we must now ‘arabesque’ in time back from the renaissance to the
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WE MUST NOW ‘ARABESQUE’ IN TIME BACK FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO THE EARLY CHURCH, THEN THE CRUSADES, AND JOURNEY IN SPACE FROM FLORENCE TO BETHLEHEM AND JERUSALEM. HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY VIII. PILGRIMAGE AND CRUSADE. PILGRIMAGE EGERIA PAULA AND EUSTOCHIUM - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
VII. THE GREAT SCHISM
‘THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR’
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• THERE ARE THREE GREAT SCHISMS, OR ‘TEARING APARTS’ OF CHRIST’S CHRISTIANITY
• 1054 SEPARATION OF EAST (ORTHODOX), FROM WEST (CATHOLIC) OVER THE WORD ‘FILIOQUE’ IN CREED, TO BE FURTHER EXACERBATED BY 1202-1204 CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE
• 1378 IN THE WEST, ELECTIONS OF POPES AND ANTIPOPES
• 1517 IN THE WEST, PROTESTANTS SPLIT FROM CATHOLICS
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• FIELD TRIP
• BAPTISTERY
• MEDICI PALACE CHAPEL
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FLORENCE’S
BAPTISTERY
WITH
BYZANTINE
MOSAICS
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MEDICI PRINCE BYZANTINE EMPEROR GREEK PATRIARCH YOUNG KING ADULT KING OLD KING HORSE HORSE MULE/DONKEY
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CEILING
• FLOOR
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PRINCE
LORENZO DE’MEDICI
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EMPEROR
JOHN PALEOLOGUS
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ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHJOSEPH
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BENOZZO GOZZOLI,DISCIPLE OF FRA ANGELICO
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• LET US END THIS PART OF THE LECTURE WITH TWO MODERN IMAGES OF ORTHODOXY
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THESSALONIKI, GREECE, 27 OCTOBER 2011
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ARCHBISHOP ROWAN WILLIAMS, ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH BARTHOLOMEW,
POPE BENEDICT, ASSISI, 38 OCTOBER 2011
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HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
VIII. PILGRIMAGE AND CRUSADE
I
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• PILGRIMAGE
• EGERIA
• PAULA AND EUSTOCHIUM
• IRISH PILGRIMS
• ANGLO-SAXON PILGRIMS
• ARCULF 679-682
• VIKING PILGRIMS
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• THE FOUR GREAT PILGRIMAGES:
• CANTERBURY
• COMPOSTELA
• ROME
• JERUSALEM
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• THE THREE IRISH FORMS OF PERFECTION
• RED MARTYRDOM VIOLENT DEATH• WHITE MARTYRDOM PILGRIM EXILE• BLUE MARTYRDOM HERMIT MONK
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• COMPOSTELA AND THE RECONQUISTA 718-1492
• JERUSALEM AND THE CRUSADES 1039-1291
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• COMPOSTELA AND THE RECONQUISTA OF SPAIN
• 718-1492
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• SAINT JAMES OF COMPOSTELA
• SPAIN UNDER MOSLEM RULE TOLERANT OF JEWS AND CHRISTIANS
• SPAIN UNDER CHRISTIANS BECAME
MOST INTOLERANT OF JEWS AND MUSLIMS
• IN THE NEW WORLD WOULD EXTERMINATE NATIVE POPULATIONS
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• SPAIN AND PORTUGAL• ROMAN HISPANIA• VISIGOTHIC (ARIAN) SPAIN, 410-711• 587 VISIGOTHIC RULER CONVERTS TO
CATHOLICISM • AL ANDALUZ, MOSLEM SPAIN, 711-1492• CHRISTIAN RECONQUISTA, 718-1492• FERDINAND III, KING OF THE THREE
RELIGIONS• ALFONSO X EL SABIO• FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, THEIR MOST
CATHOLIC MAJESTIES, INQUISITION AGAINST JEWS AND MUSLIMS, UNION OF CASTILLE AND ARAGON, VOYAGE OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, 1492
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CORDOBA, SPAIN
AL-ANDALUZ
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JERUSALEM HAD BEEN IN MUSLIM HANDS SINCE 637
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL HAD BEEN IN MUSLIM HANDS SINCE 711
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk135H0cxnE
ALFONSO X EL SABIO
ORSANMICHELE
Listen to the Cantigas
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• VIKINGS
• NORMANDY
• BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066
• NORMANS IN SICILY
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BAYEUX TAPESTRY
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•
UR, STANDARDOF WAR AND PEACE,2700 B.C.
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BAYEUX TAPESTRYAFTER 1066
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KING HAROLD OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS KILLED AT SENLAC, 1066, BY THE NORMANS, THE ENGLISH FIGHTING ON FOOT, THE NORMANS ON HORSEBACK HAVING STIRRUPS
LYNN WHITE, JR, MEDIEVAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE
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• JERUSALEM AND THE CRUSADES 1039-1291
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THE ‘ARABESQUING’ OF CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY IN THE GOSPELS AND NEW TESTAMENT IS A PACIFIST RELIGION
WITH THE CRUSADES IT TURNS INTO ITS OPPOSITE
THE GREAT HISTORIAN SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN SAID ‘CRUSADE IS A DIRTY WORD’
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SIR STEVEN RUNCIMAN AT 87
‘CRUSADE’ IS A
DIRTY WORD
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• MAHOMET 570-632
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• HERETIC AND INFIDEL• A HERETIC IS THE ‘OTHER’, A DIVISION
FROM THE GROUP. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH COULD CONDEMN A HERETIC, TURNING HIM/HER OVER TO THE SECULAR ARM TO BE BURNED AT THE STAKE.
• ONE COULD SAY THAT TO JEWS CHRISTIANITY IS HERESY, AND TO CHRISTIANS ISLAM IS HERESY.
• THE INFIDEL IS OUTSIDE ANY OF THESE GROUPS. BUT IN THE CRUSADES JEWS AND MUSLIMS WERE CONSIDERED BY CHRISTIANS AS INFIDELS DESERVING OF SLAUGHTER, THEIR SLAUGHTERERS EVEN RECEIVING THE ‘INDULGENCE’, BEING SAVED.
• IN WAR, ENEMIES MIRROR EACH OTHER
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VIKING CHESSSET
BRITISH MUSEUM
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• THE PEOPLES OF THE BOOK
• JEWS, TORAH IN HEBREW
• CHRISTIANS, GOSPEL IN GREEK, ETC.
• MUSLIMS, KORAN IN ARABIC
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ISLAM• MONOTHEISTIC, REJECTS TRINITY• PROHIBITION OF IMAGES/ IDOLS• PROTECTS ‘PEOPLES OF THE BOOK’ (JEWS, CHRISTIANS, MUSLIM)• LAITY PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY• KORAN INCLUDES MARY AND JESUS• ISLAM CONSIDERS JESUS & MAHOMET PROPHETS• OBLIGATION TO ASSIST THE POOR• JIHAD TO CONVERT THE INFIDEL (NOT JEWS OR
CHRISTIANS, WHO ARE THE OTHER ‘PEOPLES OF THE BOOK’)
• PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA, JERUSALEM
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SONG OF ROLAND
‘PAIENS UNT TORT ET CRETIENS UNT DROIT’
PAGANS ARE WRONG, AND CHRISTIANS ARE RIGHT
DESCRIBES MUSLIMS AS WORSHIPPING A TRINITY OF IDOLS, MAHOUND, APOLLYON & TERMAGENT, DEMONIZING THEM
THE SHADOW
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COUNCIL OF CLERMONT 1039
POPE URBAN II CALLED FOR FIRST CRUSADE TO WIN BACK JERUSALEM AND PROTECT THE EMPEROR OF CONSTANTINOPLE AGAINST THE MUSLIM TURKS
REQUIRED NORMAN KNIGHTS (CALLED FRANKS) TO MAKE VOW TO PROTECT THE HELPLESS, WIDOWS AND ORPHANS, AND ALL WOMEN
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• INVENTION OF STIRRUP • THEREFORE USE OF MORE ARMOUR• CHIVALRY, ON ‘HORSEBACK’
• CODE OF CONDUCT
• PROTECTION OF WOMEN
• COATS OF ARMS, HERALDRY
• TOURNAMENTS
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ST PETER’S BANNER GIVEN BY POPE ALEXANDER II TO DUKE WILLIAM OF NORMANDY
HERE ST DENIS (DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE) IN A VISION GIVES ORIFLAMME TO CRUSADER
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• PILGRIMAGE AND CRUSADE INDULGENCE
• MIXTURE OF IRISH CONCEPT OF PURGATORY AND ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF JIHAD AGAINST INFIDELS WINNING PARADISE
• DEMONIZING OF THE ‘SARACENS’
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FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099
‘DIEU LE VEULT’ GOD WILLS IT
PETER THE HERMIT
SEIGE OF ANTIOCH
‘MON JOIE ST DENIS’
SEIGE OF JERUSALEM
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• EMPEROR ALEXIUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE
• PEOPLE’S CRUSADE• NORMANS FROM NORMANDY AND
SICILY• GODFREY OF BOUILLON• BEHEMOND & TANCRED OF
TARANTO• COUNT RAYMOND OF TOULOUSE• COUNT ROBERT OF FLANDERS• DUKE ROBERT OF NORMANDY
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• JERUSALEM CONQUERED IN 1099
• GODFREY OF BOUILLON AND HIS BROTHER BALDWIN
• BALDWIN CROWNED KING OF JERUSALEM, CHRISTMAS DAY 1100
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• FLORENTINE PAZZINO DE’ PAZZI FIRST ON WALL OF JERUSALEM
• EASTER SUNDAY• DOVE WITH HOLY
FIRE• CHURCH OF THE
HOLY APOSTLES IN PIAZZA LIMBO
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• FOUNDING OF MONASTIC ORDERS OF KNIGHTS
• HOSPITALLERS OF ST JOHN (KNIGHTS OF MALTA)
• TEMPLARS
• IN SPAIN, KNIGHTS OF SANTIAGO DI COMPOSTELA
• IN GERMANY, TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
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SECOND CRUSADE 1147-1149
PREACHED BY ST BERNARD, AN UTTER FAILURE
HORNS OF HATTIM ANDSEIGE OF JERUSALEM, SALADIN 1187
MARGARET OF JERUSALEM
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THIRD CRUSADE 1189-1192
SALADIN AND KING RICHARD THE LION HEART
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FOURTH CRUSADE 1202-1204
VENICE
ZARA
CONSTANTINOPLE, ALEXIUS IIIBALDWIN OF FLANDERS BECOMES EMPEROR OF
CONSTANTINOPLECHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED BY
CRUSADERS, WEAKENED, WILL STRENGTHEN ISLAMIC WORLD WHEN IT FALLS
VILLEHARDOIN, CHRONICLE
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VENETIAN LOOT FROM FOURTH CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE
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• ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADE AGAINST CATHAR HERETICS IN EUROPE 1209
• CHILDREN’S CRUSADE 1212
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FIFTH CRUSADE 1217-1221
SIXTH CRUSADE 1228-1229 FREDERIC II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
SEVENTH CRUSADE 1248-1254ST LOUIS IN EGYPT
EIGHTH CRUSADE 1270ST LOUIS’S DEATH, DISASTER
NINTH CRUSADE 1271-1272FUTURE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND, DISASTER
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FREDERIC II
LIKE ALFONSO EL SABIO,FREDERIC II WAS A MULTI-CULTURAL RULER
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SEVENTH CRUSADE 1248-1254
ST LOUIS IN EGYPT
EIGHTH CRUSADE 1270
ST LOUIS’S DEATH, DISASTER
NINTH CRUSADE 1271-1272
FUTURE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND, DISASTER
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• SIXTH CRUSADE 1228-1229
• AGAINST EGYPT, CAIRO AS ‘BABYLON’, DAMIETTA
• ST FRANCIS
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• MUSLIMS ALLOW FRANCISCANS TO BE THE CUSTODIANS OF JERUSALEM’S CHRISTIAN HOLY PLACES,
• ALLOW UNARMED PILGRIMS TO VISIT THE HOLY PLACES
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• SEVENTH CRUSADE
• ST LOUIS
• JOINVILLE, CHRONICLE
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• 1291 FALL OF ACRE, LAST CRUSADER STRONGHOLD OF THE CHRISTIAN JERUSALEM KINGDOM
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THE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL
ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC
ROMAN CHRISTIAN TO ISLAMIC CHRISTIAN
‘ARS NOVA’ ‘DOLCE STIL NUOVO’
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• TOURNUS
• ROMANESQUE
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ST NICHOLAS CATHEDRAL,
THEN MOSQUE,
CYPRUS
GOTHIC CRUSADER ARCHITECTURE
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LA SAINTE CHAPELLE, PARIS
LA SAINTE CHAPELLE, PARIS
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• UNIVERSITIES
• GRECO-ARABIC MODEL
• ARISTOTLE
• EXCLUSION OF WOMEN AND OUR DENIGRATION
• PARIS, OXFORD, BOLOGNA, SALERNO, SALAMANCA
• THEOLOGY, LAW, MEDICINE, MAGIC
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• DOUBLE STANDARD
• TROUBADOR POETRY
• ARTHURIAN ROMANCE
• COURTLY LOVE
• CELEBRATING ADULTERY
• NOT CHRISTIAN
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ROMANESQUE VIRGIN AND CHILD
‘SEDES SAPIENTIAE’
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AUTUN
FLIGHT INTO
EGYPT
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• THE GOTHIC MADONNA AND CHILD, SIMPERING AND COURTING EACH OTHER
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FLORENCE
ORSANMICHELE
MIXES
ROMANESQUE
AND GOTHIC
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ST ANNE’S CRUSADER CHURCH, ROMANESQUE STYLE
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• AL-AQSAH MOSQUE BESIDE THE DOME OF THE ROCK, 691-692, ON TEMPLE MOUNT WHICH WAS BUILT BY BYZANTINE ARCHITECTS IMITATING HAGIA SOPHIA
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• SALADIN, CEREMONY OF THE DOOR OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE
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• SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, 1517, REPAIRED THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM, HERE WITH SOLOMON’S SEAL, AND RESTORED THE DOME OF THE ROCK
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• TEN MINUTE BREAK
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HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
VII. THE GREAT SCHISM
‘THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR’
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• THERE ARE THREE GREAT SCHISMS, OR ‘TEARING APARTS’ OF CHRIST’S CHRISTIANITY
• 1054 SEPARATION OF EAST (ORTHODOX), FROM WEST (CATHOLIC) OVER THE WORD ‘FILIOQUE’ IN CREED, TO BE FURTHER EXACERBATED BY 1202-1204 CRUSADE AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE
• 1378 IN THE WEST, ELECTIONS OF POPES AND ANTIPOPES
• 1517 IN THE WEST, PROTESTANTS SPLIT FROM CATHOLICS
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• THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF THE POPES IN AVIGNON
• THEN THE OTHER ‘GREAT SCHISM’
• POPE URBAN VI• CARDINAL ADAM EASTON• BISHOP HERMIT ALFONSO OF JAEN• ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN• ST CATHERINE OF SIENA• BEATA CHIARA GAMBACORTA• JULIAN OF NORWICH
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ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN
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QUEEN JOAN OF NAPLES,CATHERINE OF SWEDEN,BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN,LAPA ACCIAUIOLIAT SANTA MARIA NOVELLASPANISH CHAPEL
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ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN IN A MANUSCRIPT BY STCATHERINE OF SIENA’SSECRETARY, CRISTOFANODI GANNO IN SIENA
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ST CECILIA AT SANTA CECILIA IN TRASTEVERE
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ST AGNES
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ST CATHERINE OF SIENA IN AN ENGLISHBRIGITTINE EARLYPRINTED BOOK
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FLEMISH TRINITY