we are different background for understanding cultural variability in the world as described by...
TRANSCRIPT
We are Different
Background for understanding cultural variability in the world as described by
Humanistic Geographers – Also questions Globalist View of World
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Learning Objectives
• Define and discuss culture
• Explore Hofstede’s view of world cultures
• Explore Todd’s view of families types around the world
• Perform exercise understanding how culture and family effects your own background
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Culture is the “Collective Programming of the Mind”
Geert Hofstede (1980)
• Culture differentiates the motivation of different groups
• Culture gives meaning to an environment
– uses symbols and myths
• Culture shapes perceptions and behavior
– establishes norms and taboos
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• In short CULTURE differentiates the actions of one group from another
• Thus CULTURE differentiates one group from another
• We are different because we act differently
Video Clip
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbELQIi-an4&feature=related
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Culture’s Foundation
• Culture is based upon VALUES organized into PARADIGMS
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Values -- broad preference for one state of affairs over others
• Create moral signposts• Inform proper Behavior by setting priorities• Values have an emotional commitment• Values are learned through socialization from
birth till death• Example: Honor thy father
– Value into a Paradigm – caring for your elderly parents, in some societies it is the Law.
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 9
Contrasting Values• American Values -- Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of
Happiness• French Revolutionary Values -- Life, Liberty, and
Land– Slightly different but critically
• Canadian Values – Peace, Order, and Good Government
• “Asian Confucian Values” – Responsibilities, Duties to the Group & Parents, not to the Individual
Asian Values
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http://bigthink.com/videos/kishore-mahbubani-what-are-asian-values
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Paradigm -- set of beliefs that organizes the way of interpreting
the world• Values are organized through paradigms
into a way of life
• A Social Paradigm contains survival information for maintaining a CULTURE
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A Social Paradigm contains survival information for
maintaining a CULTURE
• Based on generations of experience
• Avoids dysfunctional behavior
• Difficult to dislodge -- definitions of REALITY are anchored in the paradigm and its values
• Guides and justifies the actions of a group
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Class Activity – 5 Minute Activity
• Each group is to take a few minutes to describe a key American Value and factor in the American Social Paradigm.
• Second, can you identify any special (family, ethnic, religious…) factors making-up a personal Social Paradigm that some Americans may or may not share with the rest of your group?
An example of American Values & Paradigm
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Skip to 1:20 for Senator John McCain’s statement http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=170525728&m=170530236
Listen and Identify Evidence for American Values and Paradigm
Social Paradigm example from the Amish
• The rules of the church — the Ordnung — must be observed by every member. These rules cover most aspects of day-to-day living, and include prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line electricity, telephones, and automobiles, as well as regulations on clothing. Many Amish church members may not buy insurance or accept government assistance, such as Social Security http://www.americanamishcompany.com/history/
Lack of Invidiualism among the Amish
• Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on Demut (humility) and Gelassenheit (calmness, composure, placidity) — often translated as "submission" or "letting-be". Gelassenheit is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the "Will of God", expressed through group norms, is at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture.
Amish society by John Andrew Hostetler
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Questions• Are “Human Rights” a Western Value or
Reality?
• Does equality of the sexes lead to continuation of a society or breakup of the family?
• Why did Canada support “Gay Marriage” when many in the US opposed (or still oppose it?
• Should we elect or appoint leaders?
– Presidents, generals, teachers, judges
Obama’s Inaugural Address
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Are there Universal Human Rights?
04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz4STWEfWi4
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Answer
• Different cultures answer these questions differently– draw on different sets of values– use different social paradigms– have different “REALITIES”
Why you don't hear Harper say 'God bless Canada' anymore
Hill Times OnlineAs Prime Minister Stephen Harper inches closer toward a
majority government, he has erased all religious references from his public speeches, hoping to broaden his appeal to those Canadians who cringe at even the very thought that religion could play any By RICHARD ALBERT
Published November 9, 2009 BOSTON—In the 2004 race to lead to the new Conservative Party, then-candidate Stephen Harper proudly concluded his speeches with "God bless Canada." Later as opposition leader and then as prime minister in a minority Parliament, Harper, an evangelical Christian, continued to close his public addresses with those three words—until the weeks leading up to last year's federal election campaign when polls suggested the Conservative Party http://www.thehilltimes.ca/page/view/albert-11-9-2009...
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http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/pix/harper-cp-9870945.jpg
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Continuing
• Different cultures also have different– Economic cultures – note that Islamic Law
outlaws usury (bank loans)– Corporate Cultures (IBM vs. Mac or GM vs.
Toyota)– have different “REALITIES”
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Geert Hofstede
• Each culture has a mainstream (great tradition) of values and social paradigm
• Cultures have internal variations (little traditions)
• However, differences between cultures are greater then differences within
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Hofstede’s Dimensions: 5 Factors of Cultural Variation
1. Individualism vs. Collectivism
2. Power--Distance
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
4. Masculinity-- Femininity (Sex Differentiating)
5. Long Term Orientation -- Confucian Dynamism
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. Individualism-Collectivism – the degree of individual or group orientation• Worship
independent actor• Stress Protestant
Ethic• Market Economies• Balanced-power
political systems• Policies initiative
based and apply to all
• Stress identity and roots
• Traditionalist ethic• Nonmarket
Economies• Unbalanced-power
political systems• Loyalty and Sense of
Duty
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 27
. Individualism-Collectivism – the degree of individual or group orientation• From country list note position of US, Canada, and
UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico
• Generally more economically developed countries have greater emphasis on individualism, but not always (see Japan) – more Manchester School “Liberalism”
• Way to map this is next slide …”Individualism correlates highly with contemporary level of economic development …correlation with per capita income is R = 0.82
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Power Uncertainty Long-term
Distance Individualism Masculinity Avoidance Orientation
USA 40L 91H 62H 46L 29LGermany 35L 67H 66H 65M 31MJapan 54M 46M 95H 92H 80HFrance 68H 71H 43M 86H 30LNetherlands 38L 80H 14L 53M 44MHong Kong 68H 25L 57H 29L 96HIndonesia 78H 14L 46M 48L 25LWest Africa 77H 20L 46M 54M 16LRussia 95H 50M 40L 90H 10LChina 80H 20L 50M 60M 118H
Summary Table of Nine Countries Plus Hong KongUsed to investigate a number of countries around the world
From: http://www.pittstate.edu/mgmkt/culture.html
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Green is Green is most most IndividualIndividual
Based On 9 CountriesHow well does this demonstrate the North-South
Divide?
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Based On Larger SampleHow well does this demonstrate the North-South Divide?
Green is Green is most most IndividualIndividual
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 32
Power Distance – the extent to which members of an organization accept that power is distributed
unequally throughout the organization.
HIGH• Autocratic
Governments• Polarization of Right
and Left with weak Center
• Taxes protect wealthy• Religions stress
stratification
LOW• Majority Rules• Stable Government• Strong Center• Taxes redistribute
wealth• Religions stress
equality
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 34
Power Distance – the extent to which members of an organization accept that power is distributed
unequally throughout the organization.
• Again, From country list note position of US, Canada, and UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico (note that the listing of countries has remained constant)
• Less relationship to development, see especially France
• “A useful indicator of power-distance is the degree of income inequality within countries” See map
04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 35Based on 9 CountriesHow well does this reflect a long history of popularly elected governments?
04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 36Based on More CountriesHow well does this reflect a long history of popularly elected governments?
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 38
Uncertainty Avoidance (avoid risk) – describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk.
HIGH• Dependence on
Government• Little tolerance for
citizen protest• Elaborate Legal
systems• More written rules• More ritual behavior
LOW• Citizen competence• Tolerance for citizen
protest• Casuistic approach to
legal issues• More pragmatic
thinking• Fewer written rules
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Uncertainty -- Avoidance table not available
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Uncertainty Avoidance – describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk.
• Low U-A (don’t worry about risk) countries include the US, UK, CA, Scandinavia
• High U-A (avoid risk) countries include Latin America, Japan, former Soviet Union empire
04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 41Based on 9 CountriesNote there is a pretty good relationship here with Annual Inflation Rate
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Based on More CountriesNote there are more shades then indicated in legend. Green is Green is
most most AvoidanceAvoidance
Combination Uncertainty Avoidance and Individualism
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Anglo-Saxon Values?
Asian Values?
Collectivist Values?
W. Europe Continenal Values?
•http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/edwards2/paper.html What is the true value of online information?Chris Edwards, [HREF1] Digital Projects Leader, Asia Pacific Cluster, Scholarly Information Services/Library, Menzies Building No 2, Australian National University, [HREF 2] Acton, ACT 0200. e-mail:[email protected]
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Masculinity-Femininity – expected outlook towards purpose of work & gender roles in a culture
(note femininity is not feminism)
• Aggressive pursuit of success -- Macho
• Income strong measure of self
• Jobs linked to gender roles – male jobs & female jobs
• Live to work
• Emphasis on caring and sharing & relationship building
• Focus on Quality of Life not just $
• Both are breadwinners• Work to live
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Traits of Masculinity / Femininity
High Masculine Low Masculine (Feminine)
social norms ego oriented relationship oriented
money and things are important quality of life and people are important
live in order to work work in order to live
politics and economics economic growth high priority environment protection high priority
conflict solved through force conflict solved through negotiation
religion most important in life less important in life
only men can be priests both men and women as priests
work larger gender wage gap smaller gender wage gap
fewer women in management more women in management
preference for higher pay preference for fewer working hours
family and school traditional family structure flexible family structure
girls cry, boys don’t; boys fight, girls don’t both boys and girls cry; neither fight
failing is a disaster failing a minor accident
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Femininity
Masculinity
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Masculinity-Femininity – expected gender roles in a culture
• Note the distinct differentiation of Scandinavia in particular from most of the rest of Europe
• Japan is the opposite as is Venezuela • US falls near the mean with slight masculinity
while Canada almost exactly on it• Maps provided shows political participation by
gender
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Based on More CountriesThe only Red Countries (more Feminine here are mainly in NW Europe)
Femininity
Masculinity
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Confucian Dynamism/Future Orientation – the long or short term orientation of different cultures.
SHORT TERM•Bottom Line•Profitability•Quick returns•Boom and bust-- hire and fire workers
LONG TERM•Qualitative goals•Market share•Long term goals•Lifetime employment
04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 51Based on 8 Countries
Note how well Confucian China and Japan standout, but not Muslim Indonesia
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FactorVery Short Term--Mid Levle--Very Long Term
N
EW
S
Long Term Factor
Based on More CountriesNote country list is different here, yet pattern rather similar
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Using Hofstede’s Dimensions
Hofstede’s own corporate site http://geert-hofstede.com/the-hofstede-centre.html
• A comparative tool on Hofestede’s site http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php
Maps of Hofstede’s Dimensions
• Unknown data set being displayed here
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-XdlbgFxZo
• Multiple videos illustrating the various dimensions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZqX0z3g5bE&list=PL5FB43779443E4AEF
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 55
Additional Internet Sites About Hofstede’s Dimensions
• “Hofstede’s Dimensions: A High Level Tool for Working Internationally.” Bing, John W. http://www.itapintl.com/hofstedesdimensions.htm
• Hofstede’s Dimensions http://www.pittstate.edu/mgmkt/culture.html
• Dimensions of Culture http://cwis.kub.nl/~fsw_2/iric/index2.htm
• December 2001 Compiled by Hazel Cameron, Business and Economics Librarian with assistance from Robyn Adcox, Reference Specialist, Western Washington University
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From Family to Culture Regions: An explanation of cultural traditions
• Emmanuel Todd -- Family relations serve as the model for political systems by defining the relationship between the individual and authority
• Political Ideologies are no more than family relations writ large
• Values and paradigms are passed from one generation to the next
http://www.fujiwara-shoten.co.jp/graphy/todd.jpg
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Todd’s 8 Family Types
• Absolute Nuclear
• Exogamous community
• Authoritarian
• Egalitarian
• Endogamous community
• Asymmetrical community
• Anomic
• African systems
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04/19/23 Hofstede's Dimensions 59
Few Definitions
• Absolute Nuclear– kids socialized to individualized values– must strive to succeed and support own
individual nuclear family – preference for individual rights and liberty– laissez-faire liberalism (free market)– US, UK
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• Authoritarian Family– paternalistic– inequality of brothers through inheritance– seen in German areas, Japan, Korea,…– authority guarantees security -- strong central
governments result
A standard of the Prussian Army used before 1807
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• Exogamous Community Family– Equality of brothers and cohabitation of
married sons and parents– Found in Russian, Albania, Central Italy,
China, Vietnam
Albanian extended family
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• African Family Systems– stable interpersonal relationship between
mother and children– polygamy– vertical patrimonial power relationships are
limited– cross community social organizations leading
to Western style democracy creates difficulties
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References
• Hofstede, Geert. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Sage: Beverly Hills.
• Todd, Emmanuel. 1985. The Explanation of Ideology. Basil Blackwell: Oxford.