27th Nov Learning Intention

We are learning to •Understand the digestive system in relation to the cow

27th Nov Class Objs/Success Criteria

Students: • Will be able to identify the

different parts of the tooth • Will be able to distinguish between

the teeth layout for various animals • Will be able to understand the

processes involved in the four stomach compartments of the cow

• Hooved Animals have evolved a special arrangement of their legs. The horse hoof structure is the same as that of a fingernail

• Hooved animals are collectively called ungulates

• The horse is an odd-toed ungulate because it has only 1

• Pigs, sheep + cattle are even-toed because they have 2

Tooth

Dental Formula (note x2!!)

• Omnivore Pig 3 1 4 3

3 1 4 3

• Omnivore Human 2 1 2 3

2 1 2 3

• Herbivore Cow 0 0 3 3

4 0 3 4

• Herbivore Sheep 0 0 3 3

3 1 3 3

• Herbivore Rabbit 2 0 3 3

1 0 2 3

* Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

• Carnivore Dog 3 1 4 2

3 1 4 3

• Herbivore Horse 3 1 3 3

3 1 3 3

Digestive System

Ruminant Stomach

Rumen

- bacteria and protozoans aid digestion

- Anaerobic conditions

- Microbes break down cellulose – ph=6.5-7.0

Reticulum

- Used to regugitate food back up to mouth – chewing the cud

Omasum

- Food is squeezed dry

- Water and other liquids are absorbed

Abomasum

- Normal stomach

- Breakdown of food fod by enzymes before passing into intestines (same as monogastric animal)

Learning Intention 4th Dec 2012

We are learning to:

- Further our understanding of the digestive system

Success Criteria 4th Dec 2012

Students will be able to:

Understand the role that protein, fats and fibre play in the diet of the animal

Describe the digestive processes in the small and large intestines

Identify the parts of the heart and its role in the circulatory system

Set induction 4th Dec 2012

Name and describe the actions of the four compartments of a ruminant's stomach

Digestive Enzymes Enzyme Source Site of Action Substrate Products

Salivary Amylase Salivary Glands Mouth Starch Maltose

Pepsin

Lipase

Gastric Glands

Gastric Glands

Stomach

Stomach

Protein

Lipid

Peptides

Fatty Acids+ Glycerol

Trypsin

Amylase

Lipase

Pancreas

Pancreas

Pancreas

Small Intestine

Small Intestine

Small Intestine

Protein

Starch

Lipids

Peptides

Maltose

Fatty Acids + Glycerol

Sucrose

Maltase

Lactose

Lipase

Erepsin

Amylase

Wall of small

intestine

“

“

“

“

“

Small Intestine

“

“

“

“

“

“

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Lipids

Peptides

Starch

Glucose

Glucose

Glucose

Fatty Acids + glycerol

Amino Acids

Maltose

Microbial Protein

• Anaerobic bacteria swallowed on the grass

• Source of protein in the cows diet

Foods

• Vitamins + minerals are for general good health

• They can be added as a supplement if they are in short supply or if the animal needs it i.e. pregnant ewe/newly born bonham

Carbohydrates

• Provide energy by respiration of glucose

• Excess is stored as fat, in plants its stored as starch, some excess is stored as glycogen in muscles

• Used as a structural material i.e. cellulose cell wall, exoskeleton of insects

Structure

• All contain carbon, hydrogen + oxygen e.g. C6 H12 O6 = glucose

Monosaccharides – single sugar units

• Small enough to be absorbed into bloodstream e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

Dissacharides – 2 sugar units e.g.

• Sucrose, maltose

Polysaccharides – many sugar units

• E.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose

Very long chains

Tests • Test for starch – iodine – black • Test for reducing sugars (monosaccharides) –

benedicts solution – blue – red, green, yellow Lipids/Fats • Also contain carbon, hydrogen + oxygen • At their smallest, they are a glycerol with 3 fatty acids • They are an excellent source of energy but they will

only be used if carbohydrate is absent • Used as a energy storage device • Used as a structural material in cell membranes • Insulates animals (adipose layer)

Tests for Fats

• Brown paper test – translucent spot

• Ethanol test – turns cloudy when water added

* Animal feeds that are high in fat include maize distillers, fish oils

Proteins

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen + nitrogen with sulphur as a bonding agent

• At their smallest called amino acids • Chains of amino acids are called peptides Functions • Growth + repair • To make new cell materials, enzymes, antibodies,

fibrinogen (used in blood clotting) + hormones • As a source of energy when carbohydrates + fats are

absent Test for Protein • Biuret test – sodium hydroxide + copper sulphate –

get a violet colour

Fibre

• Fibre is usually large molecules that cant be digested

• Its bulky + satisfies appetite

• Prevents constipation

• Absorbs poisons

Water

• All farm animals need lots of water to keep the osmotic balance

• It replaces water lost in sweat, exhaled air, urine + faeces

The Small Intestine

• Food leaving the stomach is called chyme

• It enters the duodenum where bile acts on it

• It also receives pancreatic juice from the pancreas

• The pH is 8 due to the sodium bicarbonate in the bile

Animal Feeds

1. Bulk Feeds – they are fed relatively high in feed or water e.g. fresh grass, hay, silage, root, crops, straw, forge crops.

2. Concentrates: feeds low in fibre and water e.g. cereal grain, cereal grain by-products, fats oiled molasses, beet pulp, animal products and feed supplements

3. Dry Matter (DM) – all feeds are made up of water, organic matter and ash. Organic matter and ash make up dry matter.

Dry matter 100

X = % DM

Original 1

1. Crude Protein – nitrogen contains 16% protein. Use the Kjeldahl technique to calculate the nitrogen content. CP%=Nitrogen content X 16/100

2. Crude Fibre

3. Metaboliseable energy (ME) –THE ENERGY FROM FEED THAT AN ANIMAL CAN CONVERT INTO LIVEWEIGHT GAIN (LWG), MILK OR WOOL. ME IS MEASURED IN MU/kg

Gross Energy in feedstuff

Digestible Faecal

Energy energy

Metabolisable Methane Urine

Energy

*Target = 11 mj/kg

Bulk Feeds

A = Fresh grass – varies in quality according to management. Can be a fully balanced feed and it is capable of high levels of production

18% DM

18% CP

21% CF

13% ME

B = Silage: grass used as winter feed, quality is varied due to a lot of factors. In general silage has higher feeding value than hay.

20% DM

17% CP

30% CF

10% ME

C = Hay

85% DM

10% CP

33% CF

9% ME

D = Root Crops: generally higher in energy and lower in protein than grass. Labour input tend to be high, except turnips grazed – 12%DM, 11% CP, 10% CF, 13% ME

E = Fodder beet – high energy low protein

22% DM

6% CP

6% CF

12% ME

F = Straw – low nutrional value can be added in a diet feeder for bulk

86% DM

4% CP

45% CF

6% ME

G = Fodder crops good nutrional value but should be limited to 30% intake, as a chemicals cause health problems

14% DM

16% CP

18% CF

11% ME

H = Rape

14% DM

20% CP

25% CF

10% ME

CONCENTRATES

DAIRY RATION

CP= 18%

CF = 8%

CRUDE OIL = 2.8%

BEEF RATION

CP = 15%

CF = 7.5%

CO = 4.5%

PIG RATION

CP = 18%

CF = 3.5%

CO = 4%

*Remember vitamins and minerals are part of the ingredients of the rations in order to prevent diseases in animals e.g. lysine in pig ration, an essential amino acid required by pigs

- SOYABEAN CAN BE FED FOR HIGH ENERGY VALUE AND HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT

- IF FEEDING BARLEY TO RUMINANTS IT MUST BE ROLLED TO BREAK THE SEED COAT FOR DIGESTION

- IF FED TO PIGS IT MUST BE CRUSHED TO AID DIGESTION AS THEY CAN'T DIGEST FIBRE

Exam Question 5 2003

• 5. (a) Explain the term metabolism.

• (b) Describe three ways in which energy is lost from a farm animal.

• (c) Distinguish, using named examples, between bulky foods and concentrates.

• (d) Contrast (1) the structure and (2) the dietary requirements of a ruminant and a monogastric farm animal. (48 marks)

Exam Question 5 2003 - solution

• 5. (a) Metabolism is the set of life sustaining chemical transformations that take place in the cells of living organisms and is involved in the breaking down of substances

• (b) The farm animal loses energy through:

metabolism - describe

Respiration – describe

Excretion – describe

• (c) Concentrates = e.g. Dairy Ration & Barley

Bulky = e.g. Silage & Fresh Grass

*use different factors e.g. type, nutrition (protein/fibre), energy value from notes to distinguish them

• (d) 1. Ruminant has 4 chambers = rumen, reticulum, omasum & Abomasum. Monogastric has just one i.e. normal stomach.

– 2. Ruminant (e.g.) will eat mostly bulky feeds such as grass, silage & hay as they are able to digest cellulose. Monogastric (e.g. pig) will eat mostly concentrates such as ration which are lower in fibre

Homework 4th Dec 2012

2008 Q 1 f

2007 Q 3 op 1

2007 Q 6

2006 Q 6

2004 Q 8 a

The Large Intestine

• Contains the caecum, appendix, colon, rectum + anus

• In the colon, water is reabsorbed into the blood and the waste becomes more solid

• The waste is egested through the anus

Type of Tissue found in Vertibrates

• Epithelium – this lines all cavities in the body i.e. the digestive system, lungs etc. – secretes mucus, enzymes etc. – forms skin for protection. – epithelial cells are generally flat

• Connective – bone, cartilage, tendon, ligaments, adipose tissue for storing fat under the skin. Bone is made from calcium phosphate

• Blood –

• Muscle – cardiac muscle – does not fatigue – striped (striated) – voluntary control. Smooth muscle – involuntary

• Nervous Tissue – brain, spinal cord, nerve cells

Functions of liver

• Largest gland in body • Has 2 blood supplies - hepatic portal vein ( bringing amino acids +

glucose) - hepatic artery bringing oxygen + lipids • It secretes bile • Changes glucose to glycogen for storage • Changes excess glucose to lipid • It deaminates amino acids to urea • Stores vitamins A, D, B12 + Iron • Breaks down red blood cells, poisons • Heats the blood

Blood + Circulation

• Most animals have a 4 chamber heart which pumps blood around the body

• Blood vessels which carry blood to the heart are called veins

• Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries

Veins

• Blood to the heart

• Deoxygenated

• Blood flow sluggish

• Large lumen

• Back flow valves

Arteries

• Blood away from heart

• Oxygenated

• Blood flows under pressure

• Small lumen

• No valves

Pathway of Circulation

Double Circulation

•The blood flows twice through the heart during one circulation of the body

•RA LA Chambers

•RV LV

ABO Blood Grouping

Factors Affecting Heart Beat

• CO2 concentration in the blood

• Chemicals e.g. caffeine, depressants, ethanol

• The hormone adrenalin

Antigen Antibody

A B

B A

AB none

None A + B

Blood Type

A

B

AB

O

Constituents • Plasma – made up of serum (watery substance + fibrinogen for

blood clotting) • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - biconcave - no nucleus - contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen - made in bone marrow - 5 million per millimetre • White blood cells - larger + variable shape - fight infection - 5,000 per mm - 2 types A) granulocytes – made in bone marrow (phagocytes) - engulf bacteria (phagocytosis) B) agranulocytes – these make antibodies - made in lymph node

• Platelets (thrombocytes)

- Fragments of cells with no nucleus

- 250,000 mm

- Made in bone marrow

- Needed in blood clotting

Function of Blood

• Vascular System

- transports glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, wastes (urea), gases (O2 + CO2) + hormones

• Distributes heat

• Fights infection

Process of Blood Clotting

• Warfarin

• Heparin

• Disprin

• Blood kept in storage has fibrinogen taken out of it

Immune Response

• Natural Active immunity is when you produce your own antibodies to fight infection

• Active Artificial immunity is when a vaccine is given to trigger the production of antibodies

• Natural passive immunity is when a child receives antibodies across the placenta wall in the womb from its mother (colostrum contains antibodies)

Lymphatic System

• Used to mop up extra-cellular fluids and return them to the blood

• Also used to absorb lipids from the small intestine and it produces white blood cells

• Lacteals – small lymph capillaries which are important for the uptake of fluids

Lymph Nodes

• Lymph nodes are swellings found along the lymph vessels in the neck, under the arm and groin. Lymph nodes filter bacteria and store white blood cells

Respiration & Breathing

The Parts of the

• Larynx/voice box

• Trachea/windpipe

• Bronchi

• bronchioles

Breathing System

• Alveoli/air sacs

• Lungs

• Diaphragm

• Ribs

Breathing Actions

• Inspiration: the taking of air into the lungs

- Medulla Oblongata – an area in the brain that detects the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. When there is an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, a message is sent to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to breathe in

• Expiration – the release of air from the lungs

Urinary System - parts

Parts

• 2 kidneys

• The bladder

• 2 ureters

• The urethra

The Kidney

Functions

• Excretes water, salts + urea

• Controls the water + salt concentration of the blood

• Reabsorbs wanted minerals + water

Internal Structure

• Cortex

• Nephron

• Bowman’s capsule

• Loop of henle

• Medulla

• pelvis

Reproductive System

Parts of the male

• Testes

• Penis

• Epididymis

• Scrotum

• Urethra

reproductive system

• Cowper’s gland

• Prostrate gland

• Seminal vesicle

• Sperm duct

• Epididymis: sperm cells mature here and are stored for up to six weeks

• Cowper’s gland, prostrate gland + seminal vesicle: These produce a liquid called seminal fluid. This fluid is added to sperm cells to form semen

Hormones in the male RS

• Testosterone: causes the development of the primary and secondary male sex characteristics

• FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Causes the production of sperm cells.

• LH (Luteinising Hormone): Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

Parts of the Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries

• Fallopian tubes

• Uterus

• Cervix

• Birth canal (vagina)

Ovulation and Pregnancy

• The egg leaves the ovaries and travels along the fallopian tube

• Fertilisation occurs in the FT • Fertilised egg then travels to the uterus where

implantation occurs • Fertilised egg mulitiplies to become an embryo • After some time, the embryo is then referred to as a

foetus • Ovulation= the release of the egg from the ovary • Fertilisation= the fusion of an egg cell with a sperm

cell, it occurs in the fallopian tube • Implantation= when the embryo attaches itself to the

lining of the womb wall

1999

• 9

• 1999 (a) State two differences between plant and animal cells

2000

1(b) State where each of the following is located in the animal body; sperm, thyroid gland, spleen, colon.

1(d) State which phylum each of the following belongs to: earthworm, aphid, liver fluke, Babesia.

5. (a) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, the pathway taken by food in a ruminant animal during digestion.

9(d) GASE A low incidence of liver fluke in cattle grazing on a well drained pasture.

2000 marking schemes

2001

1(f) Name the stomach compartments of a named ruminant.

1(g) List two characteristics of any named organism belonging to the Phylum Annelida.

1(h) Explain how an application of lime helps to reduce the incidence of liver fluke.

1(j) State two functions of the lymphatic system.

9(a) GASE The presence of a red colour in the urine of a bovine animal.

2001 MS

2002

1(b) (1) Name one member of the Phylum Arthropoda. (2) State two characteristics of this example from the Phylum Arthropoda.

1(d) The picture shows a stage in the lifecycle of the liverfluke, Fasciola hepatica. (1) Name the larval stage shown in the diagram. (2) In what animal would this larval stage be found?

2002 MS

2003

1(f) Name one food constituent stored in each of the following animal tissues: (1) Adipose tissue (2) Bone (3) Muscle

Exam Question 5 2003

• 5. (a) Explain the term metabolism.

• (b) Describe three ways in which energy is lost from a farm animal.

• (c) Distinguish, using named examples, between bulky foods and concentrates.

• (d) Contrast (1) the structure and (2) the dietary requirements of a ruminant and a monogastric farm animal. (48 marks)

2003 MS

Exam Q8a 2004

1(a) (i) Identify the animal in photograph A.

(ii) State the phylum to which this animal belongs.

(iii) Write a note on the importance of any member of this phylum in agriculture.

1(i) State two functions of the liver of a farm animal.

8. (a) (i) Describe the digestion of cellulose in a ruminant animal.

(ii) Distinguish between a maintenance ration and a production ration for dairy cows.

9(d) GASE The production of carbon dioxide in the animal body.

2004 MS

Exam Q3a 2005

1(h) State the specific function of each of the following in the animal body: (i) Diaphragm, (ii) Thyroid gland, (iii) Hepatic portal vein.

1(j) Outline three functions of blood in the animal body.

3. (a) The diagram labelled 1 is of a ruminant stomach. The arrows indicate the movement of food. (i) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C. (ii) Describe briefly what happens to the food as it moves through the part labelled A. (iii) Describe three functions of the part labelled C.

8 (a) (ii) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D of the genital tract of a cow, as in diagram 2.

9(a) GASE A high incidence of liver fluke in cattle grazing on poorly drained pasture.

2005 MS

EQs 2006

1(e) Name a plant or animal parasite, belonging to the Phylum Nematoda, and describe its lifecycle.

1(f) (i) Name the organ that produces bile in the body. (ii) Where is bile stored? (iii) State a function of bile.

3(b) Describe the life cycle of a named parasitic fungus, which causes a disease in a crop, under the following headings: (i) Mode of reproduction. (ii) Mode of nutrition. (iii) Environmental conditions that favour the spread of the disease.

9(d) GASE The function of a gizzard in poultry.

EQ Q3a 2006

2006 MS

2006 MS

Exam 2007

1(d) The diagram shows an ectoparasite of farm animals. (i) Explain the underlined term. (ii) Identify the ectoparasite shown. (iii) To which phylum does this parasite belong?

1(f) Explain the function of each of the following: (i) masseter muscles, (ii) saliva, (iii) reticulum.

1(g) Write out the dental formula for an adult pig.

8. (a) (i) Outline the role of microbes in the rumen of a farm animal.

(ii) Describe the pathway taken by any named food nutrient within an animal’s body following digestion.

2007 MS

2008

2008 Q1(a) Write notes on glycogen in the body of a mammal under the following headings: (i) its site of production, (ii) its function.

2008 Q1(g) (i) Name the larval stage of each of the following; click beetle, crane fly, (ii) Describe the damage done by each of these larvae.

2008

2009

Q1(h) Explain the functions of the following parts of the digestive system of poultry: (i) The crop, (ii) The gizzard.

6. (a) (i) To what phylum do insects belong? (ii) Describe a role insects can play in crop production. (iii) Suggest two reasons why the number of some insect species

is declining in farm land. (iv) Name the stages in the life-cycle of an insect that undergoes

complete metamorphosis. (v) Explain what is meant by incomplete metamorphosis of insects. (b) Describe the dental formula of a ruminant. (c) Describe the process of digestion in the stomach compartments

of a ruminant animal. (48 marks)

2009

2010

2010 Q1(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a longitudinal section through a mammalian tooth.

2010 MS

2011

2011 Q1(c) Explain the difference between active and passive immunity and give one example of each from agriculture.

2011 Q1(f) Name one monosaccharide and one polysaccharide found in grass and list the three main elements found in these compounds.

2011 Q1(g) (i) Name one member of each of the phyla Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda. (ii) Identify one disease of cattle caused by each member of the phyla you have named.

EQ5 2011

Experiments

Animal Physiology

Experiment: To dissect a rabbit and observe its digestive system

Method:

Skin a freshly killed rabbit.

Cut the abdomen wall in a ‘T’ shape.

Find and label all the parts of the digestive system

Result:

See diagram

Diagram

Animal Physiology

Experiment:To observe and dissect a sheep’s heart

Method:

Get a fresh sheeps heart from the butchers

Dissect and label all relevant parts

Result:

See diagram

Diagram

Animal Physiology

Experiment: To observe animal cells under a microscope

Method:

1. Using a sterile spoon, take a scraping from the inside of your cheek

2. Place it on a clean glass slide

3. Add methalene blue stain

Result:

See diagram

Diagram

Animal Physiology

Experiment:

Method:

Result: