water worries -- nitrogen from septic tanks, fertilizer, poor sewage treatment damaging long...
TRANSCRIPT
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Nitrogen Driven Degradation of Long Island Water Bodies
Christopher J. Gobler, Ph.D.Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
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“Nitrogen is the critical limiting factor to algal growth in Long Island coastal marine waters” – Dr. John Ryther, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute,Science Magazine, 1971
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Population, Suffolk County, NY, USA
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Popu
latio
n
New York City
Long Island
>25,000,000 lbs of nitrogen per year from human waste
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Septic tank
Water table / aquifer
Nitrogen
In Suffolk County, 70% of homes have septic tanks or
cesspools.
In eastern Suffolk County, more than 90% of homes
have septic tanks or cesspools.
Long Island Legacy:Household wastewater
Nitrogen
Groundwater flow
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1987 20050
1
2
3
4 Glacial Magothy
Nitr
ogen
con
tent
(mg/
L)
18 year change in groundwater nitrogen levels
40% increase
200% increase
Suffolk County Comprehensive Water Resources management plan, 2010
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Rising nitrogen levels in our bays
12/2/73 8/11/87 4/19/010.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
f(x) = 1.71180233868894E-05 x − 0.0300213789274482R² = 0.041180092418925
Tota
l Kje
ldah
l nitr
ogen
(mg/
L)
4/16/75 10/6/80 3/29/86 9/19/91 3/11/970.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
f(x) = 2.64343103508642E-05 x − 0.657237814861096
Great South Bay Peconic Estuary
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Samples for eelgrass genetic analyses
Hempstead Bay, Great South Bay, Moriches Bay, Quantuck Bay, and Shinnecock Bay listed on the NYSDEC 303d list of impaired water bodies due to “onsite waste disposal and
urban runoff”.
NYSDEC Impaired Water Bodies list
100 kilometers!¼ of L.I. coast!
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Wastewater =55%
Atmospheric deposition = 30%
Fertilizer= 15%
Nitrogen budget for Great South Bay
Kinney and Valiela, 2011
•~70% of N entering Moriches and Shinnecock Bay is from wastewater (Gobler et al, in progress for NYSDOS).
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Peconic nitrogen loading budgets
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What impairments are brought about by excessive nitrogen loading?
• Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes• Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia• Acidification, low pH• Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva• Toxic algal blooms: Red tides, brown tides• Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries
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Nitrogen impacts on salt marshes• Salt marshes are critical habitats for protecting land, filtering
terrestrial pollutants, migratory birds, and marine life on Long Island.
• Nitrogen is accelerating the disappearance of salt marshes across Long Island.
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Salt marshes protect bayside properties from wave energy
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CAT scans of marsh roots
Nitrogen loading as a driver of salt marsh loss on Long Island, Deegan et al 2012, Nature
Collapsing salt marsh
Western Bays, Nassau County
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Eelgrass: Critical benthic habitat
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Eelgrass: Critical benthic habitat
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Nitrogen impacts on seagrasses• Eelgrass are critical habitats
for marine life on Long Island.
• Nitrogen is accelerating the disappearance of eelgrass across Long Island.
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Impacts of nitrogen loading on seagrass
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Effect of nitrogen load on eelgrass growth, Peconic Estuary
0 230 480 7000
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nitrogen loading (µM)
Leaf
mas
s (m
g / S
S)
Rodgers 2010; Rodgers, Peterson, Gobler, in prep
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Regional view of nitrogen pollution index of salt marshesDr. Fred Short, UNH
Long Island eelgrass beds show multiple signs of
degradation due to enrichment with sewage-
derived nitrogen.
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Low (no) oxygen -another consequence of excessive nitrogen loading (Hewlett Bay)
1-Mar1-Apr
1-May1-Jun
1-Jul1-Aug
1-Sep1-Oct
1-Nov1-Dec
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Bottom NYS acute standard
Diss
olve
d O
xyge
n, m
g L⁻
¹
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Samples for eelgrass genetic analysesHarmful algal blooms across Long Island
PSP, DSP PSP, DSP
Brown tide
Cochlodinium
Cochlodinium
CochlodiniumPSP
Brown tideCochlodinium PSP DSP
PSP
PSP
Toxic cyanobacteria
Toxic cyanos Toxic cyanos
Ulva
Ulva
Ulva
DSP
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Alexandrium red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
AlexandriumSaxitoxin
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Saxitoxin producing Alexandrium fundyense in NY waters
= cells not detected
= < 100 cells L-1
= > 1,000 cells L-1 = 100 - 1,000 cells L-1
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PSP-shellfish bed closures across Long Island since
2006
Northport-Huntington Bay
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Expansion of PSP-induced shellfish bed closures on Long Island, 2005 – 2012
Prior to 2006, Long Island had never experienced a PSP event
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Acre
s of s
hellfi
sh b
eds c
lose
d by
PS
P
Northport BayNorthport and Huntington Bay
Northport, Huntington, and Shinnecock Bay
Northport, Huntington, and Shinnecock Bay, Mattituck Inlet and Sag Harbor Cove
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Wastewater
N
Wastewater-derived nitrogen is promoting the intensity and toxicity
of Alexandrium blooms.
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Samples for eelgrass genetic analyses
Brown tideCochlodinium Alexandrium Dinophysis
Enhanced nutrient loading more intense &/or toxic HABs
Gobler et al 2012
Gobler et al 2011, Gobler and Sunda 2012
Hattenrath et al 2010
Hattenrath et al in prep
Ulva
Wallace and Gobler,
submitted
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Nitrogen impacts on shellfish• Landings of clams and scallops have declined 99% since 1980.
• Linkages to nitrogen driven HABs, habitat loss, and water quality degradation.
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
Hard clam landings (bushels) in Great South Bay
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What impairments are brought about by excessive nitrogen loading?
• Loss of critical habitats: Eelgrass, salt marshes• Low dissolved oxygen levels, hypoxia• Acidification, low pH.• Macroalgal blooms: Sea lettuce, Ulva• Toxic algal blooms: Red tides, brown tides• Loss or depletion of shellfisheries and finfisheries