wearable computers
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Wearable Computers. Team 4 Steven Alt Rita Hubert Christian Martinez Bob Zandoli School of Computer Science and Information Systems Pace University May 2005. Table of Contents. Definition History Research Interests Wearable Challenges Design Development Processor Input Devices - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Wearable Computers
Team 4Steven AltRita Hubert
Christian MartinezBob Zandoli
School of Computer Science and Information SystemsPace University
May 2005
Table of Contents
Definition History Research Interests Wearable Challenges Design Development Processor Input Devices Display Devices Network Battery Practical Applications
Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Maintenance Textiles Jewelry/Watch
Conclusion References
Definition
The definition of wearable computer is not commonly agreed. Some examples from Rhodes, Kartuem, Mann and Licklider are cited by Starner [64] as having the following characteristics and attributes:
Portability and unobtrusive during operations Hands-free or limited-hands-on operation Interact with user, even when not in use Sense the users current context Adapt interaction modalities base on the users current context Augmented reality interface to user based on environment Presents information in an unobtrusive way Constant and always ready Not demanding the users full attention Observable and controllable by user Attentive to the environment and context Communication tool A natural extension of the user Constant access to information and services Personal
Characteristics
Wearable computers should be worn like glasses, watches, and clothing.
The interaction between the person and computer should be context-based
The display and input should be unobtrusive
Wireless Personal Area Networks Wearable computers should act as an
intelligent assistant
[29]
Why are Wearable Computers Important?
The main reason to look at wearable computers in research is because it is generally agreed that the “fourth generation” of computing will involve smart environments, wearable computers, perceptual users interfaces and ubiquitous computing. [44]
Wearable computers are one of the most personally useful areas of new computer technology. This is the future of computing which will give us the power of computing in our daily lives in wearing our computers and taking them with us wherever we go. They will assist us in our daily lives, provide us with information and support, and provide those of us in the forefront of research and development with a bright future of employment and entrepreneurial opportunity. This is a giant leap forward in employing the power of computer in our daily lives for useful purposes. [44]
The ultimate purpose of wearable computers is to be operational throughout the person’s waking time, to be un-noticed, to understand the context of the owner’s environment, to be proactive in providing the appropriate information and feedback, to function as an intelligent personal assistant to the owner. [44]
History
1955 Edward Thorp, a graduate student in physics at U.C.L.A., developed a mathematical method to beat the roulette wheel at a casino. [72] which was refined and developed in 1960 by the partnership at MIT of Edward Thorp and Claude Shannon. Together they developed the seminal work in this field and created a concealed-wearable computer to beat the roulette wheel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
1960’s Sutherland at MIT invents a wearable head-mounted display and Hubert Upton creates a wearable computer with an eyeglass display. [29]
1970’s C.C. Collins developed a camera-to-tactile vest for the blind and Sony introduces the Walkman music system. [29]
1980’s Steve Mann created backpack-computer for controlling photo equipment, Steve Roberts recumbent bicycle with an on-board computer and the Private Eye company developed a head-mounted display device. [29]
History …Continued
1990’s: Gerald Maguire and John Ioannidis Student Electronic
Notebook Olivetti active badge using infrared to transmit location CMU’s VuMan1 to view blueprint data BBN Pathfinder system using GPS and radiation
detection Thad Starner’s Remembersance Agent augmented
memory Feiner, MacIntyre and Seligmann developed KARMA
augmented reality system Lamming and Flynn’s ‘Forget-Me-Not” system for
recording continuous personal life experiences Edgar Mathias ‘wrist computer’ Steve Mann sending images from is head-mounted
camera to the Web Alex Pentland Smart Clothes Fashion Show [29]
21 Century Wearable Research Interests
Early twenty-first century wearable computer research: Battery life and energy
Battery life is the basis of power and has long been a limiting factor for the development of wearable computers. Jason Flinn and M. Satyanarayanan’s recent extensive paper provides a detailed examination of the issue and proposes an approach to conserve energy [13] , which compliments their earlier work with Intel [12] regarding performance, energy and quality. Noboru Kamijoh of IBM has studied energy use in a computer wrist watch [20].
Context awareness Textiles
Textiles are receiving a greater amount of research interest. A recent article by Chandra Madhup, et.al.[5] shows how ultrasonic range transceivers included in a belt are used to determine a person’s location within a building.
Medical Applications Human Computer Interaction
Research Overview Design, Development Architecture, Motherboards, Hardware Operating Systems, Database, Software and
Applications Input/Output devices
One handed input Headset/eyeglasses/visor
Networks, Communications and Wireless Energy and Batteries Surveillance and Security
Detection/Tracking/Badges/GPS Human computer interaction (HCI) Context and location awareness Textiles and Clothes Medical Monitoring Jewelry
Key Wearable Research and Development Universities
The academic leaders in Wearable Computer Research are:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [29] Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) [6]
CMU has actually designed and tested 20 generations of wearable computer systems over the past 8 years. [www.cmu.edu/co-lab/pr03.html October 28, 2004 access]
Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) [17]
Figure 1: CMU Wearable Family Tree [www-2.cmu.edu/people/wearable/pics/wearabletree.jpg]
Table 1 Carnagie Mellon University Wearable Systems [6]
Current Wearable Challenges
Power and Battery Heat Dissipation Networking
On-body and off-body Privacy Interface Design Application Development
Context sensitive Augmented Reality Collaboration
[64,65]
Project Plan
Table 2 [10]
Design Considerations
Figure 2: Classes of wearable computers [1]
Wearable Design Principles
The design process for the wearable computer system according to Gandy, et al. [15] follows the Seven Principles of Universal Design Equitable Use Flexible in Use Simple and Intuitive Perceptible Information Tolerance for Error Low Physical Effort Size and Space for Approach and Use
Wearable Design Methodology
The design methodology is the User-Centered Interdisciplinary Concurrent System Design Methodology (UICSM) is based on a rapid prototyping model and is web-based, permitting remote researchers and customers to work together on-line to develop, discuss and refine the design. [52]
Three Development Phases of UICSM are: Conceptual Design Detailed Design Implementation
This is a proven methodology, used for more than a dozen new wearable computers.
Wearable Design The most detailed and systematic description of a design
process for wearable systems is by Anliker, et al. [2]. Anliker, et al has developed a series of models for problem specification, architecture and exploration environment.
The Problem Specification contains: Usage Profile Information Flow Physical Constraints Hardware Resources
The Architecture Model contains: Generic architecture Problem specific architecture
The Exploration Environment contains: Input from the problem specific model to generate the architecture Task-device binding Input from the Information flow to develop the performance
estimation Input from the Information flow to develop the architecture
evaluation Architecture selection Output to a set of Pareto-optimal architectures
Figure 3: Modular Exploration Methodology according to Anliker, et al. [2]
Wearable Development Chandra Narayanaswami et al. [38] of IBM Research have also developed a rapid
prototyping methodology with 5 steps to develop a prototype, as follows: Vision Articulation
Pictures Anamations
Preliminary Vision Embodiment User Interaction Model On-Screen Simulation Representative I/O devices and applications
Demons ratable Prototype Software Infrastructure Demo Programs Preliminary power management Limited CPU/memory
Business Case Limited Deployment End-user Studies Market Analysis Cost-profit analysis
Marketable Product Application Development Environment and tools Actual end-user Applications Aggressive Power Management
Development Process
Table 4 [38]
Wearable Interfaces
Table 5 [10]
Wearable Processor
Several Designs for Wearable Processors
MIT Media Lab developed MIThril [29] IBM developed Personal Mobile Hub
[19] Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)
developed at ETH Zurich [1]
Figure 4: MIThril System from MIT [29]
IBM Personal Mobile Hub
Figure 5: Personal Mobile Hub [19]
Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)
Figure 6: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
QBIC … continued
Figure 7: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
QBIC Schematic
Figure 8: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
Input Devices
One-handed keyboard Twiddler [18]
Kord [74] Kord Kord-Pad Kord-Grip
Figure 9: Twiddler 2 [67]
Mobile Text Entry Rates Method Keyboard Experienc
eWPM
Chording Twiddler 400 min 26.2
Letterwise
Desktop keypad
550 min 21.0
T9 Nokia 3210 phone
expert 20.4
Multi-tap Desktop keypad
550 min 15.5
Table 6 [25]
Twiddler Learning Rates
Table 7 [25]
Kord Data Entry
Kord, Kord-Pad, Kord-Gripwww.wetpc.com.au/html/products/handheld.htm
Figure 10: Kord Devices
Display Devices
Glasses Display Helmet
MicroOptical Display in Glasses
Figure 11: MicroOptical Glasses [64]
M920 Display
Figure 12: Display connects to CompactFlash TypeII or PCMCIA slot of PDA ($799)www.icuiti.com/work.html
Helmet Display
Figure 13:
Helmet Display with Integrated Wearable Computer, wireless link and GPS
www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prweb199305.htm
Wearable Display View
Figure 14: Nomad helmet mounted display examples viewswww.primidi.com/2004/12/12.htm
Wearable Networks
Wireless
LAN
PAN
Wired
Fiber
On-body
Off-body
Table 8 [3]
Table 9 [3]
IEEE Wireless LAN and PAN
Table 10 [3]
Battery and Energy
Solar Cells Shoe Generator Battery Power
Wearable Solar Cells
Figure 15: www.primidi.com/2004/12/16.html
Wearable Energy Generation
Figure 16: Magnetic Generator in shoes produced 250 mW from standard walking [45]
Battery Battery Power Conservation Techniques [Satyanarayanan]
Improve Hardware Efficiency Flash cards as secondary storage [55]
Power consumption improved by about 20% Power management [11,12,13]
Software Reduced Energy Consumption Idle operations
Conserve power [78] Reduce fidelity [11,12,13]
Off-load work to nearby servers
External actions to Recharge the battery
Techniques for Mitigating Energy
Table 11 [78]
Wearable Real World Examples
Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Warehouse Workplace Textiles Jewelry/Watch
Medical Wearable History In the 1950’s and 1960’s the first application
of remote health monitoring with wearable computers was used for the NASA astronauts.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s telemetry was used by emergency medical technicians to communicate remotely to emergency room hospital physicians.
Then the 1990’s saw an emergence of portable monitoring devices that could record pulse and heart rate, weight, temperature, blood pressure, heart and lung sounds, and blood oxygen.
Medical Wearable ApplicationsToday research into medical applications for wearable
computers has many areas of focus, including the following:
Memory Tactile Head motion Gestures/Parkinson’s Gastric Reflux/GERD Heart/ECG/Pulse Location/GPS/Alzheimer’s location Lungs/Respiration/Oxygen Temperature Blood Pressure Falls
Medical CodeBlue Infrastructure
Figure 17: CodeBlue Infrastructure [22]
MIThril System
Figure 18: Zaurus PDA, Hoarder Sensor Hub, Sensing Board, Sensors (EKG, GSR,temp), Accelerometer, IR Tag Reader [68]
Blood Pressure Monitor and Personal Mobile Hub
Figure 19: Personal Mobile Hub [19]
Medical Monitoring
Figure 20: Pulse Oximeter and Two-lead EKG [22]
PDA Showing 3 Heart Rate and Blood Oxygen Saturation Displays
Figure 21: PDA with heart rate monitor display[22]
Military
Figure 22: The Soldier’s Computer [80]
Military Wearable Use
Figure 23: Soldier with Wearable Equipment [80]
Land Warrior Version 1.0
Figure 23: Front view of Land Warrior [80]
Land Warrior – Rear View
Figure 24: Rear View Land Warrior Soldier [80]
Travel Industry Wearable
City Maps Global Positioning System (GPS) Speech Language Translation CamWear Video Camera
Travel
Figure 25: Xybernaut Mobile Assistant
[62]
• Travel Maps
• Travel Guides
• Attractions
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
Travel Wearable Computers
Figure: 26 Travel Computers and Maps [54]
Speech Translator Smart Module
Figure 27: CMU Speech Translator [57]
Deja View CamWear
Figure 28: Wearable CamWear camera [48]
Maintenance/Warehouse/Workplace Wearable Applications
Maintenance Inspection and Quality Control
Maintenance Checklists and Manuals
Harsh Environment Data Collection
Point of Sale System
Aircraft Maintenance
Figure: 29 Visor and Microphone with Maintenance Checklist [39]
Maintenance Workers
Figure 30: Steamfitter at BIW Inspection, Maintenance, Quality Control[62]
Mobile Assistant V
Figure 31: Xybernaut flat panel displaywww.xybenaut.com/solutions/product/mac_product.htm
Workplace Applications
Figure 32: Antarctica Data Collection
Café Purchase [62]
Textiles Fabric Keyboard Wire Woven into the Fabric Wearable Motherboard SansVest Sensatex Smart Shirt Vest for Medical Monitoring Music Player Jacket
Chording Keyboard in Fabric
Figure 33:
Fabric Keyboard [45]
Fiber in Fabric
Figure: Fabric with woven copper fiber 34 [25]
Wearable Motherboard (PMIP)
Figure: 35 Motherboard and components on Fabric [42]
SansVest
Figure: 36 SansVest front, rear and inside views [21]
Sensatex Smart Shirt
Figure 37: www.fibre2fashion.com/news/NewsDetails.asp?News_id=11705
Wearable Vest
Figure 38: MIThril Wearable Vest Components [29]
Infineon Digital Music Player System Integrated in a Jacket
Figure 39: Wearable Multimedia Jacket [25]
Wearable Jewelry by IBM
Ring blinks for notification.
Earring speakers.
Necklace microphone.
Watch display.Figure 40: www.pcworld.com/news/article.asp?aid=33322
IBM Watch Computer
Figure 41: IBM Linux Watch [19]
IBM Watch Schematic
Figure 42: IBM Linux Watch [19]
Wearable Research ‘Smart Spaces’/Context Aware
Prioritized local interactions Input/Out Methods and Mechanisms
Data Entry devices Visor displays
‘Invisible’ Devices and Social Acceptance Integration into Clothing Integration into Day-to-Day Interactions
Battery/Energy Use Battery Life Battery Size and Weight Alternative Energy Generation Methods
Usability Security
Conclusions Wearable computers are a key emerging
technology Practical Applications Will Continue to Grow
Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Maintenance Textiles Jewelry/Watch
Nano-technology will accelerate the adaptation rate of wearable computers due to the reduced size of mobile computers and incorporation in nano-tubes into textiles
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