wearable computing: healthcare, human factors and privacy
TRANSCRIPT
WearableCompu-ngHealthcare,HumanFactorsandPrivacy
VivianGenaroMo9AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofInforma?onSciencesandTechnologyVolgenauSchoolofEngineering
UniversidadCatólicadeSanPablo
Arequipa–PeruMarch29th,2016
AboutMe
I2016
I2014
I2010
I2007
I2003
MainResearchInterests
HCI
UbiComp
HealthInforma?cs Privacy
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Goal
• Bringtechnologicalsolu?onsclosertousers’lives– Tosupport,facilitate,help,enhancedailyac?vi?es– Educa?on– Healthcare
• Understandusers’perspec?ves– Theirneeds,interests,requirements,wishes,expecta?ons
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WearableCompu?ng
• Largepoten?al
– Numerousapplica?ondomains
– Versa?leSolu?ons
• Con?nuoususage
• Accessible[MOTTI, V. G.; KOHN, S.; CAINE, K. WearableCompu?ng:AHuman-centeredViewofKeyConcepts,Applica?on Domains, and Quality Factors. 2014. InMobileHCI'2014.] 6
FormFactors• Anklet• Armband• Backband• Belt• Bra• Bracelet• ContactLenses• ChestMounted• Earring • Earpiece • Glasses
• Glove • Headphones• Headmounted• Helmet • Jacket• Necklace • Pajamas• Pendant• Ring• Shirt• Shoes
• Watch• Wristmounted
theconnec?vist.com 7
Sensors� Accelerometer
� Altimeter
� Bio-acoustic
� Blood Pressure (BP)
� Brightness
� Camera
� Compass
� ECG (Electrocardiogram)
� EDA (Electro dermal Activity)
� EEG (Electroencephalogram)
� Electrodes
� EMG (Electromyogram)
� EOG (Electrooculogram)
� Fiber Optic Sensors
� Fiber Sensors
� Glucometer
� GPS
� GSR
� Gyroscope
� Humidity
� Inductive Wires
� Inertial Measurement Units (IMU)
� IR LED + IR photodiode
� IR photo reflective
� IR proximity
� IR temperature
� LED + Photodiode
� Magnetic Coils
� Microphone
� Optical Sensor
� Oximeter
� Piezoelectric/resistive
� Pressure
� PSG (Polysomnogram)
� Respiration
� RFID
� Spectrometer
� Thermometer
� Textile Sensors
� Ultra-sound (US)
� Ultra-violet (UV)
� Weight
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Poten?alBeneficiaries
Owlet
[Kunze, et al. 2014. Wearablecompu?ng for older adults: ini?alinsights into head-mounted displayusage.InUbiComp'14]
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LargePoten?alandUse
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Challenges
• Costs
• Mo?va?ons– TechnologyandUX
• Engagement– Learningandhabit:wear,charge,sync
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Users’Engagement
• MorethanhalfofU.S.consumerswhohaveownedanac?vitytrackernolongeruseit
• AthirdofU.S.consumerswhohaveownedonestoppedusingthedevicewithin6monthsofreceivingit
[Ledger,D.,&McCaffrey,D.(2014).InsideWearables:HowtheScienceof
HumanBehaviorChangeOfferstheSecrettoLong-TermEngagement]
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Why?
• Wearabledeviceshavealowwearability– sensor,baqeryandon-bodyhardwaresizetendstobetoobulky
[Pantelopoulos,A.,&Bourbakis,N.(2008).ASurveyonWearableBiosensorSystems
forHealthMonitoring,4887–4890.]
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• Simplyshrinkingdowncompu?ngtoolsfromthedesktopparadigmtoamoreportablescaleonlymakesthemintominiPC’s
• Itdoesnottakeadvantageoftheopportuni?espresentedbyawholenewcontextofuse
• Itdoesnotregardthehumanbodyasacontext
[Gemperle,F.,etal.(1998).Designforwearability.
2ndISWC]
Paradigma?cShir
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HumanintheLoop
• Designprocessfocusedontheuser– Heterogeneousprofiles– Differentneeds,wishes,requirements,preferences
– Dynamiccontextsofuse
• Iden?fyandconsidertheirperspec?ves
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Goal
• Iden?fyhuman-centereddesignprinciplesrelevantforwearablecompu?ng
• Integratehumanfactorssinceearlydesignstagesofwearableapplica?ons
• Impactusers’acceptance,sa?sfac?on,sustainedengagement
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BridgingtheGap
• Tounderstandusersperspec?ve– Iden?fytheirkeyconcerns– Analyzetheirinterac?on– Iden?fytheirpreferencesandexpecta?ons– Translateintodesignrequirements
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LatestResearch
OngoingWork
FutureDirec?ons
Wearables• LiteratureReview– MobileHCI’14:StateoftheArtInWearableCompu?ng– ASGA4Health’15:WearableHealth:Opportuni?esandChallenges
– HFES’14:Human-CenteredDesignPrinciples– HFES’15:Interac?onParadigms
• OnlineReviews+UserStudies– ISWC’14:WearabilityFactorsofHeadMountedDevices– WearableSecurity&Privacy’15:KeyUsers’Concerns– WristSense’15:DesignRecommenda?onsforWristWornDevices
– SigDoc’16:SmartwearablesorDumbwearables?
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DesignPrinciples• Systema?cLiteratureReview
– Keydesignprinciplesforsuccessfulwearableapplica?ons– Retrospec?veapproach
• Wearabledevices– 18formfactors:“anklet”,“armband”,“belt”,“bra”,“bracelet”,“contactlenses”,“chestmounted”,“earring”,“earpiece”,“glasses”,“glove”,“headphone”,“headmounted”,“necklace”,“ring”,“shirt”,“shoe”and“watch”
– 4digitallibraries:ACMDL,IEEEXplore,Springer,GoogleScholar
• Human-centeredprinciplesandqualityfactors
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PhysicalAspects
• Aesthe?cs
• Fashion
• Affordance
• Comfort
• Obtrusiveness
• Subtlety
SonyHMz-T1
Polarband
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HumanFactors
• EaseofUse
• Ergonomic
• Intui?veness
• User-friendliness
• Simplicity
• Cogni?veload
• Sa?sfac?on
UVRing
Smartwatch
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QualityFactors
• Privacy
• Reliability
• Resistance
• Responsiveness
• Contextual-awareness
• Customiza?on
Glucometer
Glass
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WearabilityPrinciples
[MOTTI, V. G. & CAINE, K. E. (2014). Human FactorsConsidera?ons in the Design of Wearable Devices.Proceedings of the Human Factors and ErgonomicsSociety 2014 Annual Mee?ng. Chicago, IL: HumanFactorsandErgonomicsSociety.September2014vol.5 8 n o . 1 p g . 2 0 5 - 2 0 9 d o i :10.1177/1541931214581381]
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OnlineReviews
• Onlinecommentaries– Sources– 33devices– Users:endusersandprospec?ve
• Quan?ta?veandQualita?veanalysis– Coding– Quan?fying– Wordtrees
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HeadMountedDevices
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WordTrees
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Qualita?veAnalysis
• Keywords:whatusers– Like– Dislike– Hate– Wish– Expect– Wonder– …
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[MOTTI, V. G. & CAINE, K. E. (2014). Understandingthe Wearability of Head-mounted Devices from aHuman-Centered Perspec?ve. In Proceedings of the2014 ACM Interna?onal Symposium on WearableComputers (ISWC '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA,83-86. DOI=10.1145/2634317.2634340 hqp://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2634317.2634340] 34
WristSense:DesignRecommenda?ons
[Lowens, B.; Mo9, V. G.; Caine, K. 2015. DesignRecommenda?ons to Improve the User Interac?onwithWristWorn Devices.WristSense:Workshop onSensing Systems and Applica?ons UsingWristWornSmartDevices.St.Louis,MS.]
Graphic DurabilityReadability
‘[thedevice]scratcheseasily’‘Isuggestwearingitwiththedisplayinsideyourwrist,notontheoutside.It'smucheasiertoreadthatway.’
Gesture AccuracyContext-sensi-veness
‘toomanyerrorsinthedevicetryingtofigureoutwhatisastep&whatisahandmovement’‘ifyousweattoomuchIguess,thewatchloosescontactwithyourskin’
Tac-le EaseofUse ‘Don'tneed--orwant--touchforsuchasmallscreen.Thetouchtargetswouldbetoosmall,andtouchfunc?onalitywouldaddunwantedbulk’
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WearablePrivacy
[MOTTI,V.G.;CAINE,K.E.(2015).Users'PrivacyConcernsAbout Wearables: Impact of Form Factor, Sensors andType of Data Collected. In 1st Workshop on WearableSecurity and Privacy in associa?onwith Financial Crypto2015.]
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Surrep??ousVideoRecording
– ‘Idobelievethereisadifferencebetweensnappingpictureswithsomethingwhichisobviouslyacamera,andrecordingvideosurrep::ously…’
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SocialImplica?ons
• ‘peoplewhodon'tliketobecontrolledandsupervised.Remember,itdoesnotjustrecordyourac/vi/es,butalsoac/vi/esofpeoplearoundyou’
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RighttoForget
• ‘itgivesarecordofeverythingyou’vedone,dayinanddayout,possiblyevensomethingsyoudon’twanttoberemindedof’
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Loca?onDisclosure
• ‘…stalkersknowwhereyouareatall/mesoftheday,knowwhenyougotosleep,ridingacar,orclimbingamountain’
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Users’ConcernsonPrivacy
• ‘Ireallyneverthoughtaboutitthatdeeply’
• ‘...I’vekindofacceptedthat’s,youknow,pickyourpoison,andthat’sjustsomethingIruntheriskoftousetheseapplica:ons...Idon’ttrustthembutIgoaheadandusetheirproductsanyways.[GoogleGlassuser]’
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Privacy
• Authen?ca?on
• Access
• Storage
• Confiden?alitylevels– Datatypevs.users’group
• Policies
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Implica?onsonWearablePrivacy• Whatdataarecollected?
– Howisitshared?– Howisitstored?
• Privacypolicies– Confiden?alitylevelsvs.sharing– Socialimplica?ons(third-par?es)
• Keyrequirements– Accessibleprivacyse9ngs– Abilitytocontrol,visualize,andmodifytheprivacyse9ngs– Leveragetheburden:nudging
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WearableHealth
GoogleTrends-2010to2015
• Domains:cardiology,pediatrics,obstetrics,neonatology,oncology,neurology,psychiatry
• Stages:preven?on,diagnose,treatment,rehabilita?on
• Beneficiaries:babies,kids,teens,adults,olderadults,pa?ents,medicalprac??onersandcaregivers
WearableHealthLandscape
DomainsMedicalPrac??oners
Caregivers
StagesUVring:Skincancer
SunSprite:Seasonaldepression
BeneficiariesOlderAdultsinAmbientAssistedLiving
Baby–monitoringofvitalsigns:Owletsocks
[Source:Kunzeetal.,2014]
WearableHealthLandscape
• Alcoholism• PregnancyMonitoring• EmergencyResponse• Cancer• ObesityandOverweight• SmokingCessa?on
• Panicaqacks• Bipolardisorder• Au?smspectrum• Depression• StressManagement• ObsessiveCompulsiveB.
• Diabetes• Alzheimer• Epilepsy• Parkinson• Crohn’sdisease
• Blindness• Color-blindness• Hearingimpairments• Motorimpairments
Assis?veTechnology
ChronicDiseases
MedicalCondi?ons
MentalHealth
Assis?veTechnologies
ChronicDiseases
• Diabetes• Alzheimer• Parkinson• Epilepsy• Chron’s
MentalHealth
MoodnoteApphqp://www.wired.com/2015/08/moodnotes-app-like-personal-trainer-for-mental-health/
MedicalCondi?ons
[Tempdrop]
[Lumo]
hqp://www.tnooz.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/1a-wearable-tech-FULL.jpg
Preven?onUVring:Skincancer
SunSprite:Seasonaldepression
Diagnose• Trauma?cBrainInjuries
[Source:Ning,K.Smartunderwearandfemalehealth,2013]
Monitoring
[Source:Pohetal.CardiovascularMonitoringUsingEarphonesandaMobileDevice,2012]
[OMSignal]
[Moodnotes]
Treatment
Glucometer+
Insulinepump
Rehabilita?on
[Source:Edgar,S.etal.Wearableshoe-baseddeviceforrehabilita?onofstrokepa?ents,2010]
BehaviorChange
• Largepoten?alforlifestylechanges
– Improvingposture– Monitoringstresslevels– Smokingcessa?on– Increasingac?vitylevels– Improvingea?nghabits
SmokingCessa?on
StopSmoking!!ForWearhqps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.chrjs.wearsmoking
MovesApp
Humana’sCueApp
• Drinkwater• Stretch• Breath• Straightenup• Gooutside
CommonRequirements
• Datacollec-on– Accurate,flawlessly,con?nuous
• Dataprocessing– Interpreta?on,es?ma?on,filtering
• Datavisualiza-on– Progressalong?me,amongpeers,easytoaccess,lightweightsolu?on
• Interven-on
Benefits
KeyChallenges
• InterfacesandInterac?on– Transientrequirements,contextchanges,limitedresources
• Self-diagnose– Shirhealthcaretoapa?ent-centricparadigm
• Valida?on– Precision,personaliza?on,calibra?on,error
• Risks– Es?ma?on,assump?on
Accuracy
[Source:YangBai,etal.,ComparisonofConsumerandResearchMonitorsunderSemistructuredSe9ngs,2015]
Risks
Risks
Opportuni?es
• Behaviorchange– Monitoring,visualizing,assis?ng
• Dataanalysis• Epidemiologicaltrends• Peerhealth• Precisionmedicine
Trends• Microrobots
Conclusion
• Wearablehealthhasapromisingpoten?alforpromo?ngandimprovingmedicalcare,butcurrentsolu?onsares?llintheirinfancy
• Furthereffortsareneededun?lwearabletechnologiesbecomeaccessible,safe,andpopular
Acknowledgments
ThismaterialisbaseduponworksupportedbytheNa?onalScienceFounda?onunderGrantNo.1314342.Anyopinions,findings,andconclusionsorrecommenda?onsexpressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNa?onalScienceFounda?on.
Q+A
References• YangBai,GregoryJ.Welk,YoonHoNam,JoeyA.Lee,Jung-MinLee,
YoungwonKim,NathanFMeier,PhilipM.Dixon.ComparisonofConsumerandResearchMonitorsunderSemistructuredSe9ngs.Medicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise,2015;1DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000727
• BoujarwahF.Aetal.2010.UnderstandingtheChallengesandOpportuni?esforRicherDescrip?onsofStereotypicalBehaviorsofChildrenwithASDAConceptExplora?onandValida?on.ASSETS’10,2010,
• Carrington,P.,Hurst,A.,Kane,S.WearablesandChairables:InclusiveDesignofMobileInputandOutputTechniquesforPowerWheelchairUsers.CHI´14,(2014),3103–3112.
• Dong,Y.,Hoover,A.,Scisco,J.,&Muth,E.2012.Anewmethodformeasuringmealintakeinhumansviaautomatedwristmo?ontracking.AppliedPsychophysiologyandBiofeedback,37(3),205–215.doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9194-1
• Fujiki,Y.,Kazakos,K.,Puri,C.,Buddharaju,P.,Pavlidis,I.2008.NEAT-o-Games:BlendingPhysicalAc?vityandFunintheDailyRou?ne,6(2).
• GrönvallE,VerdezotoN(2013)Beyondselfmonitoring:understandingnon-func?onalaspectsofhome-basedhealthcaretechnology.ProceedingsoftheUbiComp’13,587–596.
Links
• hqp://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/feature-can-your-mobile-phone-make-you-healthier
• hqps://www.wareable.com/saves-the-day/wearables-vs-killer-diseases-is-technology-winning-the-fight