water world

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Water World. Ocean Zones. Coral Reef. Tubeworms. Freshwater Biome Zones. Eutrophic Lake. Oligotrophic Lake. Rivers & Streams. Wetlands. Estuary. Silent Spring 1962 DDT. Rachel Carson. Biogeography. Geographic Range. Wide Geographic Range. Dispersal-Actual-Potential Range. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Water World
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Water World

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Ocean Zones

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Coral Reef

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Tubeworms

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Freshwater Biome Zones

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Eutrophic Lake

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Oligotrophic Lake

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Rivers & Streams

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Wetlands

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Estuary

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Rachel Carson

• Silent Spring• 1962 DDT

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Biogeography

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Geographic Range

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Wide Geographic Range

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Dispersal-Actual-Potential Range

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Introduced Species“Africanized Bees/Zebra Mussels

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Predator-Prey Relationships

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Biomes:Temperature-Precipitation

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Biome Distribution

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Biome?

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Climate Lighting

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The Seasons: Axis

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Global Wind Patterns

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Rain-shadow Affect

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Upwelling

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Climate Change

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Dam Distribution

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Ethology

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Behavior-Nature vs. Nurture?

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FAP: Fixed Action Pattern

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Behavioral Ecology

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Song Bird VariationFitness in Mating

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Cost-Benefit Foraging Analysis

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Learned Performance BehaviorMaturation, Habituation

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ImprintingKonrad Lorenz

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Sensitive Period

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Open-ended Learning

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Associative Learning, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning

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Play

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CognitionKinesis, Taxis, Cognitive Maps

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MigrationPiloting, Orientation, Navigation

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ConciousnessAre animals “aware” of

themselves?

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Competition

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Antagonist Behavior

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Reconciliation Behavior

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Territorial Behavior

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Marking Territory

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Courtship BehaviorPromiscuous, Monogamy,Polygamous,Polyandry

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Pheromones

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Bee DancesRound vs. Waggle

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AltruismDecrease in individual Fitness, Increase in Group

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Inclusive Fitness

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Hamilton’s Rule of Kin Selection: The rule is as follows:rB > C

The more closely related two individuals are, the greater the value of altruism.

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Sociobiology

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Population

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Clumped Disperion

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Uniform

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Random-Independent

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Demography, Life Table, Cohort

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Surviorship CurvesI: Low Death Early

II: EqualIII. High Death Early

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Semelparity-Big BangIteroparity-Constant

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Mortality Rates-Reproduction

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Population Change

• Using mathematical notation we can express this relationship as follows:– If N represents population size, and t

represents time, then N is the change is population size and t represents the change in time, then:N/t = B-D• Where B is the number of births and D is

the number of deaths

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Population Change

– We can simplify the equation and use r to represent the difference in per capita birth and death rates. N/t = rN OR dN/dt = rN

– If B = D then there is zero population growth (ZPG).

– Under ideal conditions, a population grows rapidly.

• Exponential population growth is said to be happening• Under these conditions, we may assume the maximum

growth rate for the population (rmax) to give us the following exponential growth

• dN/dt = rmaxN

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Exponential Growth

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Logistic Growth

• Typically, unlimited resources are rare.– Population growth is therefore regulated by

carrying capacity (K), which is the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support.

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Logistic Growth

• The logistic growth equation

– We can modify our model of population growth to incorporate changes in growth rate as population size reaches a carrying capacity.

– The logistic population growth model incorporates the effect of population density on the rate of increase.

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Carrying Capacity

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Growth Curves

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Logistic Growth

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K-R Life Histories

– In K-selection, organisms live and reproduce around K, and are sensitive to population density.

• In r-selection, organisms exhibit high rates of reproduction and occur in variable environments in which population densities fluctuate well below K.

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Density Dependence-Independence

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Resource Limitations-Reproduction Rates

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Interspecific Relationships

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Demographic Transition

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The Plague

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Age Structure

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Human Population

• Predictions of the human population vary from 7.3 to 10.7 billion people by the year 2050.

– Will the earth be overpopulated by this time?

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Ecological Footprint

• Six types of ecologically productive areas are distinguished in calculating the ecological footprint:

– Land suitable for crops.– Pasture.– Forest.– Ocean.– Built-up land.– Fossil energy land.

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Ecological Footprint

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

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Resource Partitioning

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Character Displacement-Sympatric Species

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Cryptic Coloration

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Aposematic Coloration“Warning”

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Batesian MimicryHarmless Depicts Harmful

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Mullerian MimicryResemblance

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Trophic Structure

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Food Webs

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Biomass-Keystone Species

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Phosphorus Cycle

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Succession

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Secondary Succession

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Secondary Succession

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