produced?3. How would you describe the “last” or most reduced material ----- the end product of chemical weathering?
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Soil – product of weathering containing solids, liquids, and gas.
Loam – dominant soil fraction
SAND
CLAY
SILT
Humus – partially decayed organic material
What’s in your soil?
CO2/Air – fills the soil voids
Water – wets the soil and carries high levels of dissolved substances
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Soil Profiles:• horizons: a layer of soil with
distinctive physical and chemical properties.
• sequence of soil horizons from the surface to the underlying bedrock
O
A
E
B
C
O- Organic matter (humus)A- Dark layer mixed with mineral and organic matterE- light colored layer produced from removal of soluble material “leaching”B- accumulation of clay C- weathered parent rock
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Factors that influence soil formation:• Parent Material:• residual regolith – soil forms emplace or “insitu”
Soil forms andweathers emplacefrom parent material.
• transported regolith – regolith that is moved by rivers, wind, and ice
transported riverdeposits
transportedregolith on Mars
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Factors that influence soil formation:• Climate – soil profiles differ around the world which is directly influenced by climate arid soils vs. tropical soils• Living organisms – a HUGE influence on soils Plants make organic matter. (humus) – animals mix the soil and recycle air and water.
• Topography – the contour or “slope” of the land
• Time – the longer the time the more mature a a soil becomes --- 1000’s of years
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Mass Wasting
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Mass WastingWhat do these pictures havecommon?
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What is Mass Wasting ?
• down-slope movement of rock and soil under the direct influence of GRAVITY
What force acts alone – to createmovements of the earth?
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The role of Mass wasting– What’s it goodfor?
• Responsible for the evolution of landforms – features of the earth
• weathering weakens rock – does not create significant landforms
• need mass wasting to impact weathering and shape significant earth features
Example:
River Valleyfrom weathering
River Valleywidened by mass wasting
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I mass wasting
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:
1. What is mass wasting ?2. What single “force” acts alone to produce mass wasting processes?3. What is the sole purpose of mass wasting?
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So, what “triggers” a masswasting episode allowing gravity tomove the mass downward?
• The role of water• Slopes to steep• removal of vegetation• Earthquakes
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The Role of Water• Water saturates surface materials.• Particles loose their cohesion (can’t stick together).
• Particles slide past one another and slip downward under gravity forces.
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Slopes to Steep• steeper slopes exceed the “angle of repose” and material moves downward to stabilize or reach equilibrium.
Angle of repose: • the angle at which particles are overtaken by
gravity and move downward• angle depends on size, shape, and moisture content
of accumulated particles
Dry Sand Wet Sand
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Removal of Vegetation• where plants are lacking – mass wasting attacking
• root systems bind soil• where soil is removed frequent down slope movements occur
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The Role of Earthquakes• Areas that have not moved in “years”, are activated by seismic waves.
Mass slide produced by an earthquakedammed a river forming a lake.
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I Mass Wasting
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes
Discuss with a friend:1.Describe the 4 triggers that enable mass wasting process.2. What the angle of repose?3. What is the most dominant “trigger” causing the onset of mass wasting?
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How do geologists classify variousmass wasting processes?
• Classification is based on
MaterialUnconsolidated: debris, mud, earth
Bedrock: rock
Motion
Fall: freefall of material
Slide: material moves cohesively along well defined surface
Flow: material moves down-slope as a viscous fluid
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I Mass Wasting.
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes
Discuss with a friend:
1.What two criteria do geologist use to classify mass wasting movements?
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Classificationof
Mass Wasting Processes
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SLUMP • downward movement of a sliding mass, rock or unconsolidated material that moves as a single unit along a curved surface
• moves very slow• over-steepened slopes (T)• water saturated (T)
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Rockslide• blocks of bedrock break loose and slide down a slope
Debris slide• unconsolidated material break loose and slide down a slope
Debris flow
Rockslide
Over steepness (T)
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Debris Flow• rapid mass movement containing soil and regolith with large amounts of waterWater saturation (T)
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Lahars• debris flows composed largely of volcanic material from the flanks
• flows down existing stream valleys• extremely destructive events’• water saturation (T)
Lahars burieda village
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Earth Flow• form on hillsides in humid areas with abundant precipitation
• water saturated – hill may break away under gravity and weight of soil
• water saturated (T)• rich in clays and silt• slow moving flows
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Soil Creep• the gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith.
• soil moves extremely slow• soil disturbed by rain, roots • water saturation (T)
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