wd 1475-3 - aef gas manual - use of gas by gas troops.pdf

7/25/2019 WD 1475-3 - AEF GAS MANUAL - Use of Gas by Gas Troops.pdf

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O F F I C I A L

A . E .

F.No. 1475-3

G-5

G A S M A N U A L

P a r t

H I

U s e of G a sby

G a s T r o o p s


2/125

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES

JM/v/i ,1911L

The "Gas M a n u a l /

1

in six pa r t s , is unproved and

fo r

ihe

i n fo rma t ion

and

gu idance

ofthe

Am er ican Exped i t ionary

Forces . Al though t h i s m a n u a l presen ts the pract ice in tlu-

Amer ican Expedi t ionary Forces ,

its

pub l i c a t i on

is not

intended

to convey approva l for adopt ion in the fu ture mil i tary service

of the Un i ted Sta tes of any de t a i l s of o rga n iza t io n conta ined

he re in .

COMMAND OF


3/125

Contents

ITactical Employment of Gases.A. E. F. No. 1475-1 G-5

Fa rt IIU se of Ga s by "the Ar ti l l er y. .A. E. F, No. 1475-2 G-.i

p a r t IIIU se of Gas by Gas Tro ops A. E. F, No. 1475-3 G-5

Par l IVU se of Ga s by In fa nt ry A. E. F. No. 1-1:75-1 G-5

Pa rt V Use of Gas by Air Serv ice A. K F. No. 1475-5 G-n

>art VI Defen se Ag ainat Gas .A, E. F . No. 1J33 G-5

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

J 'ar .

Int r od uct ion : 1-4


4/125

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S (Continued.)

Par .

32-3

Fuses 36

Mills 3fi

146 Allw nys 37

Brit ish

American

Su tton 70 39

X t. . . 41

S t o k e s R a n g e T a b l e s

L i v e n s M a t e r i a l

4(5

Projector, V

J

I Am erican i 48

Base

iS

D ru m s . - ifl

Gas 50

Incen diary 50

H . E SO

Galnes fi 1

Pr im ing System * , 52

Pro pel lanLt 53

Elec t r ic Fuses . . ,

, . .,

fi4

E x pl od e rs . . . , . . . , . 'ifi


5/125

TABLE OP CONTKNTS

{Continued.)

Projects

Wind

Lim its . .

Safety Limits

Reconnaissance Reports

, . .

Operation Orders , , ,

Operation Reports , . .

Tfictk-s of Gas Truops - . . . . . , _

Choice of Weapons

Selection nf Weapons

Tra ining nf Gas Tro ops .

Principles Covering T rai nin g. . . ,

School Phase . ' . . . .

neral Training

Equipment and Supplies

Detailed Instruction

Infantry Training

Target Practice Instruction

Technical Training

i" Trench M ortar, . ,

Projector

Cylinder?:

Speciitl Distraction for Officers

Par.

flS

88-A

38-B

8ft

91

924*5

&

97

tOO

10 1

10 2

104

105

105

in ?

10S

110


6/125

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

(Continued.)

D u t i e s

at

G as N. C. O /s 123

Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

for

In spe c t io n 12ti

Q u e s t i o n n a i r e fru- G a s P a t i e n t s 1 2#

Of fen s e Du t i e s

(J

f :i Staff

C}

ts Oifice r 120

Use of G as on Sty We Ti ni i t 130

Use of G&non A dv :i] i t t l - 'rotit *

1

30

130


7/125

GAS MANUAL

PART

far

USE OF GAS BY GAS TROOPS

INTRODUCTION.

The development of the use of chemicals in modern war-

e has resulted not only in the introduction nf new weapons

Hid methods. IJIIJ. also in the employment of gas troops. The

j c e iiircady gained is sufficient tiich tronps can opernte most effectively .Hid poin t out the gen-

i?al principles underlying the most advantageous use of the

witJi which they or e armed, rtecaus^ of the highly

technical nature of this service, troops engaged In it should be


8/125

3

Gitst Manu al

Part

/ / /

ORGANIZATION OF GAS JRfiGIMiSNT.

5.

Gas troops are Arm y troopa, one regiment pe r Army hav-

ing been authorized* The ir batta lion s and compa nies are at-

tached to Corps and Divisions as reuired by the nature of the

ope ration s contem plated. As a ruk*, a unit smaller than a

company should never he attached to a Division, bov a unit

lima

lei*

tha n a batty Men to any Army Corps ,

Gas ruginicuts as now authorized consist of six battalions of

three cuinpunies each> 'with a total of 210 officers and 4>87;{ en-

Iis ted im-u, as shown in the organ zation tab le opp osite.

Of the six battalions five arc combat battalions and one a

replacemen t ba tta lio n. This is m ade necessary by tlie technical

nature of the work, and the necessity of replacing casualties

with trained personnel,

REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS.

6. The orga nizatio n of the Reg ime ntal H ead qua rters follows

thai of tb Special Engineer Regiments, organized for the em-

ergency >except that a Lieutenant colonel is provided fSr each

two ba tta iiun s and" an additi ona l iirst lie uten ant is auth orize d

as assi stan t ad ju ta nt. Fig. 1 (see Appendix) shows the norm al

organisation of a regiment.


9/125

of Gas by Gm Troops

the needs of the Gas Troop s. Since all intelligence m atters

concerning operations pass through the hands of the Chemical

Advisor and Intelligence Officer, cer tain oth er du ties concern ing

the conduct of operations and reports therenn. have been added

jo t he forego ing.

The Chemical Adviser nnd Intelligence Officer should, there-

(11 P ro cu re , dig es t and file such scientific


10/125

10

GaH Munw.itt'nrl

///

(14) Obtain information an lo present plans of battalion

and company commanders and be prepared to suggest new op-

erations on which Lhost uititfi can be profitably employed-

(15) Take charge of all secret correspondence "inward"

and "outward," regarding the employment oT the

and its movements or future operations.

f l 6 ^ Receive $t\ daily progress ami -jperation R p s

from battalions and companies, check samt\ rind be conversant

at all times with their contents.

fi7) Collect and pass on to officers concerned intelligence

on results of operations by the regiment and the gas troops.

tf& Compile jiiid tlistribute a regimenlaT daily bulletin

containing information of rmpor timer or interest.

(19) Be thoroughly conversant with all Gas Defense mens-

iircs, and be able to advise concerning auy special precautions

necessary (o be iaken by Gas Troops for protecting them against

their own gas.

(2W

Advise the Regimental Supply Offii r as lo

I

he loca-

tion of imporlaiit forward Gus Dump?, nnd the storage of ma-

terial in theja.

(21) Obtain

and

supply t all officers eoiicerned such

J data as may be of service.


11/125

Use of G$ by Gfi.s Troops 11

10.

Master Engineers. The duties of the Master Engineers

a

iC as follows:

(1) Chemical Assistant. This assistant will operate di-

rectly under the urtlrrs of the Regimental ChemiLiil Adviser

nd Intelligence Officer and assist -him in every way in chemical

filters.

Map and Intelligence Assistant, This assistant will be

_iL under the Regimental Chemical Adviser and lrdelli-

rence Officer, with maintaining complete map files and all in-

igeDCe covering opernticins-

@j

iraining Assistant*

This assistant will

im

charged,

.

LT

the Regimen I a I Chemical Advisor jsntl Intel Ugenee OlUcur,

ri\h the eo-ordinatini; :nd assisting in the training and in-

struction,

(4) Transportation Ax-isttmL This assistant will be

charged, under the RegimenUl Supply Officer* with looking

after Lhe vork in the transportation division and will include

>peraLIon and mflmlenaiice of nil motor vehicles-

(5) Supply AssivUnU. This assistant will function direct-

under the Regimental Supply Officer.

(0) Special Equipment Assistant. This assistant will be

jbarged, under the Regimental Supply Oflictr, with keeping

Fully informed on Special Hquipinent situation as regards

lanafacLurc, supply in all depots, nnd siipply of troops opera-


12/125

12

(Jus Mnutii11

Part Hi

of eon intiling and supplying units operating over an extended

front nl to small detachments,

13. The Adjutant's

duties lire those not-m.nilv pertaining to

this position.

14,

The Chemical Advisor tuid Intelligence Officer's

duties

. i l t t l those out l ined

for Lhe

Re gim enta l CJiujiii^.il A dv is e

,j, i Intelligence Ouxctx. *

].".

Supplu Officer.

(a) iie tfattaliou Supply Officer i*> the personal represen-

[;tLivc of the Regimeniitl Supply Oflicer iuid should atH as

nw

intermediary between the Itegimentfll Supply Officer ;md the*

Company .Supply Officer. lie shoudd observe eluse^- tin;

needs

oJ

eath company in bis battalion, the work of each. Company Sup-

ply (Jlileer, and ajiLidputeany exUnordJnaiy request for aupplics.

All

this

information sLouUi be cummunicated

to

the Jltgiiiitutrtl

Supply Olilcer, together witb any other ijiformatlon which

might assist the Regimental Supply Oflkwr in performing hi*

duties.

(bj Battniion Supply Officer is absolutely responsible for

keeping iiia partieakffi liiii.Laiioii

properly

equipped and sup-

plied.

(cj Battalion Supply Officer should keep in close touch

with eiich

of

the Company Supply Officers and see that all


13/125

ftfti

o

f

(ins by

*lx Troops

IS

(5)

Construction and Workshop Assistant. This man will

hargeci, under the Dump Officer, with control of shops and

special construction work,

(6) Training Assistant. This man, under the Battalion

Adviser and Intelligence Officer, wiil assist in co-

just ruction in the battalion.

COMPANY ORGANIZATION.

The company Is organized into a headquarters

sectiMIi

an

d four plaUons. The headquarters section lakes care of the

norni:il administration of ihe company, Lhus leaving the pla-

ins fret; for actual fightiug. Each platoon is organized into

s;riiuns and each section consists of two Stokes MortttF gun-

wilh i* carrying party. This gives sixteen mortars pef

All platoons are trained

in

projector and cylinder

The platoon is the working unit of t]ie regiment. This is

truti in a war of movemenL It is rarely necussar} Ln

istaii more than foox guns in conjunction with the advances

attacks uf an infantry regiment, aoci when it is necessary for

one company to operate on a divhioooi front, such as arrange-

ment permits co^'ering the front xot only at the start of the

iipernLiciD LuLulaoenables Lbe platoons to follow the infantry

Regiments to wbich they ai-e attached and give assistance as


14/125

(3) He personally directs disciplina ry a ctions and j

s

re-

sponsible for the discipline of the compa ny.

(4) It is his d ut y to see th at all officers ttnde r his coin,

mand have the requisite technical knowledge and training.

(5) It is his du ly to see th at a ll officers perfo rm th eir f

u

j)

duty and actually accept the full responsibili t ies of their res.

peotivc duties.

(6) Me pers ona l }' ex am ine s, verifies and signs all report $

mtd letters connected with the company work.

(7) He ma kes inspections from tim e to time to

w hethe r the company is prop erly d o died and equipped

whether the equipment is up to the standard set.

(8) He design ates

th e

approximate location of advanced

company and platoon headquarters and dumps.

(9) He ma kes the necessary fo recasts covering amo unts

and kinds of j immunition and supplies needed,

(10) He issues the necessa ry orders to cover reconnais-

sances and operations.

{II) He carries on and m ain tain s liaison w ith Division

and Brigade Headquarters.

(12) He keeps fully inform ed of the tactical situ atio n, the

plans of the various Commanders and makes the necessary

reco m m end ation s co vering the correct and be st tactical use of

ihe Company.


15/125

VS

Can bu Gits Troops

(7) He pe rson ally checks up th e ra tio n issue and sees

rations are properly used.

(8) He supervise s tile supply of m un itio ns as given by

forecasts of the Company Commander,

(9) He keeps him self fully informed of the existing tac ti-

cal silnation of all company units.

(10) He is th e Com pany

Gas

Officer and is responsible

for the gas discipline of the company.

20, Duties of Com pany Supply O fficer.

Supplies.

(a) Source;

All supplies must be requisit ioned through the Battalion

Supply Officer. Wfacn the Com pany is op er at ing ind ep en de ntly ,

rations will be drawn from the units to which the company is

attached.

(b) Kinds of Sup plies:

(1) Quartermaster.

(2)

Ordnance.

(3) Signal.

(4) Engineer.

(5) Technical Supplies.


16/125

16

Go* Manual

Part

/ / /

(h? Rations:

(1) Garrison ra tion s ar c alw ay s to be nsed when avail-

ab le .

(2) Field ratio ns a re to be used when directed by th*

Commanding Officer; usually when it

is

impracticable to use

fresh m eat. Five da ys ' ratio ns should alw ays he kept on hand.

(3) Reserve ratio ns. Tw o-day tins reserve rat ion s

always be carried by each soldier fn the field.

Travel rations rnnsf he issued to all troops

travell ing.

(2) Transportation.

fa") M inim um am ou nt of tra ns po rta tio n retfuired to per-

form the operation fn hand and amount rvf time required mast

be estim ated . Pa rticu lar atlen tlon should he paid to th* type

of transportation best adapted to the operation; e, rail.

truck , anim al or narrow gauge* Th is inform ation should

hr

conveyed to [he Battalion Supply Officer requesting that hr

fn rn lsh fTte tr fin sp or t at I on .

(b) Careful wr itt en o rd ers with m ap sBntiTd be given the

nnn -comm issioned officer In rcharge of the tra ns po rta tio n.

These should slnfe th e tim e th e tr an sp or ta tio n Is to lenve, th


17/125

(lax by

Troops

17

{41 He must make necessary local reconnaissances und

suitable emplacements with maximum possible protec-

tioiu

ft)

He must, actua lly direct the work of bis platoon and

icrson&lly check up th e cons truc tion of the em place m ent,

ghting and elevations of guns, make necessary examination

guns and am mu nition and all other m att ers pertaining to

lie operation.

(6j He m ust know each m an in his platoon by nam e and

ake-

a study of his a bilit ies .

(7) He m akes an t accu rately, necessary re po rts and for-

ards them to the Company Commander.

(8) He m us t keep

his

platoon prepared for service at

l ime,

(9) He m us t pers ona lly take cha rge of the men's technical

aining under the supervision of the Company Commander

id Second in Commaud*

(10) He take s charge of his pla toon at ail company forma-

ions

and

dr i l ls .

11

1

i-Ie, from a ll his pe rso na l know ledge of hi s m en, ad-

ses the Com pany Com mande r as to the qualifications and

orl-comings of his men and also recommends promotions.

(12) He personally sees th at aU orders per tain ing to his


18/125

Gas Manual


19/125

v[ tius by

G


20/125

Gas Manual

Part fit

The maximum range is 840 yards when firing the s n

25-lb. bomb with full charge of 1,200 plains E,C

t

3 powder,

48f> yards with the 13-lb. Tight smoke bomb and the

hallistite cartridge.

The cordite ring propel ant gives arangeof 1.090 yarda when

firing the standard 2fi-lb. bomb with a full charge of one 150,

grain cordite cartridge and 4 cordite rings of 350 grains each.

The rate of fire by day for a short period is 20 rounds

minute, although with a ^ell trained

1

detachment a higher

he obtained for short bursts, not exceeding ono or o

At night 12 rounds per minute

h

all that can be

Barrel. This consists of a solid* drawn steel tirhe, 48" Ions,

wfUi i smooth bore varying from 4.15" to 4,21)" in diameter.

Two bands are etaTnperi around the barrel near Lhe mnfczlc to

engnge tbe bfpod carrying the elevating and traversing derfces.

In th* base of the barrel is screwed a breech piece containing

n striker sttrd or airvll. This anvil has a flat top for firing

cartridges and a nipplo for firing biscnits.

Stand or

Bipod,

This is the gun support and carries the

elevating and traversing mechanisms. Tf condstH of two tubu-

lar steel legs with a cross stay and spiked feet to prevent

spreading.


21/125

o

f Gas by Gas Troops

21

PROPERTIES ANDMARKINGS OFBOMBS

British Manufacture,

Pwperttes

T.Hbfll

fl Red.

,

/ft, fLtthal

r.n.

' "SV.P-

f mill

LHlml nutl

E*eotfr*ftv fi white.

Penetrative

Tvwnmty

1

s

8

1

1

1'

r

W i l l i e

White

Rffl. 3

Bands.

W h t t c

Blind.

onrillfrtTTTT.

BsBfla

HnuiJ

U j" WMe

% *

Wtile

%

Wlflt

pnos .

All fillet] Tiombs have a red band near tlie top of the body

All bcttuli bodies are painted'*Dirty W hite.

"

COX MARKINGS

FOR 4"

STOKES BOMBS.

British Manufacture.

Two bombs

are

pucited

in a box,

com plete w it h clirtr|(es

rnd

fuses. The

boxes mensure approx imately

2 ft. 2 in. s 7 ^ in.

1% in.


22/125

Gu st Slanuat

Part

/ ; /


23/125

r

Vf

.

it

f Gas f>tf to Troops

WCT

& V* 64 Ff

G

A

4

1

S T . H O W

m &

S M O K E

P H O S

-HH


24/125

34

Go* ManualParI

t

fftSC M

ACD

ro

"s.

:

--.

T

DfSC -

tilA

IOC&S

HGi.E

IVA5rfJt

MG.If AS NEC-

7

tvASHtft TO SI

f t

V H E R A

I .

4

1

$ . T

H O W

I N C D Y

rrp

of Gas btj Gas Troops


25/125


26/125

tiu.s*

Mtwuul Ptu-f tit


27/125

of Gas btj tf Smoke /iamb (Fig. G). This is fl 25-pound stci 1

t

of general construction its shown on l

7

ig. l>, and contains

I I pounds of white phosphorus. It is fired by the British

oi*7

f

J fuse,

28. Incendiary Jiomb (l

7

ij,

r

. 7). This is similar lo the heavy

sruuke bomb in general cGnsli'iicUon imd Lukes the siixae fuses-

II weighs 2 poujidtt and contains 7 pounds of thermit.

29. Gas Bomb (Fig. 8 and Fig- 9. There are over fifty dlf-

marks of British gas bombs, different in details of con-

-ud.ion and operation. But they mfty he divided into two

n


28/125

26 Gas Manual Purt

84. British Cordite (Iharges

(Fig. 1-U, This ninuumitjoti

used with all thermit and heavy sraoke bombs, li consists of

it 12-gaujju c^tridjgc containing 150 grains of cordite, or baf,

listitc ami from one to four rings of 350 grains each. In flrinJ

the cordite carl ridge is placed in a cartridge container screwed

on the base of the bomb, and

1

to

I

rings placed around the carU

ridge container^ depending upon Hie range desired. The cart,

ridges bear their own strikers, which are protected by n ritiy

Blunt strikes or anvils turned down to a smaller diameter

than Lhe protective ring, are used for Hring. The Dhjcctioo to

Lliis charge is that it makes

a

very strong flash and soon dirties

the mortar.

NOTERecent

ammunition

JUIH

been furnished with a blue

cartridge coalmining 05 grs. of ballistite in lieu of the cordite

galled pink

carl ridge)

described aLove. This substitution hu;

been madu hi reduce the IlasJi 6f discharge, but has also reduce^

the range by approximately 10%.

35. British Baltilite Charge (Fig, 15). The balistiie chargu

consisM of a cartridge containing 350 gra, of hfliistite primed

with gun cotton. It is uaed only with a li^bt smolce bomb. It

is ilvtd

by

means of a striker dip and a llat anvil similar to

that used for

the

corditft cartridge.

'19


29/125

Gunby

Go*

Troops

WlmJk

UG-.

HQLt

*

F t*. TO

r

C O A T L D

70

4 "ST. HOW,

POWDER

-H


30/125

Gas Manual Part ///

/NtftuV

D15L

- ^ ^ : ; : V

MflLE-

& \PACMNG DfSC

TUBE

-CAS/NO

T H E R M I T

Gas by Om Troops


31/125

PfUCfi ftffttH

PLUG AfTfif

WASHER

*

BRAZED

FiLLMC HOLS PLUO

LOQSL QPH&R1TS

-WQ&Q FILLER

GAS

D

W & AWfl

Gas ManualPart

/ / ;


32/125

FUS H LE

twsittt msr.

i fiHH CE NTR A L TU& t

" S M O K E

BAfio

(ius by Gas Troops


33/125

Gtts Manna Part


34/125

n

j Gas by V


35/125

Gas Manual

Part if>


36/125

37


37/125

MannulPurl

If;


38/125

FIG.

13


39/125

by means of :i time scale. On discharge, the set-

Jmck pellet


40/125

4 3 * .

STOKES RANIIF. TABLE FOft GA*S

E. C. 3 and E, C, 5 Biscuit.

(Fig. 20, see Appendix,)

Ratine

Yd*.

Jon

U40

2 SO

320

3 6 0

3 S 0

4 0 0

4 4 U

4 8 0

5 3 0

two

r.ii.i

fl&O

7 2 0

7 6 0

8 0 0

M t r g ,

1 S 3

S2'0

26i.l

3 4 6

s o u

4 03

4 3 0

47 0

5 1 2

a-io

5fK5

6 0 4

G22

5 9

0D 5

7H2

1 rttecult

Tinji' if/

F light E lcv .

12.1

11.3

11 .&

11.1

10,4

8 .9

tllVi

Tlmeoi

1

10.8

10.0

16.4

10.2

15.6

1B-0

15.if

14.7

13,8

12.2

Eler,

73 %

jj

o & ^ 4

fi7

''^

Yi

H8

5 3

4 5

Z HlacnltB

Fllglit

19.6

10,5

19.3

19.1

IS.9

1S.G

ia.s

18.^

37.3

17.3

1B.B

E J l G T .

74 ^

7 2 %

TJ

6 7 ^

nriy.

641

03^4

60 &i

S 3

54U


41/125

Cfseof Gs fryGas Troops

41

Grains : 4 mm. Flake Cot-dite.

Pro jecti le: Black Bom b

t

weight

243/4]b.

a

a

1

5

0

+5

s

m

H

ty

Si

a

1

p

i

a

C

i i

til

Q

1

JH

u

i f

B

2 0 0

2 4 0

5 5

. ; C K J

3 2 0

3 4 0

3 SO

4 0 0

4 2 0

4 1 0

' ' ' ' '

*80

5 2 0

6 4 0

1 8 3

2 0 1

2 2 0

25tt

2S0

2 9 3

3 1 1

8 2 9

3 4 3

3Gfi

3 S 5

4 0 3

4 2 1

4.^3

- J - ' S

1 7 G

4 8 4

1 K ing

7 5

73i&

7 2

7 0 U


42/125

Gus Manual

Part

STOKES RANGE TABLE FOR HEAVY SMOKE

AND THERMIT,

45.

Cartridge.

(Fig.

22, see Appendix,)

Charge: 95grs. B allistite, reinforced w ith 5 gra. G.CL Yarn.

R ing s: 350 grs,4m m . FJafce Co rdite.

Projecti le:

Bomb,

weight 25 Iba,

Turd?

iULl

inn

200

ft talent

U2

1 3 0

3 S3

1 Cuitrldjfe

I f 1 King.

q

5

&

t

EJ

a

;-

Dej^s.

|

.Sees,

77

72

11.2

11.0

10."

Gttrtri

4-

^ J

o

i

Pep*.

|

s

Cartr]

+ S

m

^

1

d

^?

S "

O

H P .

P .

J

a

1

s

i

g

VH

|

E ^

'-.-:

Troops


43/125

44

Gas

Manual

Part


44/125

G


45/125

46

Gas

ManuatP,


46/125

\

?e

of Gti* by gff-s Troops

47


47/125

Gas Manual

Part

in


48/125

T H R E E

HPQK RAP

cff

FKSTECXf t

/JPUT

SNTJ

GFtNNEft Ctfp PRfSP

JNTO

To

T O F U S E

G A T E

A SSFMBLV OF TIME Ft/SE

/


49/125

ts

\}t w


50/125

L I V E N S M A T E H U L .

The Prujertor,

46 * The

Livens Projector

is a

v e r y s i m p l e f o r m

of

m o r t a r

i c b p r o j e c t s q u a n t i f i e s of gas i n c e n d i a r y or h i g h x l i

y p rtar

projects quantifies of gas, incendiary, or high explosive

nces by means of cylindrical dnmis rounded at both ends

This projector j;> u bniuolh-bore steel tube closed nnd rounded

at one end and open at the other, having an internal diameter of

8". Projectors :ire made in various lengths.

47. British Projectors. The several types of Livens

j^ciors

are as follows:

Mark No, 1. Length .2'9"

Thickness .; S"

Weigh* 105 lbs.

Material Solid drirwij ste-el.

Mark No.

t

H. Length 2^"

Thickness

. . . . ' , . . . . ; . , 1fp*

Wfcight {>;, lbs.

M a l e ri ii l . . , . ] . u p w t l d c d m i l d U

Mark No. 9. I.entjth

ISO lbs.

M a te ri al . . , . , . S o l i d d r a w n s te rL

i l i . ^ -

23 and 2-1

5 1


51/125

In th e latest Attieriffau d ra w in g? nf

ihv

G as D rum ^Fig. 26)

he ijitt

L

rn: i i d iameter

ti

ih is In be is sl igh tly m ore tha n 1".

These drums .irp fi l led through holes horud hi this tube about

I

1

'

from thf end opp o si te th e fuse s oc ks . Be low LJaese filling

L

;

the icr itro l l ub e is sea led Ji> ;i stee l plu g we lded in p tace.

r Illliuii: the dr um is sealed liy sc rew ing a taper pInje; in

ie filling ewd.

The In cend ia ry D ru m fFiigi 27) is simjU u- t.o th e gjft'si th e orlv

lTerentc.- l>eing in the size of tlit central tube and the method of

ling. Th is dr um is f il led Trcnn the o utsid e Ih rn ug h a hole

mt 2" iu dii imeter, cut i t i the shoulder of the drum at the

closed by n screwctl p

The High Exp los ive dr u m is the sa m e .-is th e iiiceiidjurj ' in

otn struct ian .

[he i iccompnnying i l lus lni l io i is the dif forenco may be

v dis l ingui .shed,

Gitint: Tube-.

Th is is

a

civpjpjtr tube o is aixm t

i: long :iud

,M7LI"

wide w hi l t iu the ince nd iary i ts length is

K3" miff width 1 J 2 " . The bur sti ng cha rge con sis ts of (50 gr am s

iut ^ fizs.i isf T.N.T. fnr th gas drum, and 2 ozs. of ophonU

or h i

Gin ManualPast

III


52/125

partments. One compartment contains 12 -uss. of cordite, in,

serted into which is an electric fuse and 4 OJcs, of black powder

as a griming charge.

The charge Is made up of small bags containing various

amounts of U. S, srook&less powder. Range variations are

obtained by varying the anuiunl of powder in Uie charge J^ox,

The lop of the tin container is a stamped steel plate 11/64"'

thick. The flanges of this plate overlap the sides of the charge

box. On discharge this plate is forced nuL against the sides of

the projector and serves as a gas check*

54, FAcutric Fuses. The Briiish electric fuse used Lo ignite

the cordite propelling charges is known as the Mark III,

Nv.

H.

To this fuse a. fine platinum indium wive extends between twn

poppet

1

terminals, projecting from a bard rubber casing. Around

this wire is wouxid ;i small piece uf guueotton, and a charge

of 2.25 grammes at black powder which is set nlT Ly the gun-

cotton, and in turn explodes the bUck powder in the bug sur-

rounding the fuse and hence the cordite propelling charge. Th?

wire has a resistance when cold of 1-OC ohms, and 2.6 ohms on

fusu>n, A current of 0,9 amperes is required to fuse the wire

and this amount must be supplied in order to be certain uf

setting off the guniroHon.

The American electric primer is a copy of the British No. 14

of G'is bit Gus 'Itoops


53/125

:

i ' ' .' / / /


54/125

(Jse of fl*is -'",' r,


55/125

:,

F E U E T

Manual Par; Hi


56/125

The Livens head (Fig. 32) is the fuse no* commonly used.

It consists of a small inertia pellet, held in place by a thin

Tfllre, On disc har ge the ine rtia p elle t

h

forced back, shearing

the wire and detonating Ihe cap. The object of the she ar wire

is to prev ent Occidents from sh ort s. If th e velocity of dis-charge is below a eeHsun value, the wire does not shear

the cap is rial detanalcd.

57.

PROJECTOR RANGE TABLE METERS

(Fig. 33, See Appendix.)

1.

2.

a.

4.

.*

T.

a

4 4

fflfcB,

40 P

'2$

oz.

S4 fl^=.

2

| S17 O il 15 BlHS.

ts

Troops

59.

BIUTISH MARKINGS.


57/125

FI.LLED 1/2"

BAM)

AS -BELOW 1/3" BETWEEN

C.G.

N . C ,

TWO JSED

1 WHITE1 FLED1

Livens gaine tubes* propclTanls

and

shea r wire pistol

7

e . shipped separately.

8 INCH LIVENS PROJECTOR DRUMS

American Manufacture,

(in. Thu-

8"

Livens D rums being made

in the

Sta tes w ill closely

the British designs

and

will

be

marked

aa

fo l lows:

(Fig.

JIJ.LINU

X . C .

on

Hi.li Explosive

Practice

l - . i I - M - j . - K - l L i -i s?

tctlm)

I 'cnetrallvi;

Incenfliary

Explosive

i lAlt lvlNGS

:J WJikp LtemLsSteuulUed uOns.a

1

Hc4 mia 1

WiiUe WandFjteucilfrcl aG an .i

SteiidHeJ OI1.*

Stmtltfed

o E E,r>

NO BANDS OS MAHKlKGa*

All drum bodies wiJl

be

painted slate gray. Stencilled will

in

1"

wh ite block letters , lengthwise

of the

d r u ms .

fii.

OF LrV

EN

T

S MATEIUAI,.

Manual

-Part


58/125

a *i

Gets

fig

Gas T roops


59/125

Gus ManualPart / / /


60/125

THE STANDARD SET U P.

63.

Fig. 35 shows the projector installed* ready for'fl r

In practice a "V*

1

shaped tren ch is dug ab ou t 3'6" wide, I'D"

deep,

and 30' Jong, perpendicular to the line of fire,

The projectors are act at an angle of elevation of 45 degrees

hy means of a clinometer, and aligned by menns of a compass.

It is generally not necessary to set each gun separately. If

O

n j

gun is carefully set, several may be aligned from it, wJth suf-

ficient accuracy.

Projectors are genci'aljy dug in, in batteries of 20 each; the

various batteries of ,iu emplacement being scattered as fh t

conditions of terrain :u7d cover necessitate.

CLOUD GAS APPARATUS.

Cylinders.

64 . In the first yenrs of the war cylinders containing about

seventy (70) pounds of liquified gas were used by both sides for

cloud gas, or grts wave atta ck s. The cylinde r used w as abo ut 3 T '

in height and 8 1/2" in diameter, similar in all respects to the

comm on Cn- cylinder found in the Sta tes. Th e sipho n tube,

about 3/4" in diameter, extended from

a

valve at the top of the

I?sv "I

'Iloops


61/125

1 l > H

(tint

* -

f

j

1*

\f

1

TRANSPORTATION TABLE.

Units of Capacity.

Stony

fjnn

Brrai

1

*

C u mp l^ te , B o x e d , , . . .

m id S t an d T o o * ' : . . . . .

' 'v

Finders Fu ll.

OylfiTttefK . E m p t y . . .

0 3

103'"

ISO

flO

2 8

sso

: '

S3

RS

2 0

i^ f-i r*

1

lfJ5

7 5 0

Ifl5

J 5 v

*

*

4 00

T6 0

00

40

2 0 0

4 no

24

I ' M '

2 0 0

lj;

14

10

0

1 6

43

SO

8

8

3 0

4 0

I I

2

2

2

4

*2

S

ft

8

4

f

2

>

*

1

4

1

4

4

2

4

1

a

%

1

1

1

a

Trucks or wagons ftnmp, forward mu st ha loaded in the cane

of projector material with an equal number of each unit in

Mint 3 brnken down conveyance will not prevent the

installation inking place.

GENERAL PROCEDURE IN GAS OPERATIONS.

62 Gas ManualPart


62/125

of Staff of the division. On approval of his project the com-

pany commander gives detai led inst ruct ions

to his

platoon

comm anders , assigning them defini te dut ies . These ins t ru ct i ng

should

be

given

in

conference,

and

continued

in

wr i t ing .

All gasofficers com ma ding un its ass igned to support infantry

tmils will immediately report

to the

commanding officer

of

such

infantry uni t , prepared

to

submit recommendat ions regarding

the employment of his gas troo ps. After repo rting to the in-

fant ry commander be comes directly under his orders and l

B

directly responsible to him for the proper conduct of his com-

m a n d ,

m

accordance with

the

orders issued

by

such infantry

commander . Unt i l

he is

relieved

"by the

la t t e r

he is

subject

only to his orders, superior commanding officers of gas troops

having no author i ty to issue orders Lo him affecting the em-

ployment of his t roops .

Commanding officersof all gas troops in assigning units tmder

competent orders toop era te w ith infan try un its will carefully

ins t ruc t the commanders of such units, in order that they shall

fully understand from 'whom they receive

and

obey orders

and

tha t they

are not

sent into enmbut

to

conduct independent

operat ions.

69.

One

officer

of the

c6rapany

is

charged with getting

up

of Octs hu G as Troops

o f t h e e n t i l e o p e r a t i o n d e p e n d s p r i m a r i l y u p o n s u r p r i s e . W a r n -


63/125

i ng to the enemy w i l l r e s u l t in a heavy she l l ing o f the a rea , and

probably in a w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e t a r g e t .

74 .

Camouflage

i s the concea l ing of al l work done In such a

manner as to give no si^n of ac t iv i ty o r change . I t m us t , t he re -

fore, conform to the su r rou nd in gs - I t m u s t p r o te c t a g a i n s t :

(1 ) A er ia l ph o to gra ph y .

(2 ) Ai r observ a t ion Airp lan e o r ba l loo n .

(,3) Di rec t o b s e r v a t i o n ,

It i s necessary to Cons ider and prov ide aga ins t r

(a) N ew U'iicKs.


64/125

* "Service sho uld n or m al l y he used . All messages shou ld be p

er ly add resse d and mark ed " in ]je cal led for ." Messages

Regimenta l Headquar te r s o f Gas Troops wi l l normal iy be sem

"in eare of Army Message Center /

1

fo r Ba t ta l ion Headquar te r*

"in care of Corps Message Center. '

fn act ive ope rat ion s wh ere pla too as ma y he del ached from

company J ieudquar te r s , i t may he inadvisab le to u t i l i ze com-

pany runners , in which case messages may he sen t to company

"in care of Divisio n Message Ce nte r." In such case s the com -

pany s hould m ain ta in a good N. C . O. and tw o run ne rs perm a-

ne nt ly at th e Ad van ce f)ivision Message Ce nter. T hi s N . C. 0

mus t a lways he kep t

in

form ed of th e loca tion, of

I

h e C o m p ,

1

J

,C

79.

in act ive op erat ion s Pro gress , Op erat io ns mid Dump im-

por t s mus t be fo rw a rded da i ly t o Ba t t a li on and R e g in im i i

H e a d q u a rt e rs at Ui fol low ing tio]Pft':

Lecttte Company

U'twe.

Battalion

:0 0 A. M. M -00 A. M.

5 :00 P , M. O

Dur ing no rma l ope ra t i iMis su t jb r ep t i i ' t s shou ld be s


65/125

(1) Arrange metho d cart-fully, and bnve m ate ria l arr ive in

order needed,

(2) Work to tim e sche dule.

(3) Have Ljood N. C. O, in clm rg t at for w ar d du m p.

Parly.

(1) Before leav ing bill ets .

(al Inspect ac ce ssori es ; fo ol s; (xip\oders;

(hi Tell senior serg ean t th e zero ho ur.

Hire

h im

djtt.n to go ahead in case you become a casualty,

(2) On ar riv al in line

(a) Don' t w aste l im e,

(b) See th at ru nn er s arc ready,

(c> See th at

Infantry

is informed.

(6*) See thjit ev ery on e is rnndy an d kno w s w ha t to do.

{& ) After Dring.

(a) W ithd raw al l possible ma terial , such as m orta rs, ex-

ploders, g^lvanometets, etc

(b) Camoullngc,

(c) Sub mit an im m edia te

Gftx Manual Pi


66/125

(I) Tr;jin all uns mi onvtarget. . -,woods, village,

CJ*


67/125

NUMERICAL PO/NTS OF

COMPASS

-

l a

- T

68

Gas

Miutnat

MATERIAL REQUIRED

FOR

4-INCH STOK ES MORTAR


68/125

OPERATION,

i

Gun^40 Rou nds Amm uni t ion EachGun.

Gas Ammunition.

A

A"

Stokes M ortars com plete

in

good order ,

Gim Bar re l ,

Barrel Cover,

Gun Legs,

Legs Covet

1

.

T r ave r s ing H and le .

Muzzle Cover.

i ireech Piece w ith Nipple A nvil .

A Base P lat es , reinforc ed w ith Tvood.

160 GasBombs comple te w i th Gaiues and F u s e s .

320 E. C. 3 Biscu i t s .

160 Waxed

W a d s .

1 Compass .

8 Shovels .

S P icks .

300

Sand Bags.

4 Sets Backing Mater ia l

for

Basep l a t e s .

54 Bomb Car r ie r s .

4 Cleanin g Rods.

4 Tool Sa lche l s comple te (each conta in ing) :

Tr i ivers ing Handle .


69/125

Muzzle Cover-

Breach Piece with Flat Anvil-

A Base P la te s re in forced wi th w ood.

f tr t Smoke or Th er m it Bom bs (witl i Deto na tor Smoke)

A40 Co rdite R ing s (32) E x tr a.

ICO Ca rtrid ges P in k or Blu e.

1 Compass .

S

B Picks .

300 Sandbags.

4 Sets Backing Mater ia l for Ba sep lates .

;>4 Bo mb C ar rie rs .

4 Cleaning Rods.

4 Tool Satchels complete (each con tf t in in^ ) :

I Spare Fla t Anvi l .

1 Cl inomete r .

1 Monkey W rench .

i Combina t i on Spanne r .

1 Large Spannev .

1 Oil

Can.

1 Fuse Key No.

31

-D or 79.

1 Fuse P imeh.

70

Gas

Manual Par I


70/125

5 Circuit DelccLors.

220 yds. Insu la t ing Tape .

15 5p&aner$, D. E,

3 Wa t c h e s .

1

Res i s tance

Bos.

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , out . [ uniey . exc lus ive of p e r s o n n e l .

16 Dou ble Liruber-cd W ago ns, ar

3~U>u Trucks, or

5 o- lon Trucks . for 2'C" Pro jec to r s .

85 TAULF.OFALLOWANCES FOR CAS TROOPS

Ttchnicut ] - " - [ i r i . - [ .

s

.

Projectors 2'9" Complete with muzz le cap 56:t

8

j p p

Pro jec to r s rU"com plete with

nmzyAv

c&\> 187*' V-

Jl i ise P1:i( t^i 1) 17 5G^

U r n m s . T. (f

M

complcfv w ilh im *pe llant fend

component paints 1200 720

D r u m s . Sfl ( .

t

eo m pl ^t e w it h fM'Opclliiiit and

Ld n ip o iKMi t p a r t s 400 2i>l

,' N

.'.'. ,

I'

71

I I


71/125

S

f

11

M .

M.

M.

M

T .

i

t

complete with , techoical

quipiuctif f ind wooden base-plates

B om bs , co m pl et e. C.. G,


72/125

Paint Base Zinc, lbs 1

nope. Yn",yds 100

Large Paulin*, 20'x30'

s

Approx 10

Vercy Gtin, 35 mm 1/3

Verey Lights, 35 mm. Red one Star* 8

Verey Lights, 35 mm. Green one Star ;

-

, A

Verey Lights, 35 mm. Wiiitc one Star

Compasses, prismatic ,

20 a

Shovels, P" Blade, round point 150 10

86,

The foregoing Table of Allowances is based up


73/125

Unit Equipment.

I .

NAJH5

Or

EQUIPMENT

T

8

ft

1

X

1

p

1

i

i

.

2

1

i

L

a

2

1

1

2

1

i

1

1

1

32

as

it

7

T

ft2

&2

35

7

n.

Drafting Equipment.

Article

Amt.

Cainel Tinir brushes, raediuni *. 1

74

Gas ManualPart 111


74/125

Pencils, drawing, Graphite, . ,, . 1

Pens,

crawqttill, doz

, ,

1

Pens, mapping, doz .

.-..-

1

Pens,

contour.

. , . , ,*

]

Pads, pencil pointing . .

. 3

Pens* scratch. * - 6

Powder, pounce, for tracing, cans 2 1-2 oz 1

Paper, tracing, 30", roll t

Pins , boxes *.^

* 3

Protractors, semi-circular, 6" 1

Protractors;, map, celluloid.

.* . . . , . . . ,

. . -. 2

Protractor Rectangular, map (T, S. 1077) 12

Reading Glasses, 5", 3-power. 1

Rule, parallel, steel, 18" 1

Rubber bands

s

boxes

, , . . * , , .

1

Scales, Engineer, triangular

t

. . ., 1

Scales* Engineer, triangular, metric '. . 1

Scales, Architects

. . . . . -

1

Scales, Triangular, metric I

Straight Edge, steel, 30" 1

"T"

Squares.SG" 1

Trays, washing, blueprint, 24 x 3 0 " . , . , . . . . 1

TrJanffular 30^60% 12" 2

Triangular 45- , 10" 2

of Gtm t)tj Gas 'I

1V-A.


75/125

Meteorological Equipment.

Stan ley ,

(or

equ iva l en t )

- - 1

H and, p o rta b le . . , , . , . . . . * . , . . , , , . . 1

[graphs

, . ,

T

,

. , . , . ,

1

a n d Dry T h e r m o m e t e r * , . . . , , , . * I

Sl ing Psychronic le r

]

Anero id Baromele r , l a rge 1

J tereoscope Panlerescope Sehweissgi th 1

Stop Watches 1

V.

Photographic Equipment,

Camera, Graphics 3 A 1

Developing, equipment, complete 3

Films, doz 6

VI.

Carpenter Equipment,

3,

sh ip hand l ed , se ts

of 5, 1

hvl s , sc ra tch . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . * . , 2

7G

Gas Manual

Part j}f

Pliers, side-cutting * 2


76/125

Plumb bombs, 9 1/i ov. I

Huleg, 2 ft* 4 fold 3

Saw, compass, 12" key hole Made, handled ]

Saw, compass, 14" blade, handled., 1

Saw, compass, 18" nail cutting blade 1

Saw, cross cut, hand, 26".. , 4

S a w , rip,h a n d , 26" ^

Scr ewdr i ve r , 5" b l a d e , , . . . , %

S q u a r e , s t e e l c a r p e n t e r ' s - , , , 2

Tape, meta l l i c* 50 ft ]

Square^ try , , ]

T - b e v e l s . . . . . . . . . .

1

W r e n c h e s , . m o n k e y,

12"-,

, 2

VU.

llecoiuiahsunce Equipment.

A l i d a d e s * ,., 2

B o a r d s , s k e t c h i n g . . . . , . , 2

C h e s t s , s k e t c h i n g o a t f i t , . , . . . . , . . , , . ,

2

C l i n o m e t e r s , s e r v i c e , w i t h c a s e s , 2

C o m p a s s e s, B o x . - , 2

C o m p a s s e s , P r i s m a t i c , w i t h c a s e s

. , , , , . . ,

2

of CfJ.s

by

Gits Troops

_ _

]j_

Training Manual - &

Fitiltl Service Regulations *


77/125

Infantry Drill Regulations

Manual of Courts-martial J

Dictionary, French-English, large < J

Manual interior Guard Duty

Mimeograph, small type, portable 1

N on-commissioned Officer's Manual >-

*

3

*

Small Arms Firing Manual - 3

Typewriters, Underwood, 1Q* Carriage * *

2

I X 5

Workshop Equipment.

Anvils, 150 lbs | -

Aprons, leather *

Bolt ciitters, 1/2" f

Solt cutteTs, 5/8"'

2

Brace, carpenter's , ,

t

. . . . . . . y 1

Chain Block, 3-ton . 1

Chisels, cold, 1/2" J2

Chisels, cold, 1"

1 2

Calipers, ontside, 6* pairs- . . * - . . , -

Calipers, inside, 6" pairs

J^

Gas Manual

l\iri It I

Dies and Taps

t

U. S,

Standard

machine screw, set, sizes

&/If>", 3/8", 7/1G"> 3/2". 5/8". 3/4", 7/8". I" ,


78/125

Dividers, pairs -

miit

Dies and T a p s , U. 5. set of S tandard th read 1/4* ii/16"'

i

3/8", 7/16" , 1/2", 5/8", 3/4"

T

7/8", 1" ' * j

F org e, m e d iu m s iz e. , . * , , , , ,

t

-.

F l a t t e r s

.

Fi les , f la t hastard, 16"

Files, smooth, 16*

"

YYYY. \

'YYYY.

Y , 2

Files, half-round, bastard. 1 fi" *' "

Files, flat bastard, 14" [. Y.

Piles, round bastard, 12" ,..,/.,,.[. 2

Fileg, round hastard,

fi".

T

,1V.

*v. 2

1V. v. 2

Files,

square bastard.

16". g

Files, square bastard, 12"

Files,

knife,

6" V.'.Y.'.V.'/.V.Y.W 6

F i l e s , w a r d i u g

s

4 ".

fi

F i l e s . M i l l , 12" ,.[[ ly

FIle.N.

M i l l ,8^ ' 12

I i[es, M i l l , 6" , " . " *'.'.'. [.,,..] 12

Fi le s ,

ha l f r ound ba sLa rd .

8"

.

\\,'.\.

. . \

12

Files, half roundbastard,

fi" VI

Files, Mill flat

t

4" f

Fuller set up to 2 3/8" size * " ]

o

f Gas by Gas Troops


79/125

Rule. 2 ft. 4 fold 1

pu les , Stan ley, joine d, 6 ft 2

Solder irons

4

2-lbs 2

Solder I rons . M b . . . 2

c, combina tion s tee l, S ta r rc t , 12" , , . , . . . , , . 1

le, stee l Sta rve t, G" 1

ips, tm

?

14", pairs

l

l

v e r s , bear ing set . I

Scrapers., carbon, sets

\

2

Sl ed ge s, size 3/S " to 1 1/4", set 1

Squ are, ca rpe nte rs ,1

Screw drivers, 3 " .

r

6 '

Screw drivers, 6" 12

Screw drivers, 8* 12

Scre w drivers , 12" , , 6

Screwdrivers, 16"

r

.. . .

r

fi

Trmgs b lacksmith , s t ra ight . . .

*

, . . . . 2

Tongs, gad, 3 /4 " to 1" 2

Torches, hlow, gaso litie 4

Vfse, bl ac ks m ith , 7fl-Ib 1

80

Otis Manual

Part

// /


80/125

88.

PROJECTS.

After receiving the reconnaissance report tbe unit commander

prepares a project. This is submitted to Division Headquarters

for approval. (See Paragraph 68),

The project generally covers the following points:

(1) Map Reference.

(2) Objecl of Proposed Operation.

(3) Emplacements and Target.

(4) Location of Billets Desired.

(5) Assistance or material needed from Division, (Trans-

port, carrying parties, etc,

1

.

(6) Safety precautions to be takea by Units holding Line,

00 Wind Limits, with Map.

(8) Estimate of Time Required for Installation.

Signature.

WIND LIMITS.

S8-A. Since the successful use of gas is largely dependertl

upon wind conditions* it is essential to establish rules govern-

ing the relation of tbe wind direction and velocity to the use of

f /sL

.

of

Gas by

tias Troops

31


81/125

3]

PROdLCTQRp

OVER

J

AND UNDER

IC \


82/125

. 36

CYU/YDCRu

VELOCITY QVEPJ U N D E R

&

M.PH

"sir

of G as h\} irna Troopn

(c) Lines (0-2) ar e then draw n muking angles of 20 with


83/125

(0-1) .

Th ese ang les (A) are the angles of sa fety.

(d) Lines (0-3) are ne xt dra w n m akin g angles of 15*

with

s (0-2), The se angles (B) are the angle s of sprea d.

(e> The ang le (C) re m ai ni ng

between

lines (0-3) gives the

limits for the operation.

If the direction of the wind is between these limits and its

velocity is between 3 and 12 m iles per ho ur ihe ope ration may

take place; if otherwise, it should be postponed,

SAFETY LIMITS,

-B . Since hoth Stokes m orta rs and Livens projectors are

more or less crude forms of artillery, they have Targe dispcr-

s of shots, both in range and deflection. Moreover* du e to

sfecttve propetlants

t

etc.. sho rts qu ite freque ntly occur. These

shots may Fall only one or two hundred yards from the

em

pi fi cem ent and if t he fuse is arm ed the y ex plode an d become

source of dan ger to otir own troops* It the refo re becomes

Sessary in conducting Stokes and Livens projector opera-

ions to prescribe certain safety zones for our owe persnnncl

d to remove all troops from territory lying utside the safety

lit s.

Gas Manual

-Part

HI


84/125

5TQKES

T A R O t T

[JSC O

f Gas Troops

RECONNAISSANCE REPORTS.

OQ After recon noiterm g a positio n, a reconn aissance rep ort


85/125

* out, giving the following data:

(1) Reference m ap .

(2)

Division holding line,

(3.) Targe ts w ith map reference, and occu pation.

(4,) Em placem ent pos itions with m ap reference,

(fl> Rec om m end : No. of Pro jec tors , Stokes MortaTS.

Cy lind ers 2'G" - 2'


86/125

"at a day and hour to be given later".

(5) Discbarge orders.

to) Wind limitsdirection and velocity.

(7) Safety precautions: cleared areas, and box respirator

areas,

(8) Synchronization of watches. Place and honr.

(9) Liaison and code words. This includes location of

various P. C/s and routine messages, such as wind, readiness,

etc*

(10) Action after zerohour. Camouflaging.


87/125

Gas,

92. The amo un t any kind of a s used by gas troo ps sboulo*

conform to tactical condilions, having due regard for wind and

conditions.

93 .

Gas m ay be correctly used as follo w s:

1.

/n

an active offensive:

(a) Preceding an attack, all enemy targe ts should be kept

under a gas atm osph ere, allow ing only a reason able time for

clearance before the arriv al of our tro op s. Only by so doing

a\n

the full benefit be derived in producing casualties, de-

moralization, reduction in fighting ciheiency, and morale.

(b) During a tem po rary check of an advance, extending

from a few boars to several days, gas should be used on enemy

c on cen tral i onSi villages , strong po in ts, wo ods, reve rse slopes

and machine-gun nests*

(c) During organization and consolidation of the line,should be used && for a temporary check* with special

tttention to sectors from which counterattacks may be launched,

(d) D arin g nig hts of an advance gas should be used on

Mtuiutil

Part

in


88/125

95. The intelligent use of smoke in modern infun try tactics

offers many advantages arising froin concealment and deception,

imoke mfly be correctly used by gas troops as follows:

(a) To mask enemy observatiou posts and blind hostile

machine-guns.

(JO To cover front and JUnks of attacking troops. I

n

frontal screens care must be exercised to place the smoke

screen, preferably on the enemy trench system, so that an

enemy barrage laid un the screen will not catch OUTown

advancing troops.

tcj As a feint to draw the enemy's attention to a front

which it is not expected to attack, causing him needlessly tu

retain troops and expend ammunition.

(d) Deceptive screens to simulate general or iocal attacks.

U& should. generally be used with smnke in these cases. A

proper nse of gas in connection with, sujoke screen work will


89/125

excellent w eapon for p rodu cing hi eh c onc en tratio ns in su r-

prise sho ots- Tt is esp ecia lly effective affainst ene m y concen-

trations. In villages and woods.

Dae to Us longer range, ft can he used when Stokes mortars

cannot. On the ot he r ha nd, the weigh t and hulk of th e eqiilp-

me^t hi nd er its use on a rrtptdly moving frnnt. W ith a length

of entry not to exceed 500 m ete rs from the lim it of m or ta r

traffic lo the emplacements, from lftO to 150 projectors can be

Installed and discharged in one nfght hy one com pany . T hi s

pjftfcea '

n c

projectors an eflicrelnt weapon during temporary

cheeks, or during organinations and consolidation of the line.

Projector drama filled with high explosive may he used

whenever wind cond ition s pre ve nt the use of ijns. The y con-

tain large charges in a case which is much, lig hte r tha n an

artillery shell, and are verv deadly against troops in the open.

They may also he nseri" to demolish wire-

Pro (ector dru m s mny be also filled wjlh oil, bn t as such ha vr

not yet been used by our tro op s. The y wo uld be useful in

h ning woods, or as a dem oralizing agent when gas conM not

he used.

Cylinders.

flO

Gas Manual

Part

They must be trained 16 insure correct trohnical execulion

their special equipment, ;is well fls to HJIOW to handle


90/125

n

emergencies of front line work.

The course tis i>u

Limed

herein is of the most intensive cl

neter, hut must

he

considered of ait emergency nature,

necessary in order t


91/125

protection against large casualties in our own personnel.

fficers and men m us t no t be. allowed to dri ll in an

indif-

cnt or aim less m an ne r. The picture of actual euinbnt m ut l

liept in ilie mind nf Ihu instructor nnd transmitted in those

ru lin g instruct Jan.

,i n u re s will be reduced to fi m ini m um , mad.*: brief and

possible j;ivtin in coiiueclion w ith expla ca tio n a and

of eqnipm eni in th e field*

Ga* defense training

will

nc continued during the entire

onrs(? >F tr a in in g , uying any

available

t ime and under con-

Uions which will leave every man capable of protecting hini-

lf in extreme emergency.

SCHOOL

PHASE.

101,

It

is ess en tial that the ofQcers wbo ere Lq ac tua lly lead

Lhe troops be train ed w ith them , and kno w the ir men . Th is

l div iding Lhe pers onn el iJitit sis classes , divid ing

ilong tactical lines of the unit s w ht re possible. These classes

ire as follows:

Class AOne-half of eommissioned personnel.

9a


92/125

ureas,

or tra in in g cam ps, s:> tho rou gh ly t ha t bo th officers

men will be able to take care of themselves un der the d

iwndiliuiis of th e front line w ork. Disc ipline an d insistence

on tfac performance of every detail of this work is essential.

EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES.

103, Chiefs of parties w ill antic ipat e th ei r needs and place

requisitions well in advance of lirae required, to insure delivery

;it advanced dum ps. The rumim um allowan ce of anm mnitioii

is as

fo l lows:

,

Stokes Mo-tars.

Live- Dum m y, Proje ctors.

Oeicera 20 20 5

N. C. Officers 15 10 2

Men o & I

TJIS Stokes Mortar ammunition will he furnished in the fol-

lowing propor t ions:

Pho sphorus S

Ranging

1

\ly div iding the Lwo cla sse s of per so nn el int o tw*i sectio ns ii

;

possible to h;ive one-half the oiiiccrs and non-co mm issioned

^ulcers with the men during ail periods of their training, ami,


93/125

g tbii instruction progresstvCj Lhat is, training the

and nun-comiiiiiisigned officers lirst, Lhey

can

bu used

Sup Lhe w ork


94/125

(1) P hys ica l Tr a in ing .

(2) School of th e Squ ad.

(3) School of th e Pl a to on .

In the wo rk of th e gas t ro op s th e p la too n i s th e w ork ing

uni t and i t shou ld be an en t i re ty in

itself.

I t shou ld be t ra ine d

as a un i t and s hould w ork toge ther . I t shou ld be so o rgan ized

th a t i t c a n u n d e r t a k e in d e p e n d e n t o p e ra t io n s .

(4 ) School of the Com pany and the Ba t t a l io n .

Ceremonies shou ld be g iven a p rominen t p lace in the schedule .

As the t ra in i ng p rogresse s an d th e un i t s a r e sp l i t up undergo ing

techn ica l t ra in ing , the parade and rev iew of fe r the bes t means

of keep ing the men se t up and snappy .

(5 ) G uard Du ty .

F o rm a l g u a rd m o u n t s s h o u ld b e h e ld , e sp e c ia l ca r e m u s t b e

tak en in th e ins t ruc t io n o f se n t i ne ls ; the y m us t be m ade to

rea l ize the se r ious na tu re o f the i r charge w hen pos ted as

sen t in e ls , in t im e of w ar . Any lax i ty in th e t ra in in g a rea may

resu l t in the g raves t o f fense in the fo rward a rea .

(6 ) Ex te nded Order .

In the c lose order work correct execut ion should be the key-

n o t e .

Th is shou ld be ob ta ined a t once , and th e ex tended order

Use of G as by G as Troops

truction m ust be followed up duri ng th e e ntire period of

f aining by frequent drills so as to insu re prom pt and correct

djustment unde r all conditions. This is of special imp ortance


95/125

^n night w ork, and n ight m arche s should be ma de w ith the

respii*a

tors

ad juste d. Men should be trai ne d to fire Stokes

Mortars w ith resp irato rs adjusted . Instru cto rs will pay special

attention to requiring men to adjust the mask at odd times when

engaged on other work, such as digging-in projectors, carrying

material forward, and the like-

The use of a mild lachrymator will materially assist in

showing the importance of this work and assist in checking up

delinquencies.

(10) Lectures.

(a) M ilitary Co urtesy.

(b) Organization of the Regime nt, Ba ttalion , Company

and Plato on. Spirit of the orga niza tion.

(c) Sanitation.

(d) Fi rst aid in case of ba ttle wou nds .

(e) Care of Gassed ca ses .

(f) Articles of W ar .

96

Gas Manual

Part rjf

107. 4-INCH TRENCH MORTAR.

(1) (a) The m orta r, its construc tion, weigh t of the various


96/125

parts, method of setting up, and explanation of its operation

(b) M ortar Drill.

(c) Dum my loading .

(d) Ex plana tion of range tab les.

(2) (a) Bom bs, th ei r con structio n, con tents and weights.

(b) Pro pella nts and ranges obtaine d.

(c) Fu ses and fuse setti ng.

In this work equipment should be used supplemented by draw-

ing and cross-sections of the actual material.

(3) (a) Con struction of em place m ents, and th e imp ortance

of good solid foundation for base-plates.

(b) Setting up m ort ar s and firing sam e.

(4) Map read ing, lay ing out lin es of fire w ith ma p, pro-

tractor and compass.

All officers and the senior non-commissioned officers must be

thoroughly trained in map reading.

(5) Charac teristics of the active m ate rials used in the

bombs .

(6) Tactical use of Trench m ort ars .

(a) Smoke and Th erm it.

se of &

as

by Gas Troops

(t>) Trench mo rta r drill , practice in loading with dum m y

pr tars .


97/125

i r )

(c) Lectures on pro pella nts, bom bs and ran ges. Recapping

-,

n

d cleaning of shells and fuses.

(d) Digging-in ba se-p lates , setting up gun s, camouflage.

(e) Firin g w ith reduced charges.

(f) Fi rin g full charg es.

(g) Complete inst allatio n and laying down a smoke bar -

rage.

(h) Firing at nig ht .

(i) Actual carr yin g out operatio ns, bo th day and night,

up to and including the use of live materials.

PROJECTORS.

108.

History of the projec tor, its developmen t, construction

and effectiveness.

Explanation of the material used in the construction of gun,

base-plate, propellant, charge box, lead wire and exploder.

Explanaiou of construction of drums, fuse head, gaine, de-

tonator and contents of bombs.

Weight and dim ension of th e gun an d accessories. Rang e

98 Gas Manual Part / / /

In the handl ing of J ive mater ia l s in the forward area special

precaut ions mus t be t aken to prevent the accumula t ion of l a rge


98/125

qu an t i t i es of dr um s in a exposed pos i t ion . Du gou t s or pro-

t ec ted loca t ions mus t be found.

Tes t ing exploder s , charge boxes before p lac ing in tube , ba t -

t e ry connect ions , ba t t e ry connected to l ead wi re , wi th explana-

t ion cover ing ga lvanometer , r es i s t ance box, and res i s t ance of

the d i f f erent e l ements .

Ins t ruc t ion in the comple te ins ta l l a t ion of ba t t e r i es r eady to

( ire un de r dif ferent con di t ion s of ter rai n an d we ath er , includ-

ing work

at

n i g h t .

Charac ter i s t i cs of the ac t ive mater i a l s used in the drum.

Tact ical use of projector .

Locat ion of emplacements , wind l imi t s and safe ty zones .

Methods of making reconnai s sances

and

poin t s to be observed.

P r e pa r a t i on o f pe r s onn e l , guns and am m un i t i on f or ac t i on ,

(a) D ut ies of al l ra n k s in ac t ion, '

Oper a t i on Or de r s and Oper a t i on Repor t s .

Organiza t ion of a comple te pro jec tor a t t ack .

jjse of Gas by Gas Troops

99

109.

CYLINDERS.

"lie cyl in der , i t s cons truc t ion, w eigh ts of the var iou s p ar t s ,

exp lana t ion of i t s opera t ion .


99/125

Ins t ruc t ion in ha nd l ing ins ta l l a t ion , connec t ing up and firing.

character is t ics of the act ive mater ia ls used*

Tactical use of cylinders.

Reconna issance and a r rangements fo r a cy l inder a t t ack .

Repara t ion of personne l and a l l mate r ia l s fo r ca r ry ing ou t o f

Under a t t acks .

F ie ld work in ac tua l ly ca r ry ing ou t cy l inder a t t ack .

Opera t ion Orders and Opera t ion Repor t s .

) rgan izat ion of a com plete cyl in der a t ta ck, w i th , i t s exccu-

Mi in ev ery de ta il .

Tra in ing of the men sh ould be take n up in the fo l lowing

sequence :

(1) The cyl ind er , i t s con struc t ion, and exp lan at io n of i t s

va r ious pa r t s .

(2) W ir ing and connec t ing .

(8) In sta l la t io n of ba t ter ies an d f ir ing.

(1) P rep a ra t i on and ca r ry ing ou t sma l l ope ra t i on s .

(51 Ca r ry ing ou t l a rger ope ra t ions , w i th spec ial a t t e n t io n

to the handl ing of mate r ia l over cons iderab le d i s tance and an

extended front .

(6) Op erat ion in keepin g w ith an ass um ed tact ical s i t ua -

100 Gas Manu alPart 171

(c) Speed in a l l pr ep ara tor y wor k as far as is consis tent

w i th thoro ugh ness . This can be done by ma king ca re fu l p lans

beforehand for any work in course of operat ion.


100/125

(d) Kn owing w her e a ll enl is ted m en are and being able to

have a pla toon turned out quickly for duty and in proper f ight-

ing order .

(e) Pe rson al know ledge of th e sector on wh ich the com-

pany i s opera t ing espec ia l ly the motor t ruck roads , horse -

d raw n w agon roads , r a i l heads and t e rmin i o f t r ench t r amw ays ,

dis tances of mule t racks or t ra i ls , d is tance of hand carrying

for personne l .

(f) Ab ili ty to look ahe ad and prov ide for unfo resee n co n-

t ingen cies . Give insta nce s of guides going as t r ay ; t raff ic

choked on ro ad s ; loss of t im e in ge t t ing com man d r ea dy ; no t

making proper rendezvous for in fan t ry ca r ry ing par ty ; no t

making proper reconna issances in day l igh t and los ing t ime in

f inding way at n ight ; not drawing suppl ies complete , and having

to go back for same; leaving the carrying t i l l the las t n ight be-

fore the a t tack, and then having a l l "up" t renches blocked by

infan t ry when same could be avo id ed ; l eav ing wo rk un t i l l a s t

n igh t , and then be ing rushed: over load ing of motor t rucks in

bad wea ther ; fa i l ing of mate r ia l to a r r ive in t ime; no t se lec t -

ing good men for gu ides and runners : bad l i a i son ; despa tch ing

Tse of Gas by Gas Troops

101

isiness explicitly, and generally work into the organization

so as alway s to be of assistance and never a hind ranc e. Only

in exceptional cases is it warranted to request special consid-


101/125

eration or break into the regularly established functioning of

larger organization.

113. LIAISON.

It is important to select smart intelligent men as runners.

They will be men who are above the average in soldierly quali-

ties, but not mature enough for non-commissioned rank.

They will receive the same training as other enlisted men,

but when they have learned the technical work and drill , they

will be given special instructions in map reading, use of the

compass, finding their direction at night, and carrying verbal

messages from Battalion or Company Commanders to Company

Officers without any alteration.

During practice operations on the training ground they will

be used by the officers in conveying code messages relating to

the operation and they will be practiced at night, getting across

country after dark.

Each officer will select and train two runners for his own

use. He will be responsible th at these men are fit for the job ,

and that they realize the importance of the duties in hand.

102 Gas Manual Part ///

Importance of complete chain of liaison from battalion to

company and company to platoon or detachment for operation

Importance of complete chain of liaison from platoon to


102/125

advanced battalion when in action.

114. SERVICE OF SECURITY AND INFORMATION.

This should follow the principles laid down in the Field Serv-

ice Regulations with special attention to the following:

Secrecy.

The success of these operations depends largely upon the

attack being a complete surprise to the enemy. Codes m ust he

used . Care should be exercised in the use of teleph one s. Tele-

phones should not be used for conversation in "clear" or at

regular intervals, as in the transmission of meteorlogical data.

When operating with other units in the line greatest care must

be exercised so as not to ind icate increased activ ity. The regu-

lations in force in the particular sector must he strictly com-

plied with.

Camouflage.

The simpler principles should be covered which will allow

of Gas by Gas Troops 103

*~ ' " ""

Map

Reading and Making.

It is not only disgraceful but criminal lor an officer to take


103/125

i , is men into action over unfamiliar ground without the ability

to keep himself properly located at all t imes.

Organization of an Attack.

Operations such as the gas troops must carry out frequently

necessitate the movement of large amounts of material and

use of a considerable nu m ber of m en. As in an y other opera -

tion it requ ires careful pla nn ing and org aniz ation . Tim e is an

essential element and must always be taken into consideration.

If normal contingencies are allowed for, the adverse condi-

tions of fron t line wor k w ill usu all y add sufficient difficulties

to tax the energy and ability of all concerned without allow-

ing for mistakes and lack of supplies.

Writing of Orders*

All officers must be trained to write clear, complete and cor-

rect orders covering units which they will be expected to lead.

After a thorough explanation of the necessity and the details

to be covered in an o rder, practical instru ctio n in connection

with actual operat ions undertaken in the general t raining wil l

usually suffice if these orders are carefully checked and mis-

104

Gas Manual

1'arl

116. EX HIB IT A.

Fighting Order.


104/125

(1) Clothing wo rn on the men as issued.

(2) Rifle, bay one t, and am m un itio n. (100 rounds.)

(3) Ac coutre m ents as issued , w it h the exception of the

pack. In going into action the pack is dropped an d left under

(4) Sm all box res pir ato r.

(5) Shrap nel helm et.

(6) In haversack reserve rat ion s, toilet articles, mess kit.

(7) Cantee n filled w ith wa te r.

Men must be trained to drink sparingly and a most careful

supervision given to a renewal of the supply.

Men are forbidden to carry any letters, papers, orders or

sketches which m ay convey inform ation to the enem y. Men

will be warned not to give any information, but name and rank

in even t of ca pt ure . The se po ints sho uld be checked up at fre-

quent intervals during the course of training.

EXHIBIT B.

A M E K I C A N

EXPEDITIONAKY FORCES,

Use

of Gus by

Gas Troops

105

13 .

The baiiV from R up t on Woevre to advanced dump 1B about eight

Kilometers.

T l i e t

y

a l

w e

}gt j

t

to haul, about 25 ton s. Four 3-ton truck s should

handle

t f l e

transportation

In one

night

to

advanced dump

(not

Including

men,

and provision). Light transportation

of

some kind

for 700

meters

u d

be

provided.

\


105/125

14.

Two flays for- one company will be required for installat ion.

15 . Green serim

to

cover

300

projectors

is

neeesBary.

16 . "Company Commander sonld be ?n P. C. Liege, 41.80-53.57.

17.

Comm unication from ba tte ry position

to

commanding officer

by

runner,

18 . Base -plates should be used,

19.

Bavin

des

Fouilles

can be

gasse d from

the

sim e position, using

four foot guns and eame line of fire. This ia well worth attempting with

four hundred suns, if carry can be a rranged.

20 .

Stokes mo rtars can be used from the front line near the aboveem-

pjacement to advan tage. Ex act best location not determined.

J .

H.

Mills,

Captain, 1st Gas Regiment.

EXHIBITC.

HEADQUARTERS

2 N D B A T T A L I O N ,

1ST GAS

B E O I M B N T

A M E R I C A N B. F.

CO P Y NO. 1.

BCBHT September 1, 1018.

Operat ion Order No. 41.

Map reference. Vign eulles

"A",

1-20,000.

106

Gas Manual

Part

/ / /

10.

Messages from

the

position officers

to the

Company Commander

be sent as

follows:

(a) Wind Messageseach half-hour from " H " minus s ix hours

Eo cHs-

minus four

an d

one-half hours.


106/125

(b) All ready when al l pre par at io ns are completed,

(e) Num ber of. dru ms discharg ed aft er final disch arg e.

11. The a rea enclosed by 43 .10 -53 .09 ; 42 .00-5 3 .54 ; 41 .90-53 .46 and 42 .27 .

52.92 should be c leared of a l l t roops as far as the ta ct u al s i tu at ion "

pe rm i t f rom " H " minus four hours and tea minu tes un t i l " I I " mlnua

hours and th ir ty-f ive m inut es . Any troops lef t in the above area and i t

nreas enclosed by 43.46-53.45; 42.00-53.54 and 43.10-53.09; and 42.27-52.92;

41.90-uS.46 and 42.04-52.92 must wea r box respira tors from H' minus four

hours and f ive min utes un ti l the "A ll C lea r" s ignal is g iven by their Gas

Officer.

12 .

It w ill not be nec essa ry to camouflage thi s position aft er the dis-

charg e. All peronnel , w ith the exception of those needed for

the

la ter a t-

tacks, wil l re t i re to the advanced bi l le ts .

13.

P lease acknowledge .

J . B. Carloek,

Major, 1 s t Gas Reg imea i .

Cop ies :

1. C. G. ">tli U . S. Ctorps.

2 .

C, G. 26th U. S . Divis ion.

3 . C. O. 1st Gas Regim ent .

4 .

C. G. Company D .

5.

W a r D i a r y .

119.

EXH IBIT D.

Use of Gas by Gas Troops

107

15 .

Casualties (Name

of

officers;

regiment^ numbers of

other rank*

ince reconnaissance).

No.

9153S4 slightly gasscl

in

clearing

a

trench

of

;

s

s h O

r t

T. M.

JS.

16 .

Time taken

and men

employed

on

operation 7 days

and

nights9U

ien

for

eight days.

46

more

for

four days

17.

Infantry assistance obtained

for

operation

64 ox

teams

for 5


107/125

its.

Trench mortar

and

artillery fire

0

plus

5 mln. to 0

plus

10 min.

. RemarksInformation from photographs

and

deserter showed

Ger-

ians creeping

in to

capture TETB

du

VIOLD. Inten se fire

for

destruction

two days previous

by

artillery

and

trench m orta rs. 3000 shells, 2000

T. M. E.

Quiet

for two

days

to

encourage enemy

to

return

to

work. Guns

will be loft

on

position

S for

future

use if

need develop,?.

Copies

to:

C,

O. 1stGas

Regiment.

0 ,

O.

Prov.

Btn., 1st Gas

Regt.,

21st

D. I.

(French).

33rd

C. A.

(French) Secret File.

W .

P.

Pond,

Captain,

Co. A,

1s t

Gas

Regiment.

FUNCTIONS OF GAS OFFICERS.

(See paragraphs 100-148Defense Aginst Gas.)

120. The essential qualities of a gas officer are technical

knowledge, tact, courtesy, initiative, ingenuity, and energetic

perseverance. He must bear in mind that his supply and ad-

ministrative duties are not the most important, and that one

of his most important duties is to advise with respect to gas

108 Gas Manual Part

advance of those who discharge their duties satisfactorily

whenever a vacancy exists.

(i) Secure as near full allowan ces of trans po rtati on as

practicable.


108/125

(j) M aintain filing system , em phasize care of and m aking

of m aps , form and substance of repo rts and correspondence,

appearance of office.

(k) Keep a w ar diary .

II.

Relations withi

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