WATER SCRUBBING BASED BIOGASENRICHMENT TECHNOLOGY BY IIT DELHI

Prof. Virendra K. VijayCentre for Rural Development & Technology

Coordinator- BDTCIIT, Delhi

vkvijay@rdat.iitd.ernet.in

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BIOGAS Introduction

Energy source produced from biodegradable /organic wastes.

Green and cost effective replacement of wastes.

Potential to meet the energy requirements in rural areas, and alsocounter the effects of reckless burning of biomass resources.

Additional benefit of digested slurry - can be dried and sold as highquality compost.

Wastes of variable qualities and quantities, such as animaldung, agricultural wastes and food and municipal solid waste, areavailable in rural and urban areas.

This waste can be utilised for both centralised large-scale anddecentralised small-scale biogas production/ enrichment and bottling.

WHATISBIOGAS?

Gas is produced by the anaerobic digestion/fermentation of biodegradablematerials such as biomass, manure, food waste,sewage, municiplewaste, green waste, agricultural/plant waste, and crops.

PresenterPresentation NotesGive a brief overview of the presentation. Describe the major focus of the presentation and why it is important.Introduce each of the major topics.To provide a road map for the audience, you can repeat this Overview slide throughout the presentation, highlighting the particular topic you will discuss next.

BIOGASPRODUCTIONPROCESS

Source : http://www.schaumann-bioenergy.com/biogasproduktion/fermenterbio.php

http://www.schaumann-bioenergy.com/biogasproduktion/fermenterbio.php

COMPOSITIONOFBIOGASDEPENDSON

The nature and concentration of the substrate,Feed rate,C:N ratio,pH value,Bacteria biomass,HRT,Designing of bioreactorTemperature.

Biogas technology is a proven and established technologyin many parts of the world, especially Asia wheredomestic size biogas plants are more popular.

Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such asChina, India and Nepal with millions of domestic biogasplants installations.

BIOGASPRODUCTIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

40million

4.5million222,500 150,000 35,000 6000 4000 75 49 24

Domestics Size Biogas Plants installed upto 2010 in some developing countries

Sources: Based on various source as mentioned in references

Indiastands2ndamongstitspeers.What

isthepotentialofmediumlargescale

biogasplants?

BiogasinINDIA

An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating 6.38 X 1010 m3of biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced annually.

The heat value of this gas amounts to 1.3 X 1012 MJ. In addition, 350 milliontones of manure would also produce along with biogas.

Apart from the 4.5 million domestic biogas plants installed in Indiaagainst the potential of 12 million, there is a huge potential of installationof medium and large scale biogas plants installation in India in small scaleindustries, animal rearing farms, poultryfarms, distilleries, tanneries, hotels, restaurants, military barracks etc.

Potential

There are around 300distilleries throughout Indiawhich collectively have apotential of producing 1200million Nm3 biogas, and 2000tannery units capable ofproducing 787,500 Nm3 ofbiogas . The increasingnumber of poultry farms canalso add to biogas productivityas with a current populationof 649 million birds, another2173 million Nm3of biogas canbe generated.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Municipalliquidwaste

MunicipalSolidwaste

Pressmud FoodwastesWillowdust

12000

30 9 4.5 0.0085

MT/yr

OrganicSolidWaste

Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities, MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Paper&pulpindustry

waste(300mills)

Tannery(2000units)

Distillery(295units)

Dairyindustrywaste

584000

19162 40 21.9

Blts/yr

OrganicLiquidWaste

Biogas Production Potential From Organic Wastes in India

TYPESOFBIOGASDIGESTERSANDPLANTS

Selection of Appropriate Design and Type of Digester depends upon

Space

Existing Structures

Minimizing Cost

Available Substrate

BASICBIOGASPLANTDESIGNS

The basic designs of biogas plants that are beingmostly promoted in the country are:

Floating gas holder: Khadi and Village IndustriesCommission (KVIC) type design forfamily, community, institutional and industrialbiogas plants.

Fixed dome design: Janata and Deenbandhu designsfor family size biogas plants.

Flexi model bag digester design made of rubberizednylon fabric for family size plants and as a floatingcover for sewage site biogas plants.

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), designand other designs for medium and large size plants forindustrial, municipal and sewage waste based biogasplants.

DifferenttypesofbiogasplantrecognisedbyMNES(MinistryofNonConventionalEnergySources)

1.Floatingdrumplantwithacylinderdigester(KVICmodel).

2.Fixeddomeplantwithabrickreinforced,mouldeddome(Janata model).

3.Floatingdrumplantwithahemispheredigester(Pragati model).

4.Fixeddomeplantwithahemispheredigester(Deenbandhu model).

5.Floatingdrumplantmadeofangularsteelandplasticfoil(Ganesh model).

6.Floatingdrumplantmadeofprefabricatedreinforcedconcretecompoundunits.

7.Floatingdrumplantmadeoffibreglassreinforcedpolyester.

FloatingdrumPlants

Deenbandhu 2m3 model Family size biogas plantKVIC Model Biogas Plant

Sintex make Pre-fabricated HDPE material based 2m3 Deenbandhu Model Biogas Plant

A Pre-fabricated RCC based Krishna model fixed dome Biogas Plant

BiogasplantsatGhaziabadGoshala

FixeddomePlants

Sources: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/sources-energy/biogas-plants.php#,http://bio-gas-plant.blogspot.in/2011/08/biogas-plant-pakistan-photo-gallery.html

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/sources-energy/biogas-plants.phphttp://bio-gas-plant.blogspot.in/2011/08/biogas-plant-pakistan-photo-gallery.html

Flexible BalloonBiogasPlants

Sources: http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/site-storage-and-treatments/ anaerobic-di, http://kochi.olx.in/biogas-balloon-plants-iid-233853697

http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/site-storage-and-treatments/anaerobic-dihttp://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/site-storage-and-treatments/anaerobic-dihttp://kochi.olx.in/biogas-balloon-plants-iid-233853697

TheNEED

RawBiogasUpgradedBiogas

AlowGradefuel(CH4 5565%&CO2 3545%)withlowerpercentageofmethane.

Modeofutilisation Onsiteornearby Cookingandforelectricity

production. ThepresenceofCO2 besidesbeing

noncombustible,restrainsitscompressibilitytherebymakingbiogasdifficulttobestoredincontainers.

Forutilisationatfaroffplacesitmustbestoredinbiogasballoonsandtakentothesiteofutilisationoritcanbetransportedbypipelines.

Ahighgradefuel(CH4>90%and

Upgradingwidensthescopeofutilization

VERSATILITYOFBIOGASUSE

Pipeline for raw biogas use as a cooking fuel Raw biogas cookstove

Biogas lamp Biogas Engine for electricity production

UtilizationofRawBiogas

Upgraded and bottled biogas for useas a cooking fuel

Cascades of Upgraded biogas beingtransported

Biogas Motorcycle in Thailand

Biogas car in Sweden Biogas Train in Sweden Biogas Car in India

UtilizationofUpgradedBiogas

TheSolution

....Low Cost biogas Upgrading

BiogasEnrichmentTheuseofabiogasupgradingorpurificationprocessinwhichtherawbiogasstreamlikeCO2,H2Sandmoistureareabsorbedorscrubbedoff,

leavingabove90%methaneperunitvolumeofgas.

PresenceofCO2 inbiogasposesfollowingproblems: Itlowersthepoweroutputfromtheengine; Ittakesupspacewhenbiogasiscompressedandstoredincylinder; Itcancausefreezingproblemsatvalvesandmeteringpointswherethe

compressedgasundergoesexpansionduringenginerunning.

ThetracesofH2SproducesH2SO4 whichcorrodetheinternalsofpipes,fittingsetc.

Moisturecausescorrosionanddecreasesheatingvalueofthefuel.

CompressionofBiogas

The energy density of upgraded biogas is comparatively low atambient pressure and as a result it must be compressed at highpressures (e.g. 200250 bar) to allow its sufficient storage inbottles/cylinders.

Compressing biogas reduces storage space requirements, concentrates energy content and increases pressure to the level needed to overcome resistance to gas

flow.

Compression can eliminate the mismatch of pressures andguarantee the efficient operation of the equipment.

RemovalofCO2fromBiogas

The feasible processes of biogas purification are:

Absorption into liquid (Physical / Chemical)

Adsorption on solid surface

Membrane separation

Cryogenic separation

Selection of the appropriate process for a particular applicationdepends on the scale of operation, composition of the gas to betreated, degree of purity required, capital cost and the need for CO2recovery.

Comparisonbetweenselectedparametersforcommonupgradingprocesses

Methods

Parameters

Hiprw

ghessureater

scrubbing

Chemicalabsorption

Pressureswingabsorption

Membraneseparation

Cryogenic

GasPreCleaningRequirement

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

WorkingPressure

910Bar 1Bar 4 7bar 47bar 40bar

MethaneLoss 1 2% 12% 12% 10 15% 12%%purityattainedofupgradedBiogas

9598% Upto 99% 95 99% Upto90% Upto99%

Heatrequirement

Required

OperatingCost Low Moderate Moderate Low HighInitialCost Low Moderate Moderate Moderate HighProcessHandling Easy Complex Easy Easy Complex

The most widely used technologies for biogas upgrading are waterscrubbing, PSA, membrane and chemical scrubbing. Out of thesetechnologies, water scrubbing and PSA are most appropriate at a small scale dueto low cost and easy maintenance.

Till 2011, the number of biogas upgrading plants in the world were 150.

In India there are 5 biogas upgrading plants till 2011.

Source: http://www.iea-biogas.net/_download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf

150UpgradingplantsIntheworld+5plants

inIndia

Waterscrubbing51(world)+5plantsinIndia

PSA43

ChemicalScrubbing31

Membraneplants10

Others15

http://www.iea-biogas.net/_download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf

DESIGNOFWATERSCRUBBINGSYSTEM

WaterScrubbingMethod

InvolvesthephysicalabsorptionofCO2andH2Sinwaterathighpressuresandregenerationbyareleaseinpressurewithverylittlechangeintemperature.

Easiestandcheapestmethodinvolvinguseofpressurizedwaterasanabsorbent.

Theabsorptionprocessis,thusacountercurrentone.ThedissolvedCO2andH2Sinwaterarecollectedatthebottomofthetower.

TheamountofCO2 beingdissolvedinwaterisdeterminedby

1)Thetimeofcontactbetweenbiogasandwithwater Toincreasethecontacttimeofthegaswithwater,countercurrentmechanismisfollowedbymakingwatertoflowfromthetoptobottomandrawbiogasfrombottomtotop.

2)thepressureoftherawbiogasandwater.

Absorption of CO2 in water

SolubilityofCO2 andCH4 inWater

ApproximateSolubilityofCO2 inWater

Pressure(atm)

Solubility, in kg of CO2 per kg of water at different temperatures.

0 C 10 C 20 C 30 C

1 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.10

20 3.15 2.15 1.30 0.90

50 7.70 6.95 6.00 4.80

PackedBedScrubber

Packedbedscrubbersareusedfordistillationandgasabsorption.

Consistsof acylindricalcolumn,equippedwithagasinletanddistributingspace

atbottom, aliquidinletanddistributorattop, liquidandgasoutletsatbottomandtoprespectivelyand asupportedmassofinertsolidshapes.

Thesolidshapesarecalledcolumnpackingorfilling.

Thepackingprovidesalargerareaofcontactbetweentheliquidandgasandencouragesintimatecontactbetweenthephases.

A Typical Packed Bed Tower

Main parameters calculated for the packed bed for a particular capacity are

Working Pressure

Tower Packing

Diameter of Packed Bed

Height of Packed Bed

Working Pressure of the Packed Bed Tower

The solubility of CO2 & CH4 in water is directly proportional topressure. As the pressure increases, requirement of water and volumeof packed column decreases for a fixed flow rate of biogas.

Higher working pressure poses the problem of difficult fabrication oftower, difficulty in finding control equipments (sensor, valves etc.) andhigher electricity consumption for compression of gas.

Very low pressure results in excess water requirement and muchbigger size of columns.

Therefore, an intermediate value working pressure of 10 bar (absolute)is chosen in IIT Delhi WS system case.

TowerPacking

Packing provides the large interface area for the contact of liquid and gas phase inside the packed tower.

Has an open structure: low resistance to gas flow.

Promote uniform liquid distribution on the packing surface.

Promote uniform vapor gas flow across the column cross-section.

Types of packing (a) Raschig rings (b) Pall rings (c) Berl saddle ceramic(d) Intalox saddle ceramic (e) Metal Hypac ( f ) Ceramic, super Intalox

DeterminationofDiameter(D)andHeight(H)ofthePackedBedColumn

The capacity of a packed bed absorption column is depended on its cross-sectional area.

The column will be designed to operate at the highest economical pressure drop, to ensure good liquid and gas distribution.

There is no entirely satisfactory method for predicting the height of a transfer unit.

In practice the value for a particular packing will depend not only on the physical properties and flow-rates of the gas and liquid, but also on the uniformity of the liquid distribution throughout the column, which is dependent on the column height and diameter.

BiogasEnrichmentPlantParameters

Raw Biogas Flow Rate

20Nm3/Hr

Vapour phase Biogas (63% CH4, 34% CO2)

Liquid Phase Water Working Pressure

~10 Bar

Working Temperature

Ambient

Packing Material IMTP Diameter of Packed Bed

15cm

Height of Packed Bed

3.0 m

Water flow rate 4 Nm3/hr

Hence based upon the above calculations and selections thefollowing input parameters are decided

WaterScrubbingSystemforBiogasEnrichmentatIITDelhi

Enriched Biogas

Raw Biogas

Water Out

Water In

Packed Bed Length: 3MPacked Bed Diameter: 15 cmWorking Pressure: ~ 9 BarCapacity: ~ 15 NM3/Hr

Liquid Re-distributor

Packing Support

Random PackingIMTP

Control Valve

Purified Gas Out

Mist Eliminator

Pressure Sensor

Water In

Water SealingControl Valve

Water with CO2 Out

Level Sensor

Compressed RawGas In

Block Diagram of Biogas Purification & Bottling Plant

IPC: Intermediate Pressure CompressorHPC: High Pressure CompressorPCS: Pressure Control SystemFCS: Flow Control SystemLCS: Level Control SystemGDM: Gas Distribution MechanismWP: Water PumpPR: Pressure Regulator

PSA typeDrier

IPC

WP

FCS

LCS

PCS

BiogasPlant

Packed Tower

Flash Tower

GDM

IPC

GDM

Adsorber Column

PCS

PR

HPC

CNG

Storage CylinderCascade

DispensingNozzleBuffer

Vessel

CO2 with impuritiesto storage

MoistureRemovalSetupPSA type drier is employed for the removal of moisture. Based on the concept of selective adsorption of moisture at the outer surface of adsorbents such as Silica Gel, Activated Alumina, Zeolite Molecular Sieves etc.

CWet Gas In

Auto Drain Valve

Drying

Regeneration

Dry Gas Out Purge Gas

PCS

PSA type Drier for Moisture Removal

Packed Bed Length: 1.5 MPacked Bed Diameter: 25 mmWorking Pressure: ~7 BarWorking temperature: AmbientCapacity: 6 NM3/Hr

A Biogas Bottling plantConsists of

High Pressure compressor, Cascade of storage cylinders and A dispensing nozzle for filling the compressed purified gas in the

vehicles.Dried and purified gas goes into the suction of High Pressure

Compressor, where it compress the gas to desired workingpressure (~200 Bar) and fill into the storage cylinder cascade. ACNG dispensing cable along with nozzle is used for filling of gas inthe vehicles.

ControlSystem

Isusedformaintainingthedesiredworkingparametersintheplant.Therearemainlythreecontrolsystemsintheplant

Waterflowratecontrol

GaspressureControl

Waterlevelcontrol

PowerConsumptionintheUpgradingPlant: Fora20Nm3/hrcapacityplant,thepowerrequirementinupgradingis

RawBiogasCompressor:3KW WaterPump:2KW ControlValves&Sensorsetc.:0.25KW Total:5.25KW 0.26kWhr/Nm3ofrawbiogas.

PowerConsumptionintheBottlingSystem: EnergyRequiredforCompressionAndBottling:3kW Totalenergyrequiredforupgradingandbottlingof20m3/hrofraw

biogas=2+3+3+0.25=8.25kW PowerrequirementperNm3rawbiogas=0.4125kWh Systemenergyrequirementasapercentageofrawbiogas=6.88%of

rawbiogasenergy

Biogas Plant at IIT Delhi

New Modified Water Scrubbing Tower at IIT DelhiLiquid Redistribution unit in

the new modified water scrubbing tower at IIT Delhi

Water pump Rotameter High Pressure Compressor

Intermediate Gas Compressor

Two cylinder cascade for

bottling of upgraded biogas

Raw and upgraded biogas storage vessels

UpgradedBiogasDispensingSystematIITDelhi

Dispensing upgradedbiogasinvehicle

EnrichedBiogasOperatedThreeWheelerLuggageCarrier

Biogas Dispenser

Results

A fully automatic plant of 20 Nm3/Hr capacity has been developed successfully at IIT Delhi.

Desired composition of purified gas (CH4: 95% (min), H2S: 20 ppm (max), Moisture: 20 ppm (max) is achieved with a consistent gas quality.

Our system is automatically controlled with consistent quality of enriched gas and a methane loss of about 2%.

Somepilotplantsforbiogasupgradation

RajasthanGoSewaSanghJaipursince2007 MadhavGovigyanSansthanBhilwara2008 MuniSewaAsharamnearVadodrasince2008 CommunitylevelBiogasplantforpipeddistributionofgasnearValsad(Guj)sine2008

ShriKrishnaGoshala,Ghaziabadsince2009

BiogasupgradationandbottlingplantatNasik,Maharashtra

Water Scrubbing and PSA system at Nasik

High Pressure Compressor at Nasik plant

Cylinder Cascade for bottled biogas

BiogasUpgradingandBottlingPlantatAbhohar,Mukatsar,Punjab1stTechnologydemonstrationplantBGFPproject

BiogasBasedEntrepreneurialAvenueOptionsinIndia

In developing economies many entrepreneurial avenues in the biogas sector

are available in :

1)Goshalas,2) Poultry Farms3) Dairy farms4) Cluster of households in villages

In the developing countries the following biogasenterprenurial options are possibleConsider : Cluster of households in villages

Centralizedwastecollection

systemRuralpeopleputalltheirwastes animaldungandhumanwaste,agricultural

wastesinacentralizedcollection

place.

Thewasteismixedand

shreddedthenputinthebiogasdigesters

RawbiogasisthenpurifiedBottledandfilledincascadeofcylindersfortransportationin

ruralareas.Canbeusedfor

cookingorfillinginthevehiclecylindersfor

transport,Canbeusedforgeneratingpowerusing100%biogas

engines

Mobilebiogasupgradingunit

Upgradation unit is attached to a vehicle mounted on a trolley.This unit can cater to more than one biogas plants in a cluster.

The trolley mounted machine with the help of a vehicle can betransported to the digesters located at different locations andraw biogas is filled up in the storage vessel.

The raw biogas can be upgraded by these mobile units and canfill up CNG cylinders for storage at high pressure and transportedto the required place with ease, causing an uninterrupted supplyof upgraded biogas

Mobile biogas upgrading unit

Biogas Plant:Biogas Production 200 Nm3 day-1

A. Cost: Rs. 2 million (~ 30,000)Biogas Upgrading and Bottling System (20 m3 hour-1)

Purified Gas Quantity ~ 80 kg day-1

Purified Gas Composition CH4: 95 %, CO2: 3, H2S: < 20 ppm,Moisture: < 20 ppm

Cost of biogas upgrading system Rs. 4.5 million

Cost of biogas bottling system Rs. 0.5 million (including high pressure compressor system, cylinders for gas storage and gas dispensing system)

B. Total cost of biogas upgrading and bottling system Rs. 3.5 million (~ 75,000)

Slurry Management SystemSlurry Production ~ 1.5 tonnes (50 % solid)

C. Cost: Rs. 1million (~ 15,000) D. Other Costs : Land preparation, Civil work, High

pressure gas storage cylinders taxes, Logistic etc. Rs. 1million (~ 15,000)

Total Initial Cost of Project (A+ B+ C+D) Rs.9 million (~ 1,35,000)

Economicviabilityof200m3day1 biogasproductionand20m3 hour1 upgradingplant

Revenue: if upgraded biogas is sold as a vehicle fuelPurified Gas: as vehicle fuel (Rs. 35 kg) * (80 kg) = Rs. 2800 day-1

Slurry: (Rs. 3 kg-1) * (1500 kg) = Rs. 4500 day-1

Total Revenue Rs. 7300 day-1

E. Annual Revenue: (Rs. 7300 day-1) * (350 day) = Rs. 2.6 million (~ 39,000)

Cost of Dung (Rs. 250 tonne-1) * (5 tonnes day-1) = Rs. 1250 day-1

Annual cost of dung (Rs. 1250 day-1) * (365) = Rs. 0.45 millionAnnual cost of water and electricity Rs. 0.15 million (Annual)Annual cost of manpower Rs. 0.2 million (Annual)Annual Maintenance cost Rs. 0.15 million

F. Total Recurring cost Rs. 0.95 million (~ 14,200) Annual Profit: Rs. 1.65 million (~ 25,000) Subsidy (Power Equivalent) Rs. 1.6 millionBeneficiary Expenditure Rs. 7.4 million (~ 1,10,000) Payback Period 4.625 years

Revenue: if upgraded biogas is sold as a cooking fuelPurified Gas as cooking fuelCommercial gas cost @ 72 kg

(Rs. 70 kg-1) * (80 kg) = Rs. 5600 day-1

Slurry: (Rs. 3 kg-1) * (1500 kg) = Rs. 4500 day-1

Total Revenue Rs. 10,100 day-1

G. Annual Revenue: (Rs. 10,100 day-1) * (350 day) = Rs. 3.56 million (~ 52,000) Total Recurring cost Rs. 0.95 million (~ 14,200) Annual Profit: Rs. 2.61 million (~ 39,000) Subsidy (Power Equivalent) Rs. 1.6 millionBeneficiary Expenditure Rs. 7.4 million (~ 1,10,000) Payback Period 2.84 years

An automatic plant of 20 Nm3/Hr capacity has been developed successfully at IIT Delhi.

Desired composition of purified gas (CH4: 95% (min), H2S: 20 ppm (max) has been achieved with a consistent gas quality.

The system gives consistent quality of enriched gas as per the Indian Standards for Upgraded Biogas.

Video of Biogas Enrichment and Bottling Plant at IIT Delhi

StandardsforUpgradedBiogasinIndia(BIS)

Upgraded biogas delivered to any vehicle, stationary engine or piped network shall comply to the following standards

No. Biogas Component Percentage

1Methane (CH4) 90 %

2Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 4 %

3Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 20 ppm

4Moisture 0.02 g m-3

Conclusions

Out of several methods of biogas enrichment, waterscrubbing is found to be a simple, easy and suitable methodfor enrichment of biogas.

An indigenous technology is developed by IIT Delhi for smallsale biogas enrichment and bottling.

The designed and fabricated biogas water scrubber is able toenrich biogas with above 95% methane .

To make biogas suitable for automobile application, theenriched biogas is compressed up to 200 bar and filled inspecial high pressure cylinders (as used in CNG filling).

THANK YOU

water scrubbing based biogas enrichment technology by iit delhi Slide Number 2WHAT IS BIOGAS ?Slide Number 4COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS DEPENDS ON Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Biogas in INDIASlide Number 9TYPES OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS AND PLANTSBASIC BIOGAS PLANT DESIGNSSlide Number 12Slide Number 13Floating-drum PlantsSlide Number 15Slide Number 16Biogas plants at Ghaziabad GoshalaFixed-dome PlantsSlide Number 19Flexible - Balloon Biogas PlantsSlide Number 21Raw Biogas Upgraded BiogasSlide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Compression of BiogasRemoval of CO2 from BiogasSlide Number 30Slide Number 31DESIGN OF WATER SCRUBBING SYSTEMWater Scrubbing Method The amount of CO2 being dissolved in water is determined by1) The time of contact between biogas and with water - To increase the contact time of the gas with water, counter current mechanism is followed by making water to flow from the top to bottom and raw biogas from bottom to top.2) the pressure of the raw biogas and water . Slide Number 35Approximate Solubility of CO2 in Water Packed Bed Scrubber Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Working Pressure of the Packed Bed TowerTower PackingSlide Number 42Determination of Diameter (D) and Height (H) of the Packed Bed ColumnSlide Number 44Water Scrubbing System for Biogas Enrichment at IIT Delhi Slide Number 47Moisture Removal SetupSlide Number 49Control SystemSlide Number 51Slide Number 52Slide Number 53Slide Number 54Slide Number 55Upgraded Biogas Dispensing System at IIT DelhiDispensing upgraded biogas in vehicleEnriched Biogas Operated Three Wheeler Luggage Carrier Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61Slide Number 62ResultsSome pilot plants for biogas upgradationBiogas upgradation and bottling plant at Nasik, Maharashtra Slide Number 66Biogas Upgrading and Bottling Plant at Abhohar, Mukatsar, Punjab 1st Technology demonstration plant BGFP project Biogas Based Entrepreneurial Avenue Options in IndiaSlide Number 69Slide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Slide Number 78Standards for Upgraded Biogas in India (BIS)ConclusionsSlide Number 81Slide Number 82