Water, Solutions, Precipitation Reactions, Acid-Base Reactions, and Reduction-Oxidation

Reactions

SolvationWater’s Structure

Dissolving a Salt

Dissolving Ethanol

Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes

Strong vs. Weak Acids

Anatomy of a SolutionSolute

Solvent

Molarity

Dilution

Precipitation ReactionsSolubility Rules

Nitrate salts are solubleAlkali metal and ammonium salts are solubleMost chloride salts are soluble…except Ag1+, Hg2

2+, Pb2+

Most sulfate salts are soluble…except Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+

Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis…and Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are marginally soluble

Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis

Precipitation ReactionsMolecular Equation

Complete Ionic Equation

Net Ionic Equation

Acid-Base ReactionsAcidBaseNet ionic equation

Acid-Base TitrationsTitrantAnalyteEquivalence pointEnd pointStandard solution

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions(Redox)OxidationReductionOxidation number

Assigning Oxidation NumbersAn atom in an element…0Monatomic ion…equals its chargeOxygen in covalent cpds…-2Hydrogen in covalent cpds…+1Fluorine…-1Sum must equal charge of cpd or ionWhen in doubt, assign more electronegative

atom to be equal to its monatomic ion’s charge

Balancing Redox Rxns…the half-reaction methodWrite separate half-reactions without spectator

ionsBalance non-H and non-O elementsBalance O using H2O or OH1-

Balance H using H1+ or H2OBalance the charge with e-

Normalize the half-rxnsAdd the half-rxnsCancel like terms on opposite sides and add

spectator ions where apropos