We just learned that…

Over time, organisms change

The question is…

• What are organisms made of?

organism

cells

Anything living is made of cells

Fungi

Bacteria

Plants

Animals

Cells contain DNA

nucleus

DNA

Let’s look at some cells

• But cells can’t be seen without help• We need a microscope• Microscopes were invented in the 1600s

http://www.xmission.com/~psneeley/Personal/Leidyscope.JPG

The Microscope

Eye Piece

Nosepiece

High Power Objective Lens

Low Power Objective Lens

Diaphragm

Stage Clips

Light

Base

Fine Focus

Coarse Focus

Stage

Arm

Lab: Animal vs. Plant

• Part A: Using the microscope– How to use a microscope

• Part B: Comparing animal and plant cells– Observe & explain the differences in structure

between animal and plant cells

• Part C:– Classify an unknown cell as a plant or animal

How to make a wet mount

• Place drop of water on slide• Set cover slip down from left to right• Viola…

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells

• View the newspaper letter “e” under the microscope

• Draw it as you see it• 100X• What happens when you

move the slide away from you?

• Move the slide to the left, which direction does it appear to move?

Letter “e”

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cellsMake a wet mount of onion skin• Place the skin of the onion on a slide• Place a drop of iodine and a drop of water on top

to stain the onion• Cover with a coverslipStart on low power (10X objective)• Adjust with coarse adjustment, then focus with

fine adjustment, draw the cellsEnlarge with high power (43X objective)• Adjust only with fine adjustment knob, draw the

cells

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells

In your lab notebook• Draw the image as you see it, first on low power

(100X), then on high power (430X)

Magnification 100XOnion skin Onion skin

430X

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells

Make a slide of your cheek cells• Use a toothpick to gently scrape the inside of

your cheek• Rub the toothpick on a clean slide• Add a drop of water and a drop of iodine• Place a coverslip on top of the cells• Draw on low power and then high power

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cellsIn your lab notebook•Draw the image as you see it, first on low power (100X), then on high power (430X)

Human Cheek Cells 100X

Human Cheek Cells 430X

Lab: Comparing plant and animal cells• Answer the following questions in your lab

notebook:1. Why did we use the iodine solution on each

slide?2. Compare the shapes of plant and animal cells.3. What cell parts did you find in both types of

cells?4. Given 2 cells, describe the steps you would use in

order to identify a cell as an animal or plant cell?

The Animal Cell

Vesicle

Plasma MembraneNucleolus

Nucleus w/ DNA

Ribosome

Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumNuclear Membrane

LysosomeGolgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Smooth EndoplasmicReticulum

CentriolesCytoplasm

Filled with fluid containing waste or nutrientsDigests food within cell, “suicide sac”Site of protein synthesis

Packages and releases cell materialsGel-like fluid for support

Control center of cell, contains DNAMakes ribosomes

Allows material into and out of nucleusSemipermeable, controls material movement into and out of cell

Powerhouse of cell, makes energy

Channels for material transport, with ribosomesProduce lipids, no ribosomes

Used in cell division in animal cellsStrands of genetic code

The Plant Cell

Nuclear membrane

Nucleus NucleolusChloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, makes food

Cell Wall

Supports and protects plant cell

Plasma membrane

Rough endoplasmicreticulum

MitochondriaCytoplasmRibosome

Vacuole

Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

stores water and nutrients

Whip-like structure for movementHair-like structures for movement

Cell Notes

• Organisms are made of cells• Cells tissues organs organ systems

organism• The cell is the basic unit of life, the smallest

living thing• Robert Hooke first discovered cells in cork

tree bark

Cell Notes

The Modern Cell Theory– All living things are made of one or more cells– Cells are the basic unit of structure and function– New cells come from pre-existing cells• (biogenesis)

http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/images/cell_division.gif

Cell NotesTypes of cells• Prokaryote

• Simple• Small• No nucleus,

no organelles• Domains:

Archea, Bacteria• Ex. bacteria

•Eukaryote•Complex•Large•Have nucleus and organelles•Domain: Eukarya•Ex. Ameba, mold, flower, human

Cell Video

How does a plant cell relate to your school?

Plant Organelle Function within Plant Who has similar job?Cell Wall

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Chloroplasts

Mitochondrion

Vacuole

Chromosomes (DNA)

Ribosomes

SELL THAT ORGANELLE

Working with a partner, make a creative poster to describe your organelle. Include a large, bright drawing of the organelle, a colorful advertisement of its function(s), and a bridge map for the title.

asRelating factor: _____________

Cell wallCell

BonesBody

structure