water resource management

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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WATERRESOURCEMANAGEMENT

Sr. No

NAMES CLASS/DIV ROLL NO.

1. ROHAN MOHITE

F.Y.B.M.S./B 65

2. TEJAS KORDE

F.Y.B.M.S./B 109

3. MANGESH BAIRAGI

F.Y.B.M.S./B 74

4. VISHAL KHEDKAR

F.Y.B.M.S./B 106

5. SACHIN AUTADE

F.Y.B.M.S./B 105


CERTIFICATE

MR. ROHAN MOHITE, ROLL NO.-65,MR.TEJAS KORDE, ROLL NO.-109,MR.MANGESH BAIRAGI, ROLL NO.-74,MR.VISHAL KHEDKAR, ROLL NO.-106,MR.SACIN AUTADE, ROLL NO.-105,

of BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, SEMISTER SECOND, have undertaken and completed the project work titled “WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” during the academic year 2011 – 2012 under the guidance of PROF. SANDHYA THAKKAR .This is a bonafide project work and the information presented in it is true and original to the best of our knowledge and belief.

PROJECT GUIDE PROF. SANDHYA THAKKAR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT is a result of co-operation, hard work and good wishes of many people. We would like to thank our project guide Prof. Sandhya Thakkar for her involvement in our project work and timely assessment that provided us inspiration and valued guidance throughout our study.

We are highly indebted to Dr. Mrs. Shakuntala A. Singh, Principal K.G. Joshi College of Arts & N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce, for giving us an opportunity to do a project. We would like to thank Prof. Mr.D.M. Murdeshwar, course co-ordinator, for his friendly guidance and constant encouragement.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents, our teachers of K.G. Joshi College of Arts & N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce, the library staff and our college friends whose co-operation, encouragement and efforts have helped us in giving the final shape and structure to the project.

Our thanks and appreciations also go to our college mates and to all those people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.

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INDEX

SR. NO.

TOPICS REMARKS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DESCRIPTION

3. CONCLUSION

4. WEBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION-.1.” Water resource management is the control of water usage and also the quality of water. Many cities have departments that will test the quality of water at treatment plants.”

Water is a unique substance. It is one of the few materials on the Earth that exists naturally as a solid, liquid or gas. It is not possible for life on earth to exist without water. Scientists estimate that there are over one billion cubic kilometers of water on this earth, which covers nearly three fourth of the earth's surface. Though this seems an extremely huge amount, in actual fact, less than one percent is fresh and usable and is found in lakes, ponds, rivers and groundwater. Of the remaining, ninety seven percent is found in oceans and two percent is locked up in glaciers and ice-caps. From a global viewpoint, fresh water is abundant and the volume of fresh water renewed by the hydrological cycle between the oceans, the atmosphere, the sun and the land is more than enough to meet the needs of five to ten times existing world population.

Globally fresh water fond is 35 million km^3 & only 105 thousand km^3 is accessible.

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Water quality monitoring is not yet developed in some countries, in other it is in decline. The quality of water available for drinking is posing a serious threat to the existence of life. Degradation of water quality is a consequence (result) of human activities, land use practices and economic development. Land use practices affect the quality of water in our streams, lakes, ground water and ultimately the marine environment. Experience has shown that it is within our ability to slow and reverse water quality degradation, to improve human health and ecosystem integrity by nations putting forward a concerted effort. To accomplish this, aggressive, positive and timely policies and actions are needed. The world has a moral obligation to ensure that future generations inherit a world with clean water and healthy environment. So there is a significant need for Water Resource Management.

Water Resources Management is a very important issue with regard to the conservation and the protection of water. Water demand management is meant to manage the available water resources wisely and to deliver the necessary amount for sustainable development. In these include environmental conservation with inter and intra generation equity in mind while any policy of conservation is formulated.

Water Resources Management is an international, multidisciplinary forum for the publication of original contributions and the exchange of knowledge and experience on the management of water resources. In particular, the journal publishes contributions on water resources assessment, development, conservation and control, emphasizing policies and strategies. Contributions examine planning and design of

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water resource systems, andoperation, maintenance and administration of water resource systems.

Coverage extends to these closely related topics: water demand and consumption; applied surface and groundwater hydrology; water management techniques; simulation and modeling of water resource systems; forecasting and control of quantity and quality of water; economic and social aspects of water use; legislation and water resources protection.Water Resources Management is supported scientifically by the European Water Resources Association, a scientific and technical nonprofit-making European association.

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

In pre-British India water management was essentially a local matter and was in the hands of the community. This changed with the arrival of the British period and of modernity. Control over water resources passed from the hands of the community into those of the state. While ownership of natural resources was claimed by the state, management passed into the hands of engineers and bureaucrats. The induction to western engineering ushered in the era of large dams and there was a concomitant decline of traditional forms of small scale, local, community-managed systems of

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water harvesting and management. These new projects became symbols of development.

Government initiatives for water resource management are outlined in National Water Policy, 1987, National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992, and Policy Statement for Abatement Pollution, 1992. The strategy and policy statement prescribe command and control, technological zoning, fiscal incentives and use of economic instruments as mechanisms for of water pollution control. The present approach to control water pollution in India is to use regularity instruments along with systems for monitoring the prescribed standards to achieve the government's policy goals. This standards for ambient and point source discharges are set by various acts of the government. Compliance is mandatory and provisions for penalties are made in the acts. These are monitored by the central and state pollution control boards. A legal framework and occasionally fiscal incentive schemes for implementation and compliance of the standards support the regulatory approach. The Constitution of India provides for the right to life, which is a fundamental right under Art. 21 and has been interpreted by the courts to also include the right to pureair and water. Citizens may also fight against polluted water under s. 277 of the IPC

which deals with fouling water or water bodies. The causing any Public nuisance, and the power of the Executive magistrate under sec. 133 of Cr. P.C is one which

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would bring seedy relief from any fouling of the water. The more pollution is the Water [Prevention and Control of Pollution] Act, 1974. This Act is meant to curb the various kinds of pollution ranging from domestic to industrial pollution. Violations

under this Act are more severe, recent legislation on water. Another legislation dealing with the aspect of purity of water is parts X-B and XI-A of the Merchant Shipping Act, inserted by the Amending Act of 1983 dealing with every aspect of marine pollution. There are several judicial decisions which have affected the issues of water rights.

Water resource mana gement by Community: the evolution of Pani Panchayat- Pani Panchayat in Ma ha rashtra The term 'Pani Panchayat' actually refers to the mobilization of groups of farmers for the formulation and implementation of community irrigation projects. The term was first coined to denote the five member committee that was formed to oversee the first lift irrigation project set up by the Gram Gourav Pratishthan [GGP]. Today the term symbolizes the principles of equitable distribution of water.

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Need for Water Resource Management.- Water is a limited resource. The amount of freshwater available to mankind and nature is limited. Only saltwater resources are abundantly available, but even the quality of these resources is under stress as well. Agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of freshwater consumption. Efficiency is often far below 50%, mainly due to conveyance losses in inefficient irrigation systems. Only 12% of freshwater is used to provide drinking water to the growing world population. Less than 50% of the world population has access to potable water from safe sources. More than 50% of all piped water is wasted as a result of leaking pipes. The provision of high quality drinking water requires treatment depending on the source as well as effective demand of the end-users. Only 20% of the potable water used in industrialized countries is required for drinking, food preparation and hygienic purposes. The rest is consumed in activities for which a lower quality would be sufficient. The reduction of water wastage could greatly enhance accessibility of freshwater. Freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive like all commodities. Providing water to small and large consumers and communities has a price.Climate change is affecting the spatial and temporal availability of water resources, there being either too little, too much, or too dirty water (Kundzewicz, 2007). More developed countries can afford to pay the higher cost for water. However, in rural and

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Urban Africa it is not the inability of people to pay for the full cost of drinking water, but rather the lack of capital to invest into efficient water infrastructure. The poorest of the poor often pay more for drinking water of limited quality than the rich – in the same city. They pay even more than people in the rich North who receive piped water of high quality 24 hours a day in their apartment. Better cost recovery will not redress this, more public investment might.Decentralization may also help improve the quality of water supply: Germ investment might.Decentralization may also help improve the quality of water supply: Germany has more than 5000 water companies, of which 1/3 is public, 1/3 is private, and 1/3 is owned by water users associations. In developing countries such as Kenya, the urban poor have probably no more than two hours of drinking water per day, and then still the bucket needs to be carried home over an average distance of about 100 m.

Advantages of water Resource Management-(Live example with details)

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Comprehensive Water resource management brings widespread benefits to Tamil Nadu. Challenge: Tamil Nadu is a water short state, with limited potential for further water

resource exploitation. Its ability to meet rapidly growing water demands in a sustainable

manner is contingent on managing the challenge of allocating water across sectors and

within sectors. At the time of project preparation, the state lacked the institutional

apparatus to support comprehensive multi-sectoral water planning and management.

Irrigation constituted over 75% of total water use, but system performance was

disappoint- ing resulting in inequitable supplies and significant waste. This affected

access to water not only within poor agriculture-dependent communities and but also

within other sectors vying for limited water supplies. Groundwater extraction rates were

beyond safe yields in several parts of the state, leading to contamination from salt water

intrusion. Other water quality issues with associated health consequences were

pervasive, primarily due to untreated industrial effluents and sewage.

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ApproachThe project’s primary objectives were to support water resources planning on a river

basin basis and across all uses of water; to improve institutional and technical capability

for managing the state’s water resources; to improve agricultural productivity through

modernization and completion of irrigation systems; to upgrade water management and

farmer participation; and to assure sustainability of water infrastructure and the

environment.

ResultsSubstantial institutional restructuring and development occurred to enhance multi- sectoral

water management on a river basin basis. Environmental considerations were mainstreamed

into water planning and management. Significant agricultural productivity and income gains

were registered through improved water use, supported by irrigation system improvements

and farmer participation in newly

formed water users associations.

Highlights• The State Water Policy was updated in accordance with the National Water Policy and a

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State Water Plan was prepared.

• A Water Resources Organization was formed as an independent organization, responsible for multi- sectoral water management and structured on river basin lines. This included the establishment of new decentralized field management under basin managers. A framework water resources plan and five detailed river basin plans were completed.Two River Basin Organizations were created, the first of their kind in South Asia.

• A State environmental planning framework was developed and environmental units were

created in several agencies. Environmental and social assessments and environmental action

plans were produced for all major river basins. A water and soil monitoring program was

operated, with over 400 sampling locations across multiple basins.

• An inventory of about 3.3 million wells throughout the State was completed. The Tamil

Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act was passed.

• The Tamil Nadu Farmers’ Management of Irrigation Systems Act was passed. 1566

water users associations were formed—covering an area over 630,000 ha—and given

responsibility for the O&M of canals serving less than 700 ha.

Training was given to tens of thousands of farmers.

• One catchment with depleted cover in a sub-basin of the Cauvery was restored.There were dramatic increases in yields, by over 40% for some crops. Scheme improvements

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converted almost 218,000 ha irrigation and created over 73,000 ha of new irrigated area, directly benefiting 3.2 million people. Scheme completions increased irrigated area by about 60,260 ha and improved irrigation on about 95,300 ha, directly benefiting over 87,000 people.• One catchment with depleted cover in a sub-basin of the Cauvery was restored.

What constitutes the 'enabling envi r onment' for water r esou r ces management ?

First of the entire right attitude: government as an enabler, rather than a top-down manager.Gove r nments:

1.) National water policies enact water resources legislation2.) Ensure separation of regulating and service provision functions encourage and regulate the private sector3.) Encourage dialogue with neighbouring countries.

What a r e the app r opriate institutional r oles ? First of all organizations and agencies at all levels and across sectors are participating and talking to each other.How?-

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1.) By anchoring the coordination at the highest apex level,

2.) By creating coordination bodies at the river basin level,3.) By devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level and By developing human and institutional capacity.

D e c e n t r a l i z e d W a t e r R e s o u r c e s M an a g e m en t

Water resources management has traditionally been approached in a centralized, hierarchical manner. Many constitutions, legal frameworks, policies and strategies still recognize IWRM in this way. However, with increasing water scarcity and competition among different water users, it has recently been suggested that WRM needs to combine both a top-down with a bottom-up approach. This involves a combination of actions and responsibilities at the central level and others at the local level. Decentralization of some WRM responsibilities to the local governments is therefore imperative. But in order for such decentralized management to be effective local communities need to be empowered and educated on WRM.The setting up of local committees helps in raising awareness in the local areas of the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders in water resources management, thus developing ownership for WRM. The committees were then made responsible for the

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compensation to the local population due to the installation of power lines linked to hydropower infrastructure. Since then, as the institutions have gradually become stronger, they have been involved in the preparation of local WRM plans and the implementation of programs. With further strengthening and capacity building, their responsibilities will grow with the long-term goal of transitioning to relatively self-sufficient organizations.

WATER RESOURCE DEPARTMENTATION AS HOW IT IS

MANAGED .

Green water, blue water, grey water…0.1%

Products

Domestic

ExportVirtual

100%

Blue

Green Rivers lakes aquifers

Soil Withdrawals•Domestic•industry

Irrig

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ation

Returns•wast

ewater•surplus

Rive

rs

36%

Water Ocean

Moisture Transpiration

Food

6.5%

Domestic

ExportVirtualWater

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HEALTH BENEFITS OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Water supply and health Adequate quantities of safe water for consumption

Lack of improved domestic water supply leads to and its use to promote hygiene are complementary

disease through two principal transmission routes measures for protecting health. The quantity of water

People use depends upon their ease of access to it. If

• Waterborne disease transmission occurs by drinking water is available through a house or yard connection

contaminated water. This has taken place in many people will use large quantities for hygiene, but

dramatic outbreaks of faecal–oral diseases such as consumption drops significantly when water must be

cholera and typhoid. Outbreaks of waterborne disease carried for more than a few minutes from a source to

continue to occur across the developed and develop- the household (9).

ing world. Evidence suggests that waterborne disease

contributes to background rates of disease not Sanitation and health

detected as outbreaks. The waterborne diseases Sanitation facilities interrupt the transmission of

include those transmitted by the faecal–oral route much faecal–oral disease at its most important source

(including diarrhoea, typhoid, viral hepatitis A, cholera, by preventing human faecal contamination of water and

dysentery) and dracunculiasis. International efforts soil. Epidemiological evidence suggests that sanitation

focus on the permanent eradication of dracunculiasis is at least as effective in preventing disease as

(Guinea worm disease). Improved water supply. Often, however, it involves major

• Water-washed disease occurs when there is a lack behavioural changes and significant household cost.

Of sufficient quantities of water for washing and per- Sanitation is likely to be particularly effective in

sonal hygiene. When there is not enough water, peo- controlling worm infections. Adults often think of

ple. sanitation in adult terms, but the safe disposal of

Cannot keep their hands, bodies and domestic children’s faeces is of critical importance. Children are

environments clean and hygienic. Without enough the main victims of diarrhoea and other faecal–oral

water, skin and eye infections (including trachoma) disease, and also the most likely source of infection.

Are easily spread, as are the faecal–oral diseases. Child-friendly toilets, and the development of effective

• Diarrhoea is the most important public health prob- school sanitation programmes, are important and

lem affected by water and sanitation and can be both popular strategies for promoting the demand for

waterborne and water-washed. Sanitation facilities and enhancing their impact.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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• Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each to trachoma, Esrey et al. 4 found that providing

year cause 2.2 million deaths, mostly among adequate quantities of water reduced the median

children under the age of five. This is equivalent infection rate by 25%.

To one child dying every 15 seconds, or 20 jumbo jets • 200 million people in the world are infected with

crashing every day. These deaths represent approxi- schistosomiasis, of which 20 million suffer severe

mately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five consequences. The disease is still found in 74

In developing countries. Water, sanitation, and countries of the world. Esrey et al., in reviewing

hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoeal disease on epidemiological studies, found a median 77%

average by between one-quarter and one-third. reduction from well-designed water and sanitation

• Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the population interventions.

Of the developing world. These can be controlled • Arsenic in drinking water is a major public health

through better sanitation, hygiene and water supply threat. According to data from about 25 000 tests on.

Intestinal parasitic infections can lead to wells in Bangladesh, 20% have high levels of arsenic

malnutrition, anaemia and retarded growth, (above 0.05 mg/l). These wells were not, however,

depending upon the severity of the infection. selected at random and may not reflect the true

• It is estimated that 6 million people are blind from percentage.. Many people are working hard in

trachoma and the population at risk from this Bangladesh, West Bengal and other affected areas

disease is approximately 500 million. Considering the to understand the problem and identify the solution.

more rigorous epidemiological studies linking water

MULTIPLE CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA) IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (WRM)

Abstract Multiple criteria analysis (MCA) is a framework for ranking or scoring the overall performance of decision options against multiple objectives. The approach has widespread and growing application in the field of water resource management. Water resource management decisions are typically guided by multiple objectives measured in different units. Multiple criteria analysis (MCA) represents a body of techniques potentially capable of improving the transparency, auditability and analytic rigour of these decisions. The MCA framework ranks or scores the performance of alternative decision options against multiple criteria which are typically measured in different units.

In the study of MCA applications in WRM eight types of MCA application in water resource management were identified:

1. Catchment management. This involves applications of MCA to problems of whole catchment management, which are often concerned with land use and land management patterns. An example of this application can be drawn from Chang et al. (1997) where MCA methods are employed to evaluate land management strategies within a catchment in Tweng–Wen reservoir watershed in Taiwan. Land use within the catchment is guided by economic and environmental objectives.2. Ground water management. These studies use MCA

specifically for the management of groundwater, often to

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determine the best ways of remediation of contaminated groundwater supplies. It is illustrated by Almasri and Kaluarachchi (2005) who use MCA to evaluate options for managing nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Sumas–Blaine aquifer in Washington State, US.

3. Infrastructure selection. These studies are concerned with choosing major water infrastructure supply options for a city or region. Most involve urban water supply. An example comes from Eder et al. (1997) who use MCA techniques to evaluate 12 water supply infrastructure options for the Austrian part of the Danube River. The options involve major infrastructure such as hydroelectric power schemes.

4. Project appraisal. These studies use MCA to rank or score a set of water management projects which often involve some form of water condition restoration activity. For example, Al-Rashdan et al. (1999) use MCA to prioritize a set of projects aimed to improve the environmental quality of the Jordan River.

5. Water allocation. These applications involve decisions about how much of a limited water resource is allocated to competing uses. An example comes from Agrell et al. (1998) who use MCA to inform water release decisions from the Shellmouth Reservoir in south-west Manitoba, Canada. Water release aims to deliver on multiple social, economic and environmental uses.

6. Water policy and supply planning. This involves the evaluation of policy options (e.g., levies, legislation, awareness raising) and longer term strategic planning for a region’s water supply. An example comes from Joubert et

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al. (2003) where MCA is used to evaluate water demand and supply management policies in Cape Town, South Africa.

7. Water quality management. These papers involved an application of MCA primarily involving the evaluation of options aimed specifically at improving water quality (as opposed to supply). They often involve human and ecosystem health objectives. An example comes from Lee and Chang (2005) where MCA is used to develop a water quality management plan for the Tou–Chen River Basin in northern Taiwan.

8. Marine protected area management.5 This involves the use of MCA to manage nearshore marine environments. One such study by Fernandes et al. (1999) uses MCA to evaluate coral reef management options in the Caribbean.]

An additional category was termed ‘method papers.’ These papers explored MCAmethods for water management on a theoretical level. So MCA is an application/technique involved in water resource management.

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Water Resource Management tools

What a r e the practical 'management instruments'?Water managers need practical ‘tool boxes’ in order to work.

I) Water r esou r ces assessment

1.) Data collection networks and assessment techniques

2.)Environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques

3.) Risk management tools, for instance for floods and droughts.

II) Communication and information :

1.) Raise awareness - a 'water movement' informed

stakeholder participation.

III) Allocation and conflict resolution :

1.) Allocation through market instruments

2.) Allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits

3.)Tools for conflict resolution: upstream versus

downstream, sector versus sector, human versus nature.

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IV) Regulatory instruments (3 types):

1.) Direct controls - regulations, rights, standards, land use

plans utility regulation, etc

2.) Economic instruments - prices, tariffs, subsidies,

incentives, fees, charges, markets, taxes, etc

V) Basic Principles:

1.) user-pays principle polluter-pays principle.

Subsidise the good, tax the bad. 2.) Encouraged self-regulation: transparent

. benchmarking, product labeling, etc.

3.) Technology:

1.) Research and development technology assessment

. 2.) Guidelines technology choice guidelines

And last but not least: 4.) Financing:

1.) Investment in IWRM - by users, governments, private . sectors and donors.

2.) Banks – provides high returns to society...

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WATER RESOURCE POLICY -IN INDIA- A comprehensive policy on water is necessary on the face of a growing number of social, economic and environmental issues surrounding water resources for proper water resource management in India. In 1987, the National Water Resources Council adopted the National Water Policy (NWP) and submitted the document to Parliament for implementation. The NWP is the primary document stating the position of the Government of India (GOI) on water resource issues, ranging from drought and flood management to drinking water provisions.

In essence, the policy serves as a guideline to help planners and managers develop the country's water resources to its maximum potential. But the adoption of the policy is also a step-forward for the government in terms of promoting the sustainable management of the country's water resources.

Water conservation by dams and their utilization :

(A type of WRM)

Dams as means of storing large quantities of water have been constructed for the past more than a century in different parts of the worked. During the 20thcentury, a very large number of damswerebuilt in the USA, China, Russia, India, Europe and other parts of the world. Many of these were multi-

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purpose projects providing irrigation, hydropower, flood control and other benefits to the society. The vast network of irrigation canals in India provided a security against severe water shortages and famines of the past. Coupled with the adaptation of modem farming practices with high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers etc., a sort of Green Revolution took place in the irrigated areas of the country and sustained food production with the population growth. Hydropower provided a significant part of power requirements in Europe, USA and India. Drinking water requirements for several large cities and parts of rural areas were also met by these newly created storages. Large dam projects like the Bhakra, Nagarjunasagar, Tungabhadra, Hirakud, and Beas. Ramganga, Sharavathi and hundreds of other medium irrigation projects provided the immediate requirements of water and power in the early decades of the country's independence. The Bhakra and the Nagarjunasagar have performed specially well and supported the increase in agricultural production over a vast area. In south India, the dams built on the Cauvery River in the early part of this century have sustained agricultural production (specially rice) for more than half a century and these structures (Krishnarajasagar and Mettur Dams) are revered by the farmers and the people of this area.

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In south India, hydropower from storage dams has been the main stay of the power requirements of the states of Karnataka and Kerala for the last several decades.

Policies needed for the future- (FOR WRM)

All mega-dam projects should be thoroughly examined for cost benefits by independent authorities and feasibility of satisfactory rehabilitation of those affected and feasibility of mitigation of environmental impacts. If after all the studies the project appears to be feasible, it should be split up into several stages so that the benefits to the community start accruing with a minimum of investment. If during the stage-wise execution of the project, any of the environmental or rehabilitation aspects cannot be resolved satisfactorily to all concerned; the project needs to be reviewed before proceeding further. It is also necessary that those getting affected by the project should be made stakeholders not only in the execution of the project but also in their | management all through the operational life of the project Part of the benefits from the project should accrue to the affected people on a continuous basis throughout the life of the project.

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A PRACTICAL WAY LAID DOWN IN DUBLIN FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-

AS TO HOW WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE? The Dublin principles show the way for Water Resource ManagementThe Dublin principles aim at wise water management with focus on poverty.

Four simple, yet powerful messages were provided in DUBLIN. They were the basis for the Rio Agenda 21 and for the millennium Vision-to-Action.

The four principles are:

1.) Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment i.e. One resource, to be holistically managed.

2.) Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach; involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels i.e. manage water with people - and close to people.

3.) Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water i.e. involve women all the way!

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4.)Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good i.e. having ensured basic human needs, allocate water to its highest value and move towards full cost pricing to encourage rational use and recover costs.Poor water management hurts the poor most.

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CASE STUDIES -

Managin g the W hol e W a t e r C y cle

The consequence of focusing on surface water and neglecting groundwater is shown by the perverse outcome from the cap on surface water use in Australia’s Murray-Darling basin. During the 1980s and 1990s, water abstractions grew rapidly in the Murray-Darling basin primarily to service the growth of irrigated crops. Because of concerns about the damage being done to the aquatic environment, in 1995 a cap was placed on further abstractions from surface waters beyond the abstractions that were diverted in the 1993–94 year.

While the cap has (with a few exceptions) been adhered to and surface water abstractions have remained steady at about 11,200 gigaliters a year, there has been a dramatic increase in groundwater use within the basin. Groundwater licenses have been issued that could allow the extraction of 3,261 gigaliters a year, around 34 percent of the surface water allocation. An estimated 186 gigaliters a year

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of stream flow have already been captured due to the growth in groundwater extraction from the introduction. The cap until 1999/2000 because of the connectivity between surface water and groundwater. This figure will grow as abstractions from less directly connected groundwater systems start to have an impact on rivers. A review in 2000 recommended that the surface water cap be replaced with an integrated surface water and groundwater cap that was based on the water needed for ecosystem functioning, rather than water abstraction in an arbitrary year. This recommendation has now been enacted in the2007 Water Act.

Pani Roko Abhiyan

For the first time in the last 50 years, several state governments are dealing with drought in a different ways - moving away from drought relief to drought mitigation. In Gujarat Pani Roko Abhiyan was started in the year 2001 when 23 out of 25 districts were drought hit and ground water level receded alarmingly, causing a loss of Rs. 4000 corers in agriculture to Gujarat government. Sardar Patel Participatory Water Conservation Programme. (SPPWCP) was then initiated. In the programme the 40% cost is met by villagers and 60% cost by State government. By the end of the 2000, 13,539 structures had

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been erected. The villagers contributed Rs. 200 corers from which 2500 check dams were planned. Due to the 2001 earthquake, only 800 structures could be made in this year. In Madhya Pradesh also Pani Roko Abhiyan started from Kalalhoont village of Jhabua district when it was crippled by two consecutive droughts, an NGO, Action for Social. Advancement (ASA) offered the villagers to renovate tanks with 25% contribution of villagers. ASA, villagers and State govt. accepted the challenge and turned a calamity into an opportunity. The water, which was stored, was enough to irrigate more than 61 hectares of land and additionally recharged the wells. Such initiatives were started all over M.P. M.P. government spent Rs. 316 crore while people contributed Rs. 99 crore and the scheme reached out to all the 52,000 villages in the state.

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CONCLUSION-

The current rate of population growth, combined with the growing strain on available water resources, India could well have the dubious distinction of having the largest number of water-deprived persons in the world in the next 25 years. This is the scenario if the available resources are not m a naged judiciously and w ith care .

Urbanisation and an ever-increasing population in the recent decades have contaminated water bodies, thus making them unfit for use. These, coupled with growing needs, have led to increasing dependency on ground water. Excessive tapping of ground water, through numerous boreholes, has led to a decline in the water table, whose means of replenishing itself have been greatly hampered. Eighty-five per cent of India’s urban population has access to drinking water but only 20% of the available drinking water meets health and safety standards. It is estimated that by the year 2050, half of India’s population will be living in urban areas and will face acute water

problems. Furthermore, there are serious inequities in the distribution of water. Consumption of water ranges from 16 litres per day to 3 litres per day depending on the city and the economic strata of the Indian consumer. The water in rivers is wasted as it flows into the oceans and is not properly harnessed. The debate on dams as a means of harnessing water continues to make this issue politically and environmentally sensitive. No clear ecologically stable and financially viable solution has

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emerged. Water projects can bring many positive changes to the lives of poor people and can work particularly to improve the lives of rural women, small farmers etc. Governments play and will continue to play a critical role in rural development and resource management. Governments define the legal, policy and institutional frameworks within which water resources are managed and rural economies and societies function. The concept of Pani Panchayats has come to stay, if the state functionaries fail in their duty to provide basic means of livelihood to its masses, the people will and should be encouraged to manage their own local

resources. To this end, if conservation of wetlands is left to the management of local self government institutions, this will dilute State entity and will lead to increased people participation in decision making. If every State adopts strategy to tap rain water, scarcity would be a matter, forgotten. Hence Water resource management is essential, not only in INDIA but around the globe.

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WEBLIOGRAPHY-

1.) http://www.futurewecreate.com/includes/0614Global%20Water%20Security%20PSC%2019%20Oc t%20rev1.pdf

2.) http://www.gwp.org/Global/The%20Challenge/Resource%20material/IWRM%20at%20a%20glance.pdf

3.) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/Glassessment1.pdf

4.) http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Library/Publications_and_reports/Climate_Change/PersPap_15._Water_Resources_and_Services.pdf

5.) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/Env_Flows_Water_v1.pdf

6.) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/Glassessment4.pdf

7.) http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2704gh565550mk5/fulltext.pdf

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2704gh565550mk5/fulltext.pdf

http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2704gh565550mk5/fulltext.pdf

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/Glassessment4.pdf


http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/Env_Flows_Water_v1.pdf

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/Env_Flows_Water_v1.pdf

http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Library/Publications_and_reports/Climate_Change/PersPap_15._Water_Resources_and_Services.pdf





http://www.gwp.org/Global/The%20Challenge/Resource%20material/IWRM%20at%20a%20glance.pdf

http://www.gwp.org/Global/The%20Challenge/Resource%20material/IWRM%20at%20a%20glance.pdf

http://www.futurewecreate.com/includes/0614Global%20Water%20Security%20PSC%2019%20Oc%20t%20rev1.pdf

http://www.futurewecreate.com/includes/0614Global%20Water%20Security%20PSC%2019%20Oc%20t%20rev1.pdf

8.) http://www.nlsenlaw.org/resources/essay7.pdf

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http://www.nlsenlaw.org/resources/essay7.pdf

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