water resources in the himalayas - assesment and sustanability by rd singh
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
1/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
2/57
Terai 4600m
Outer Himalaya1500- 3500m
Tibetan Plateau
4000m
Western Disturbances
Nov. March/April
SW MonsoonJune Sep
Glaciers 10%
Winter snow cover 35-50 %
Maximum monsoon precipitation at
1500 3000 m asl
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
3/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
4/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
5/57
Inaccessible & inhospitable mountainous conditions
Variation in altitude, slope, aspect, soil, and landuseHydro-meteorological characteristics change over shortdistances (say on windward and leeward sides)
Quite sparse hydrological network in various basins
Need for high density of hydrometric stations for reliableassessment of hydrological variablesIn addition, need for proper design of hydrometric
network and installation of automated telemetry stations
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
6/57
Hydrological network and database
Impact of climate change on regional water resources
Changing glacial resources
Flash floods generated from Cloudburst/GLOF
Excessive soil erosion and siltation in river flows
Conservation & management of lakes & springs
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
7/57
A number of high altitude natural lakes: Wular, Dal,
Nagin, Manasbal, Mansar, Surinsar and Sanasar etc.
These lakes are of high socio-economic importance butdeteriorating with time in quantity and qualityImportant to estimate water balance components of lakesand suggest measures for their preservation & sustenance
A large number of springs in mountainous areas whichserve as a source of water supply for nearby population
Water flows in the springs are diminishing with time. It isimportant to understand the hydrology of recharge zones
Depending on the causes of diminishing spring flows,
ameliorative measures needed to sustain spring flows
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
8/57
Water resource potential in theHimalayan river basins - India
SI. No.Name of the River
Basin
Average AnnualPotential
of the River
BCM
1. Indus (up to Border) 73
2.
a.) Ganga 525
b.) Brahmaputra,
Barak & Others585
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
9/57
Basin name Basin area,
km2
Glacier
area, km2
Glacier
area, %
Population,
106
Indus 1,139,814 20,325 1.78 211.28
Ganges 1,023,609 12,659 1.24 448.98
Brahmaputra 527,666 16,118 3.05 62.43
Himalayan River basins, Glacier cover & Population
NAP-2012
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
10/57
GANGA BASIN
Uttarakhand
Glaciers- 968
Area- 2857km2
Avg.size3.87km2
NEPAL&BHUTAN3500 Glaciers
INDUS BASIN
J&K
Indus,Nubra,Shyok,Jhelum,Gilgit
Glaciers - 5253
Area 29163 km2
Avg.size 10.24 sq.km
H.P
Chenab,Beas,RaviSatluj Rivers
Glaciers 2786
Area 4466
Avg.Size 3.35km2
BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN
ARUNACHALKamang River
Glaciers 162
Area 228km2
Avg.Size 1.41 km2
SIKKIMTista River
Glaciers 449
Area 706 km2
Avg.Size 1.59km2
Total - 13075
India- 9575 glaciers (GSI)
Distribution of Glaciers in the Indian Himalaya
Indus : 8039 Glaciers
Area : 33629km2
Ganga : 968 Glaciers
Area : 2857 km2
Brahmaputra : 611 Glaciers
Area :934km2
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
11/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
12/57
SNOW AND GLACIER MELT RUNOFF
IN DIFFERENT HIMALAYAN BASINS
Chenab River Akhnoor 49%
Satluj River Bhakra Dam 60%
(Indian part)
Ganga River Devprayag 30%
River Site Av. snow & glaciers
melt contribution to
annual flows
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
13/57
Winter Snow
regime (Alpine)
Cold-Arid regime
Summer Monsoon +
Winter snow regime
(Himalayancatchment)
Chenab Basin
24N
28N
32N
36N
72E 80E 88E 96E
Climate & Hydrology vary across the Himalayas offering diverse
challengesGlacio-Hydrological regimes of the Himalaya
Thayyen & Gergan, 2010, The Cryosphere
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
14/57
A) Alpine catchment (Indus Basin)
B) Himalayan catchment
(Ganga &Brahmaputra basins)
In winter snow dominated Alpinesystem, peak glacier runoff
contributes to other wise low flow
period of annual stream hydrograph
governed by lower precipitation in
summer. (Snow>Rain>Glacier)
Monsoon dominated Himalayan
catchment is characterized by the
peak glacier runoff contributing to
the crest of the annual streamflow hydrograph from monsoon in
July and August months.
(Rain>Snow>Glacier)
Variations in Temporal distribution of
precipitation ,glacier melt & stream
flow characterise various glacio-
hydrological regimes of the Himalaya
Thayyen & Gergan, The Cryosphere 2010
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
15/57
C) Coldarid catchment (Indus Basin)
In the cold-arid regions of the
Ladakh, characteristics are similar
to that of Alpine system with
extremely low precipitation.
(Snow>Glacier>Rain)
Thayyen & Gergan, The Cryosphere 2010
Precipitation distribution of
various glacier basins of the
Himalaya
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
16/57
Ganges & Brahmaputra, Indus (Sutlej & Beas)Indus basin
Indus basin
Precipitation variability (Snow &
Rain) from east to west & across
altitudes controls the hydrology of
mountains.
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
17/57
HYDROLOGICALMODELLING
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
18/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
19/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
20/57
Snow Melt Runoff Simulation Models
Snowmelt Module
Generates liquid water from thesnowpack that is available for runoff.
Transformation Module
Converts the liquid output at the groundsurface to runoff at the basin outlet.
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
21/57
Lumped
Whole catchment as a single unit
Distributed These models account for thespatial variability
Lumped and Distributed models can befurther classified as
Energy balance Temperature index
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
22/57
RAIN
DISTRIBUTION
OF RAIN
SNOW MELT
CONTRIBUTING
AREA
GLACIER MELT
CONTRIBUTING
AREA
GLACIER MELT + RAIN
+ RAIN MELT
SNOW MELT + RAIN
+ RAIN MELT
TOTAL GENERATED STREAM FLOW
DISTRIBUTION
OF SNOW
DIRECT SURFACE
RUN OFF FROM
SNOW COVERED AREA
DISTRIBUTION
OF TEMPERATURE
GLACIER AREASNOW COVER AREA
RAIN + RAIN MELT
INFILTRATION
ACCOUNTING
OF LOSSES
INFILTRATION INFILTRATION
ROUTING
BASEFLOW
Flow chart of the snowmelt model (SNOWMOD)
PRECIPITATION
FORM OF
PRECIPITATIONSNOW
ACCOUNTING
OF LOSSES
ACCOUNTING
OF LOSSESDIRECT SURFACE
RUN OFF FROM
GLACIER AREA
DIRECT SURFACE
RUN OFF FROM SNOW
GLCIER FREE AREA
RAIN OVER SNOW AND
GACIER FREE AREA
TEMPERATURE
ROUTINGROUTING ROUTING
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
23/57
Division of a basin into elevation zones
Processing of meteorological data
temperature distribution
precipitation distribution
Form of precipitation
Depletion of snow covered area
Glacier extent and its exposing trends
Rain-induced melt
Accounting of losses
Routing of surface and subsurface flow
MODELLING OF SNOW AND GLACIERMELT RUNOFF
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
24/57
Elevation of the study area varies from ~ 305 m to 7500m.
Mean elevation of the basin is about 3600 m.s.l.
Total catchment area up to Akhnoor is 22,200 sq km
Total Number of Glaciers is 989.
Glacierized Area is 2280 sq km.
Case study of Chenab Basin
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
25/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
26/57
A comparison of observed and simulated discharge of the Chenab River at Salal Dam for the calibration
period (1996/1997 to 1998/1999).
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Disc
harge(m3/s)
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S
1996 1997 1998 1999
Observed discharge
Simulated discharge
Rainfall runoff
Melt runoff
Baseflow
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
27/57
Model efficiency for the calibration period
(1996/1997, 1997/1998 and 1998/1999)
Period R2 Volume
difference (%)
1996/1997 0.87 7.07
1997/1998 0.94 0.98
1998/1999 0.86 9.91
1996/1997 to1998/1999
0.91 2.48
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
28/57
A comparison of observed and simulated discharge of the Chenab River at Salal Dam for the vaidation period
(1999/2000 to 2001/2002).
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Disch
arge(m3/s)
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S
1999 2000 2001 2002
Observed discharge
Simulated discharge
Rainfall runoff
Melt runoff
Baseflow
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
29/57
Model efficiency for the validation period
(1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002)
Period R2 Volume
difference(%)
1999/2000 0.91 1.732000/2001 0.90 7.97
2001/2002 0.91 3.95
1999/2000 to
2001/2002
0.92 6.6
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
30/57
GAUGING
SITEPAKISTAN
CHINA
BAY
OF
BENGAL
Figure: Location map of Gangotri Glacier
Case study of Gangotri Glacier
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
31/57
DATALOGGER
AIR TEMPERATURE & RELEVENT HUMIDITY SENSOR
BAROMECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR
WIND SPEED &DIRECTION SENSOR
ALBEDOMETER
ULTRASONIC SNOW DEPTH
NET PYRANOMETER
TIPPING BUCKET RAIN GAUGE
INFRA RED SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Installation of AWS at Gangotri Glacier
250Observed flow2005
200Observed flow
Si l t d ff
2006
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
32/57
Days
0
50
100
150
200
Discharge(m3/s)
Simulated runoff
Snowmelt runoff
Rainfall runoff
Baseflow
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.Days
0
40
80
120
160
Discharge(m3/s)
Simulated runoff
Snowmelt runoff
Rainfall runoff
Baseflow
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Days
0
40
80
120
160
Dischar
ge(m3/s)
Observed flow
Simulated runoff
Snowmelt runoff
Rainfall runoff
Baseflow
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
2007
Different components of simulated runoff for summer season (2005-2007) for the Gangotri Glacier.
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
33/57
Percentage difference in volume, model efficiency and
contributions of rainfall, snow & glaciel melt and base flow
computed by the model.
Year Model Percentage
Diff. in
Vol.
Model
efficiency (%)
Rain
(%)
Snow
(%)
Base flow
(%)
2005 Snowmod -4.01 90 4.00 85.10 10.90
2006 Snowmod -1.61 95 2.06 86.34 11.60
2007 Snowmod 0.29 93 1.30 86.39 12.31
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
34/57
Impact ofClimateChange
Temperatureincrease
Change inMonsoonPattern
Increase inRain FallIntensity
Decrease inNo. of Rainy
Days
Decrease inSnow Fall
Increase inGlacierretreat
Increase inEvaporation
rate
Change inRunoffPattern
Change in
Ground waterRecharge
Increase inExtremeEvents
Sea LevelRise
Change inwater quality
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
35/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
36/57
Chhatru (Chenab)
Batal (Chenab)
Beaskund-2 (Beas)Beaskund-1 (Beas)
Volume - 49%
Area - 43%Recession 7.5 m/yr
Volume -7%
Area - 5%
Recession 26 m/yr
Volume -26%
Area - 22%
Recession 54m/yr
Volume - 48%
Area - 41%Recession 2 m/yr
1980
2006
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
37/57
Phutse glacier
Khardug glacier
Nangtse glacier
Unnamed vanished glacier
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
38/57
Region Area Change %
Alaknanda basin (1968-2006) -5.72%
Bhagirathi basin (1968-
2006)
-3.32%
Region Elevation
Range
Area
Change
%
Ladakh Range
(1973-2007)
5200- 5800 m
a.s.l.
-14.7
Kashmir &
Drass(1976-2006)
3600 5100 m
a.s.l.-14.0
Bambri et al
2011
Glacier Change in the Himalaya
NIH Study,
2010
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
39/57
SAC ,Ahmedabad
1962 2004
Area-class
(km2)
Number Area
(km2)
Area
(km2)
Area
Change
(%)10 25 635 559 -12
Total 359 1414 1110 -21
Glacier change - Chenab basin
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
40/57
Bhutiyani et al 2007
Variation of mean annual maximum (a), minimum (b) and mean
temperature (c) (STI values) in the northwestern Himalaya in the last
century. (Tmax=mean maximum temperature, Tmin=mean minimum
temperature, Tavg=mean annual temperature, Y=time in years)
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
41/57
Decade-to-decade change in annual mean maximum, mean minimum and average
air temperatures (in C/year) in the last century. Positive (negative) values indicate
increasing (decreasing) temperatures. a Mean maximum b mean minimum c
annual average
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
42/57
Increase in
diurnal
temperaturerange Western
Himalaya
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
43/57
Seasonwise decade-to-decade rates of
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
44/57
increase/decrease in standardized precipitation and
temperature indices (SPI and STI) in the NWH.(a) Winter, (b) Monsoon and (c) Annual.
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
45/57
Satluj ChenabBeas
Varying trend in discharge of some Himalayan Rivers suggesting
non-uniform response of Himalayan rivers in various hydrological
regimes
Source: Bhutiyani et al
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
46/57
L h l db t I t
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
47/57
Leh cloudburst Impact areas
Thayyen et al 2012
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
48/57
Cloudbursts and Flash floods in the Himalayas
Leh August 4 6 2010
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
49/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
50/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
51/57
Site of GLOF washed out bridge
Site of GLOF washed out Road
Pond
sites
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
52/57
Road washed off Flood mark on the banks of lake
Washed of Culvert enroute to Pangong Lake
S.No Basin No of Glacial Lakes
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
53/57
1. Tons 12
2. Yamuna 8
3. Bhagirathi 30
4. Bhilangana 2
5. Mandakini 10
6. Alaknanda 43
7. Pinder 1
8. Goriganga 10
9. Dhauliganga 7
10. Kutiyangi 4
11. Beas 59
12. Chenab 33
13. Satluj 40
14. Ravi 17
15. Taklinga 7
16. Teesta 266
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
54/57
Projecting Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology
Climate Change Projections
(precipitation, temperature,
radiation, humidity)
Topography, Land-
use Patterns; soil
characteristics;
Hydrologic Model
Possible Future Hydrologic
Scenarios on Basin Scale
(Streamflow, Evapotranspiration, Soil
Moisture, Infiltration, Groundwater
Downscaling
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
55/57
Sustainability issues of Himalayan water
resources
Need to characterise the glaciers of different regions in Himalayas. Cotribution ofrainfall, snow melt, glacier melt and base flow to the stream flow may be estimatedfor different temporal and spatial scales using hydrologic modelling approach.
Climate change and its impact on these flow contributions are required to bescientifically investigated and adaptation strategies are suitably evolved forsustainability of flows in river system.
Lakes in the Himalayas are main source of drinking water and recreation in manyareas. For sustainability , lake water balance and lake water quality studies need tobe carried.
In many areas spring flows are drying. Scientific studies are required to investigatethe reasons for this phenomena. Suitable recharge zones need to be identifiedand springs are required to be rejuvenated through artificial recharge wherever it isfeasible. It would provide sustainability of spring flows in the long term.
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
56/57
-
8/13/2019 Water Resources in the Himalayas - Assesment and Sustanability by RD Singh
57/57
Glacier and snow-melt have major contribution to theriver flows in the region. It is necessary to characterizethe glaciers in different climatological regions of the basin
To develop adaptation strategies to cope up with the likelyclimate change impacts, it is important to carry out
hydrological modeling studies for different basins withprobable climate change scenarios
In view of the enormous hydropower potential in thebasin, plan should be developed to generate maximum
hydropower from the available resources
Sedimentation being a major concern for development ofnew projects, watershed prioritization measures may beadopted to control sediment generation & movement