way forward in ior/eor processes … · b-51 mumbai mumbai high oil field gas field legend 29. re...
TRANSCRIPT
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Way forward In
IOR/EOR Processes
Shyamal BhattacharyaGeneral Manager
Sub-Surface Manager N & H
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Outline
• Global Scenario
• Setting the scene : Why IOR/EOR
• EOR / IOR … Today : The Game Changer
• Simple mathematics
• IOR/ EOR … Way forward
• Conclusions
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Global Oil DiscoveredGlobal Oil Discoveredtrillion barrelstrillion barrels
DISCOVEREDDISCOVEREDLight oils (>25 API)Light oils (>25 API) 9.4 9.4 Medium/Heavy (11Medium/Heavy (11--25 API)25 API) 1.51.5Xtra Hvy (<11 API)Xtra Hvy (<11 API) 3.0_________14 Tbo3.0_________14 TboPRODUCEDPRODUCED 1.11.1………………………………………… 10%10%STILL IN THE GROUND STILL IN THE GROUND 90% !!!!!90% !!!!!Current Avg. Current Avg. WorldWorld Recovery Factor 22% Recovery Factor 22% US US Recovery Factor Recovery Factor 39%39%North Sea Recovery FactorNorth Sea Recovery Factor 46%46%Tech. attainableTech. attainable Recovery Factor 70%Recovery Factor 70%
• More than 40,000 oil and gas fields discovered (Onshore & Offshore)
• 94% of the oil is coming from 1500 fields only.
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Offshore/Onshore Oil ProductionOffshore/Onshore Oil Production
0.00
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
80,000.00
90,000.00
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
OffshoreOnshore
1000 X BOPD
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Worldwide EOR Production
0200000400000600000800000
100000012000001400000
CO2Miscible
CO2Immiscible
H/C Miscible Polymer Steam Combustion
Process
Oil
Rat
e, b
bl/d
Process Prodn, bbl/dCO2 Miscible 268983CO2 Immiscible 16735H/C Miscible 755622Polymer 57327Steam 1326802Combustion 34185Total 2459654
WORLDWIDE EOR PRODUCTION
3 % of production is from EOR
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“Half of the world’s production which comes from the 100 biggest fields, almost all of these are more than 25 years old”
Source: The G forces of Energy Insecurity; C D Ruppel, 2006
E&P ScenarioE&P Scenario……GlobalGlobal
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Primary Sources of Oil and GasPrimary Sources of Oil and Gas
•• To 1960To 1960 5050--60% from new fields60% from new fields
•• To 1990To 1990 2020--25% from new fields25% from new fields
•• TodayToday 1212--15% from new fields15% from new fields
•• Tomorrow Tomorrow 77--10% from new fields10% from new fields
Most of the oil and gas will not come from new fields
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The Importance of Mature FieldsThe Importance of Mature Fields
To date, we have produced approximately 1 trillion To date, we have produced approximately 1 trillion barrels of oil from existing fieldsbarrels of oil from existing fields
About 10 % has Recovered with an average worldwide About 10 % has Recovered with an average worldwide recovery of 22% of oil in place.recovery of 22% of oil in place.
If we increase our recovery rate in these existing fields to If we increase our recovery rate in these existing fields to 35 35 -- 40 %, we will add another trillion barrels of 40 %, we will add another trillion barrels of recoverable oil reserves to the global inventory.recoverable oil reserves to the global inventory.
The same is true for natural gasThe same is true for natural gas
88
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Future challengesFuture challenges
1.1. Identify bypass oil Identify bypass oil 2.2. increased oil recovery in exsisiting fieldsincreased oil recovery in exsisiting fields3.3. development of smaller fieldsdevelopment of smaller fields4.4. Induction of State of Art technologiesInduction of State of Art technologies
99
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Enhanced Oil Recovery ( EOR ) is …
• Oil recovery by injection of fluids not normally present inreservoir.
• Excludes pressure maintenance or water flooding.• Changes the intrinsic properties of oil by using chemical
thermal , Gas etc.
Improved Oil Recovery ( IOR) is …• EOR Plus additional technologies dealing with drilling,
Production, Operations and reservoir Characterization for reducing reservoir heterogeneity effect and capture bypassed oil to improve flow and recovery ofliquid hydrocarbons.
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What is EOR/IORWhat is EOR/IOR
PRIMARY Recovery
Natural Flow
Secondary Recovery
Artificial lift, Stimulation
Thermal Gas miscible/immiscible Chemical & other
Water floodingInfill drilling etc.
Tertiary Recovery
Pressure maintenance
EOR
IOR
Redevelopment
1111
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The Real EORThe Real EOR-- IOR ChallengesIOR Challenges
Recovery Factor = 22 %Recovery Factor = 22 %1 %1 % increase in increase in == 100 billion barrels added reserves 100 billion barrels added reserves Recovery Factor Recovery Factor of traditional light oilsof traditional light oils
= 4 years of current production= 4 years of current production
= 10 years of exploration efforts for= 10 years of exploration efforts for
new reservesnew reserves
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EOR …Today
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TOTALThermal 166Chemical 4
Gas Injection 244
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Concepts & Methodologies…
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1616
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Surfactant flood Surfactant flood --FIELD PERFORMANCEFIELD PERFORMANCE
Glenn Pool Field, OK
1984 86 87 88 89 90 91 9285
1,000
100
10
OIL
WOR
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Indian perspectiveIndian perspectiveEOR EOR -- Game Changer Technology Game Changer Technology
1818
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His_102005.irfHis_102005_water.irf
Time (Date)
Wat
er C
ut S
CTR
- %
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
20
40
60
80
100
Polymer Flood : Sanand Field
Water Flood Vs Polymer Flood
1919
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Summary………
• Oil Recovery 22.5% till date against 14.7% with water-flood
• Reduced water cut as compared to water flood.
• Possibility of enhancing recoveries with higher polymer concentration
2020
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199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090
250
500
750
1000
1250
Oil
Rat
e (m
3/d)
0
60
120
180
240
300
Pres
sure
(kg/
cm2)
Date
199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090
250
500
750
1000
1250
199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 090
250
500
750
1000
1250
Oil
Rat
e (m
3/d)
Oil
Rat
e (m
3/d)
0
60
120
180
240
300
0
60
120
180
240
300
Pres
sure
(kg/
cm2)
Date
Oil
rate
, m3 /d
Pres
sure
, ksc
Miscible HC Gas Injection, Gandhar Waterflood Recovery : 36 %HC Miscible Gas Injection recovery : 58 %Gas Injectors : 13 (6.7 Lakh m3/d)Avg Res Pressure : 235kscOil rate / water cut : 650 m3/d / 7%Recovery as on Jan-10 : 40 %
Miscible Gas Injection : GS-12 Sand, Gandhar
2121
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2222222222222222
Oil contribution from pilot & offset producersOil rate - WAG Pilot performance
GS-11 sand, Gandhar field
0
50
100
150
200
250Ja
n-06
Mar
-06
May
-06
Jul-0
6
Sep-
06
Nov
-06
Jan-
07
Mar
-07
May
-07
Jul-0
7
Sep-
07
Nov
-07
Jan-
08
Mar
-08
May
-08
Jul-0
8
Sep-
08
Nov
-08
Jan-
09
Mar
-09
May
-09
Jul-0
9
Sep-
09
Nov
-09
Jan-
10
Month
Oil
rate
, m3 /d Oil gain - 74248 T
WAG Pilot Started
WAG Process: GS-11 sand, Ganghar
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0100200300400500600700800900
10001100
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Oil
Rat
e, m
3 /d
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wat
er C
ut, %
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Air
Rat
e, M
MS
m3 /d
EOR
0100200300400500600700800900
10001100
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Oil
Rat
e, m
3 /d
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wat
er C
ut, %
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Air
Rat
e, M
MS
m3 /d
EOREOR
0100200300400500600700800900
10001100
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Oil
Rat
e, m
3 /d
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wat
er C
ut, %
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Air
Rat
e, M
MS
m3 /d
EOR
0100200300400500600700800900
10001100
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Oil
Rat
e, m
3 /d
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wat
er C
ut, %
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Air
Rat
e, M
MS
m3 /d
EOREOR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Inje
ctor
s
In-situ Combustion : Balol
• Commercial application
• Phase-I : Oct. 1997
• Phase-II: 2000-01
• Strategy : Updip line drive
• Primary Recovery: ~ 13 %
• Envisaged additional recovery :36 %
2323
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Indian perspectiveIndian perspectiveIORIOR -- Game Changer Technology Game Changer Technology
2424
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IOR ProgrammeIOR Programme
ONGC, National Oil Company of India ONGC, National Oil Company of India launched Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) launched Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) programme in 1999programme in 1999
The aim to augment declining domestic The aim to augment declining domestic production production
15 major fields including 3 offshore around 15 major fields including 3 offshore around the country, holding 85% of total reserves the country, holding 85% of total reserves identifiedidentified
2525
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Offshore
MHN RedevelopmentMHS Redevelopment
Addl. Dev. Heera Pt-I
IOR – Neelam
Addl. Dev. Heera Pt-II
OnshoreIOR – GandharIOR- KalolIOR- North Kadi Ph-IIOR- SobhasanIOR- JotanaIOR- SanthalIOR – Lakwa LakhmaniIOR – GelekiIOR – RudrasagarIOR North Kadi Ph-II
IOR ProjectsIOR Projects
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2727
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Location of Mumbai High
WO-24
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Mumbai High fieldMumbai High field
IOIP, MMt 1659Cumulative Oil Prodn, MMt 396Recovered, % 23.9Water Cut,% 65Number of platforms 110
Strings on Production 721
Strings on Injection 238Number of Gas producers 35
SURATNORTH TAPTI
MID TAPTI
SOUTH TAPTI
SD-4C-24
C-26A
DAHANUCD
SD-1
SD-14
C-22
CADAMAN
B-55
B-163
B-15B-
188B-48
B-46
B-45
D-12 B-192AB-192
B-121B-119
PANNA
VASAI
MUKTA
D-1
D-18
B-80
NEELAM
HEERAR-15A
B-147
B-51 MUMBAI
MUMBAI HIGH
OIL FIELDGAS FIELD
LEGEND
2929
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Re development’s Focus Areas
•Improve oil recovery •Locate by-passed / un-drained oil pockets•Hi-tech infill wells•Surveillance on health of reservoir
•Offset declining production
•Modernize and re-engineer ageing surface facilities.
•Assimilate Cutting Edge Technology
•Reduce cost and add value
•Dynamism to learn and use during the project
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Drilling & Completion : Conventional to high tech
• New technology in Drilling – Horizontal sidetracks, Multilateral and Fishboneto reach by-passed oil.
• Drain hole to increase Reservoir contactand productivity.
• Advanced non-damaging Drilling fluid • Application of new logging systems-
LWD,MWD,CHFR, MDT, DFA …
•Segmented Completion•Multilateral Level-3 Completion•Surface controlled Intelligent completion•Use of Swell Packers.
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Performance of Mumbai High FieldPerformance of Mumbai High Field
Performance of Mumbai High Field
0100000200000300000400000500000600000700000800000900000
100000011000001200000
Mar
-76
Mar
-78
Mar
-80
Mar
-82
Mar
-84
Mar
-86
Mar
-88
Mar
-90
Mar
-92
Mar
-94
Mar
-96
Mar
-98
Mar
-00
Mar
-02
Mar
-04
Mar
-06
Mar
-08
Mar
-10
Oil
(bop
d), W
I (bw
pd)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Cum
Oil
(MM
t), W
C% &
GO
R (V
/V)
Oil, bopd WI, bwpd CumOIl (M M t) GOR, V/V WC (%)
Start of Re-dev-Ph-I
3232
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3333
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TodayToday
Majority of our producing fields have produced through Majority of our producing fields have produced through their peakstheir peaks
80% of total indigenous production coming from such 80% of total indigenous production coming from such mature fieldsmature fields
CostCost--intensive IOR/ EOR processes are required to keep intensive IOR/ EOR processes are required to keep them flowingthem flowing
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As on 1.4.2008 Oil Gas
Initially In-place 5895 3239
Ultimate Reserves 1646( 27.9 %)
1755( 54 %)
Indian Scenario
3535
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3636
IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Total
Offshore( 2675~61 %)
Onshore1722~ 39 %Total
4397 MMTTotal
4397 MMT
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3737
IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Total ~ 4397 MMt
Majors( 65 %)
Small , Isolated / Marginal Fields~ 20 %
Others15 %
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3838
IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Offshore
Majors( 73 %)
Small , Isolated / Marginal Fields~ 19 %
Others8 %
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3939
IOR/ EOR (NOC Perspective)Onshore
Majors( 53 %)
Small , Isolated / Marginal Fields~ 16 %
Others31 %
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4040
Simple Mathematics ( India)
Aim : 40 % Recovery factor ~ 800 MMt of oil
With current production rate ~ 25 year
NOC Perspective
Offshore
Majors …. 33% >>> 40 % >>>> 136 MMt – IOR-2nd phase
Others….30% >>>> 35 % >>> 11 MMt – IOR- 1st phase
Marginal….16 % >>> 83 MMt – Put on production
Total… >>> 236 MMt
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4141
Simple Mathematics
NOC Perspective
Onshore Majors …. 31.8% >>> 40 % >>>> 75 MMt – IOR-2nd Phase/ EOR
Others….27% >>>> 40 % >>> 69 MMt – IOR – 1st phase / EOR Pilot
Marginal….16 % >>> 45 MMt – Put on production
Total… >>> 189 MMt
Initial target IOR / EOR by 2025 ~ 325 MMt
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42
Redevelopment / Additional Development of
Fields through
• integrated schemes of IOR/ EOR
• Fast track development of new finds
• Drilling of Hi-Tech and Side track wells
• Put the marginal and small pool on production
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Extracting the last dropExtracting the last drop
Continuous review and foresightedness has the Continuous review and foresightedness has the potential to extend the life of a fieldpotential to extend the life of a fieldAnticipating the future performance by monitoring; Anticipating the future performance by monitoring; surveillance; and diagnostics holds the key to a long surveillance; and diagnostics holds the key to a long producing life producing life Pinpointing the residual oil reserves area is another Pinpointing the residual oil reserves area is another aspect to extend the life of fieldaspect to extend the life of field
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Tools , Equipment & Technology Induction
Improved Oil Recovery In Brown Fields- A Game Changer
Western Offshore India
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•• Conceptual road map based on redevelopment Conceptual road map based on redevelopment experienceexperience
•• Main strategy : 40% path by 2025Main strategy : 40% path by 2025•• Broad framework for long term developmentBroad framework for long term development
–– Type of development Type of development –– LT commitments requiredLT commitments required
•• Rolling plan, next 10 years following the Rolling plan, next 10 years following the redevredev•• Frame work 2006Frame work 2006--09 09
–– PlanningPlanning–– Monitor, course correction, review and upgrade the road Monitor, course correction, review and upgrade the road
mapmap
•• Areas for future focusAreas for future focus•• Frame work plan 2007Frame work plan 2007--1212•• Continue to develop as understanding improvesContinue to develop as understanding improves
40 % RECOVERY 40 % RECOVERY
Conceptual exercise of disintegration into reasonable activity specific targets
so that strategies can be worked out and implemented
for achieving them systematically. Specific projects have to be worked out with
details for investment purpose.
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Rolling plan target for next 10 yearsRolling plan target for next 10 years
Periods of low investment
1 billion barrelsadditional oil
1.2 Billion bbls to be produced under approved schemes 27%
32%40%
13.5-14 MMt
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Phase wise productionPhase wise production
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Phase-1 Phase-2 S. Heera Phase-3 Add-1 Add-2 Redevelopment
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Drilling :Drilling :–– Long Distance Sidetracks (LDST)Long Distance Sidetracks (LDST)–– Medium Radius Drain Hole (MRDH)Medium Radius Drain Hole (MRDH)–– Short Radius Drain Hole (SRDH)Short Radius Drain Hole (SRDH)–– Ultra Short Radius (USR)Ultra Short Radius (USR)
ERD wellsERD wellsUse of Use of
Expandable tubularsExpandable tubularsSOBMSOBMAutotrackAutotrack
LevelLevel--3 completions in wells where more than one 3 completions in wells where more than one pay is promisingpay is promisingMassive Hydraulic FracturingProfile Modification
New TechnologiesNew Technologies
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Improved well completions Segmentation for Layer
Control with Swell packers
Level-3 Completion in HZ# 7
Well Completions
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N.Kadi (Kalol sands)• Use of Geocellular model• Mapping of heterogeneity (phi, k)• Revisit to ROS (24%) and Rel. Perm. • Oil gain envisaged by high liquid withdrawal in flank wells
Cum oil 26.4 MMm3 (by 2030)•26 wells (incl 10 horizontal)•RF 36.3 % >>> 45 %•Peak Qo 1570 m3/d
North Kadi :IOR
North Kadi : Perform ance and Potential
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EOR ….Way forward
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EOR : CO2 FloodingEOR : CO2 Flooding
Carbon dioxide flooding (continuous or alternating Carbon dioxide flooding (continuous or alternating with waterwith water--WAG) is the dominant EOR process in WAG) is the dominant EOR process in US.US.This is due to the high availability of lowThis is due to the high availability of low--cost CO2.cost CO2.
In simple terms, if CO2 is available it will remain the In simple terms, if CO2 is available it will remain the most sound choice for EOR.most sound choice for EOR.
In India Natural source of CO2 not established .In India Natural source of CO2 not established .•• Plan for a pilot in Plan for a pilot in AnkleswarAnkleswar Field Field •• Offshore no Plan : Miscible Co2 not possible due to Offshore no Plan : Miscible Co2 not possible due to
depleted Pressure . Limitdepleted Pressure . Limited Source.ed Source.
5252
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InIn--Situ Combustion (Air Injection)Situ Combustion (Air Injection)Air injection into heavy and light crude oil reservoirs is Air injection into heavy and light crude oil reservoirs is known as ISCknown as ISCAir injection may be one of the viable EOR process Air injection may be one of the viable EOR process for offshore and onshore mature fields for offshore and onshore mature fields ..–– For heavy oil NOC Has good experienceFor heavy oil NOC Has good experience–– For light Oil For light Oil
Onshore : Pilot under commissioning.Onshore : Pilot under commissioning.
Offshore : Laboratory studies in progress Offshore : Laboratory studies in progress Bottle neck: Old Surface infrastructure and Bottle neck: Old Surface infrastructure and
well completions. well completions.
5353
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Hydrocarbon Gas InjectionHydrocarbon Gas InjectionMiscible and immiscible hydrocarbon gas injection is Miscible and immiscible hydrocarbon gas injection is still a viable recovery process used widely in the U.S. still a viable recovery process used widely in the U.S. However, this recovery process has been applied However, this recovery process has been applied mainly in sandstone reservoirs.mainly in sandstone reservoirs.
If there is no other way to monetize natural gas, then If there is no other way to monetize natural gas, then a more practical use of natural gas would be to use it a more practical use of natural gas would be to use it in pressure maintenance projects or in WAG in pressure maintenance projects or in WAG processes.processes.
Both Miscible and WAG Implemented Successfully in Both Miscible and WAG Implemented Successfully in GandharGandhar..Currently all the produced gas are committed. Currently all the produced gas are committed.
5454
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5555
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
CHEMICAL METHODS
PolymerSurfactantAlkali Micellar
ASP
EOR : Chemical MethodsEOR : Chemical Methods
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Success of polymer flood projects are limited. High Success of polymer flood projects are limited. High Temperature & High Salinity are the constraint .Temperature & High Salinity are the constraint .In the case of carbonate reservoirs, most of the reported In the case of carbonate reservoirs, most of the reported polymer floods used as part of a mobility control strategy to polymer floods used as part of a mobility control strategy to improve sweep efficiency and enhance the final oil recovery improve sweep efficiency and enhance the final oil recovery of water flood projects.of water flood projects.
MP and ASP flooding hold the greatest MP and ASP flooding hold the greatest potentialpotential for for commercial success commercial success may play a key role in both mature may play a key role in both mature and water flooded sandstone reservoirs in the near future.and water flooded sandstone reservoirs in the near future.
EOR : Chemical MethodsEOR : Chemical Methods
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5757
• Sanand polymer commersialised in 1995 , is a success :Since then no reservoir identified for Polymer :
• Encouraging Laboratory Results of ASP / AS/ SP flooding However Field test Failed.
• Research Shows EOR Chemical methods in Offshore carbonate reservoirs have made a relatively marginal contribution. No commersial success reported for offshore carbonate reservoirs with temperature more than 100 deg C and having formation water of high MG++ & Ca ++ .
EOR : Chemical MethodsEOR : Chemical Methods
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5858
EOR Observations…
• But still it moves
• EOR is a drag
• Don’t bank on it
• Size is important
• Gravity is our friend
• The more you inject, the more you get
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5959
• Multi-time developmentthrough infill drilling
— major method to improve oil recovery by Exploiting un-sweptareas of the reservoir.
• Foresighted pilot tests,technical preparation,and fit-for-purposetechnique innovation areessential for maximizingoil recovery
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Phase-1 Phase-2 S. Heera Phase-3 Add-1 Add-2 Redevelopment
Conclusions
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ConclusionsConclusions
Over the last decade, Enhanced Oil Recovery via gas Over the last decade, Enhanced Oil Recovery via gas injection has been the dominant recovery method for injection has been the dominant recovery method for crude oil reservoirs, especially in carbonate reservoirs.crude oil reservoirs, especially in carbonate reservoirs.
Widening the domain of air injection to encompass Widening the domain of air injection to encompass matured water flooded and light oil reservoirsmatured water flooded and light oil reservoirsChemical floods offer the Chemical floods offer the only chanceonly chance of commercial of commercial success in many depleted and water flooded reservoirssuccess in many depleted and water flooded reservoirs
Chemical flooding is Chemical flooding is here to stayhere to stay because it holds the because it holds the key to maximizing the reserves. The processes must be key to maximizing the reserves. The processes must be rere--evaluatedevaluated under the current technical and economic under the current technical and economic conditionsconditions
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Integrated approach enhances Asset value
Innovations and technology – key for Rejuvenation
Identify bypass oil – “ Fit for Purpose technology “
Better Reservoir characterization
State of art Drilling & Completion
24 * 7 Gas lift / ESP optimization thru Smart technology
ConclusionsConclusions
6161
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The Bottom Line …
IOR / EOR in combination with…
More WellsImproved Reservoir Characterization
Intelligent WellsReal time monitoring
Decision analysis ProceduresOther Simulation technologies
And ( Of course) a high oil Price
Will make Ultimate recoveries of 65 % Possible and even routine
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We Must Bridge the GapWe Must Bridge the Gap
6363
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