water quality criteria
TRANSCRIPT
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
FOR EUROPEAN FRESHWATER FISH
Report on zinc and freshwater fish
EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
ROME, 1973
EIFAC TECHNICAL PAPER No. 2'1 EIFA-C/T21
EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSION EIFAC)
EIFAC documents are issued in four series:
EIFAC Report
Report of each session, in English and French.
EIFAC Technical Paper
Selected scientific and technical papers, including some of those contrib-uted as working documents to sessions of the Commission or its sub-commissions. Published in English and French.
EIFAC Occasional Paper
Papers of general interest to the Commission. Published in the languagesubmitted, either English or French.
EIFAC Newsletter
Notes and comments on the activities of EIFAC and its Member Nations,FAO and other organizations: a forum for the exchange of news, ideasand experience. Published in English and French.
Copies of these documents can be obtained from:
SecretaryEuropean Inland Fisheries Advisory CommissionDepartment of FisheriesFAOVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy
EIFAC Technical Paper No. 21 EIFAC/T21
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR EUROPEAS FRESHWATER FISH
FOOD A
Report on Zinc and Freshwater Fish
prepared by
European Inland Fisheries Advisory CommissionWorking Party on Water Quality Criteria
for European Freshwater Fish
ORG.1 ZATION OF THE NATIONSRome, 1973
The background of this paper is described in the Foreword to the report itself. Thepaper was prepared by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) WorkingParty on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish.The report is being issued in this series where the first eight documents of the WorkingParty were published; "Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (1):21 p., 1964; "Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries", EIFAC.Tech.Pap.,(4):24 p., 1968; "Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly onSlavonic literature", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (6)332 p., 1963; "List of literature on the effectof water temperature on fish", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (8):8 p., 1969; "Report on ammonia andinland fisheries", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (11)02 p., 1970; "Report on monohydric phenols andinland fisheries", tIFAC Tech.Pap., (15)318 p., 1972; "Report on dissolved oxygen andinland fiSheries", EIFAC Tech.Pap., (19):10 p., 1973; "Report on chlorine and freshwaterfish", (20)3/1 p., 1973.
Distribution:
FAO Department of FisheriesFAO Regional Fishery OfficersSelector ti/E only
PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMNT
Bibliogranhic Entr.z:
tIFAC. Working Party on WaterQuality Criteria for EuropeanFreshwater Fish (1973)
EIFAC Tech.Pas., (21)322 p.Water quality criteria for Europeanfreshwater fish. Report on zinc andfreshwater fish.
FAO - European Inland Fisheries AdvisoryCommission. Report of working party.Inland water - Europe. Water qualitycriteria - toxicology of zinc.Poisoning, lethal and sublethal effectson coarse fish and salmonids - eggs, fry,juveniles, adults, behaviour and spawning.Effects of other environmental factors -temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH,hardness, salinity, suspended solids,organic matters. Effeets on aquaticinvertebrates and plants. Selectedbibliography.
EIFAC T2
3.1
0:::n77:111
4. OBSER1
zinc
Page
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
44
4
555
6
6677
7
7
7
78
8899
10
4.1 Ccsed ach lzrsrLAc:f65 10
4.2 nIsh 2araT 10
4.3 nc'll 17,:,pu1cA;ion 10
FOREWORD
SUMMARY
1. ODUCTION
2 DrCT ACTION ON :=1
2.1 E.,y of d mode of action2.2 Factx:e affecting Exte1y lethal levels
TemperatureDissolvedDH valueHardnessSalinityOrganic matterSuspended rsolidzLge E.T1,1 size1.cDlimatio2 to cincInbreedingJoin action of zinc other heavy metalsJoint ac5ion of zinc other poisons
2.3 Summary of toxicity data
lethal -Fall:Pa;c;E,I7,0;14
Salmonie. fs7, j1=oi1es and adultsatf.) Coavss 2ish11?-,1st72 7e.%;:1='7, 7,:qt22
Contents (continued)
5. S Y OF DATA ON AQUATIC ThE7JATIO
5.1 Aquatic vegetation5.2 Invertebrates
Laboratory testsField observations
6. St :LY AND CONCLUSIONS
7. TTATIVE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
8. REFERENCES
EIFAC/T21
FOREIORD
This is the ninth technical paper on water quality criteria for European freshwaterfish prepared for the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (=PAC) - an inter-governmental organization with a membership of 23 countries. The Comnission has been activein its efforts to establish water quality criteria for European freshwater fish since itsSecond Session, Paris, 1962, when it took note of a recommendation of the Uhited NationsConference on Water Pollution Problems in Europe, 1961, that EIF4C take the initiative indrawing up water quality requirements with respect to fisheries110
was stated in its first eight reports on water quality criteria2/, the Commissionthat the proper management of a river systc, ", 1s that water of suitable quality
be Irovided for each use that is made or intended to be made of it and that the attainmentand maintenance of such auality is normally to be sought through the control of pollution.It was necessary, therefore, to know the standards of auality required for each particularuse in order to determine the degree of pollution control necessary and to forecast theProbable effect of augmented or neu discharges of effluents. It was pointed out that waterquality standards for drinking water had been well defined by the World Health Organization(WHO) and that standards for certain agricultural and industrial uses are also well defined.However, water quality criteria for fish have not received the attention that they deserve.All too often, ,:atc-:r has been considered quite adequate for fish as long as there has beenr?.o obvious mortality which can be ascribed to known pollutants. Degradation of the aquatichabitat through pollution pni decrease in the annual pr-duction and ' int harvest offish have often passed urroted.
With such reoning in mind, it w.:4 sz, 1,eed that the estelli: of water quality----'" rla for European freshwater fish be Jana. rtaken by the Commission. This was to bease:splished by a critical ezamination of the literature, and very possibly e:mperimentationto olear up contradictions and fill in gaps of knowledge, followed by recommendations as to
.
desirable requirements for various aquatic organisms or groups of aauatic organisms withrespec76 to the various qualities of water. The final criteria were to be published andgiven wide dissemination."
To acTlf.sh thii sorf.:. Session of the C.tnission appointed a Working Partyof exper'6s selested on he basiF2 of thsir knowledge of physical, chemical and biologicalrequinent-. of European 7 -sh,sater fish in relation to the topics to be studied.
This Working Party Fepared its first report on finely divided solids and inlandfisheries (see footnoteb) which 1.At submitted to the Commission at its Third Session,Scharfling am Hondsee, 1964, where it was unanimously approv 3 .
1/ See, respectively: EIFAC Report, Second Session, 1962, p. 21-2UN (1961) Conference on Water Pollution Problems in Etrope, held in
Geneva from 22 February to 3 March 1961Documents submitted to the Conference. Vols. I-III, United Nations,
Geneva, 600 p.
..2/ Report on Finely Divided Solids and Inland 'fisheries, EIPAC tech.Pa (1):21 p., 1964Report on treme pH Values and Inland Fisheries, ETFAC tedh.Pap., (4:18 p., 1968Report on Water Temperature and Inland Fisheries based mainly on Slavonic Literature,
EIFAC tech.Pap., (6):32 p., 1968List of Literature on the effectof- EIFAC teoh.Pap" (8):8 p.,
1969Report on Ammonia and Inland Fisheries, EIFAC tech.Pap., (1002 Del 1970Report on Honohydric Phenols and inland Fisheries, EIFAC tech.Pap., (15):18 p., 1972Report on Dissolved Oxygen and Inland Fisheries, EIFAC Tech.Pao., (19)00 p., 1973Report on Chlorine and Freshwater Fish, EIFAC Tech.Pan.,(20 :11 p., 1973
EIFAC Report, Third Session, 1964, p. 11
iv
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Corami ssion III- Fish end Pol3sated Uaserraosouxvi all the sotsrdtis o-?1.7]-7AC in theela of riater 02.2 (Phe To-r-lzins, Pasty on Tjater eri a, for EllY.'013e011 7"ra eh
trter Fish has since f1,1X.Cti cued under this07_Mi SThe Fourth Session of the Ociss,issi Bei.c1.5,--: 1966, echar tlasesiirs studisil this 7Pirst
draft of re-Tier of literati...11st-, 01"t the eff-ists c. eJer temperature on sts-..asizt conclud.edthe.,t, such a rs-v--ie°,.7 -sseassired mora the,.1 the r 01.1C,S3 o the r;',71-r.11 SSLI.0:1 17;t"-::-14
the times ileaurhile, is ssiv.gested that a ratrr report for entrstme pIJ ssalues 17.,ePrepared_ for the urs.:t Session of ED.77AG and thst e. on dissol-sad o:r.,vien 'be prepe.red
rhen fund's become ex-esi labl 771.-;1.1--xisfe c,7s..nsrri tan:ix:77d
The report on ein 1968, in tim(unanimously aupl-.:
TJ-....se Fifth Sessacs- - -
the thi. 27,71_- - -
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At its Fifth ;Session sha Commission cs,sis udies anddecid.ed to uhaertatar, en ths reshwater72'2.shas.
It also recommen to i Leld of water. coil-titian'o . 7--7.'.'10/1`..;1521=.1C.5;27-msosism or. the :17.7--761..ssr rai xstes: 77- - h in
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viii EIFAC T21
higher percentiles, in which cases more stringent standards would be appropriate. Whereother poisons are psen-% 4:_11- dissolvedoxygen concentrations are below the aaturationvalue, allowance should also be made for their contribution to the toxicity.
Table I. Ma=imum annual 95percentile con-centrations of zinc mg Zn/l)
Water hardness(mg/1 CaCO )
10
50
100
500
0.3
0.7
1.0
2.0
Coarse fisheicept minnou
Salmonids
0.03
0.2
0.3
0.5
IFAC T21
1. INTRODUCTION
Zinc is an essential trace in living organisms, being involved in nucleic acidsynthesis and occurring in many enzyu. It occurs widely in nature as the sulphide, carbo-nate and hydrated silicate ores, frequantly accompanied by other metals, mainly iron andcadmium. It is used for galvanizing, in brass and other alloys, and some of its compounds,including the oxide, Chloride, chromate, and sulphide, are widely used in other industries.Conequsatly, it can be an important pollutant from both mining and other industrialprocessas.
Background values of zinc in atu'l inland surface waters may vary from 0.001 to0.2 mg Zn/1 or even higher, e.g. O'Ccor (1968). Wastes containing zinc are often acidicand may also have a high content of copper, iron, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Zinc mayoccur in water as the free cation, as soluble zinc complexes, or be adsorbed on suspendedmatter.
Zinc wastes can have a direct toxicity to aquatic life, and fisheries can be affectedby either zinc alone, or more often together with copper and other metals.
Effects of zinc on fish have been critically reviewed, for example by Doudoroff andKatz (1953), Skidmore (1964), and Kemp et al. (1971). Rarely will references earlier than1953 be cited in this review.
2. DIRECT LETHAL ACTION ON FISH
2.1 S
Early workers reported that zinc ,alts precipitated the =CUB on the gills of ficausing them to die from suffocation, although calcium salts inhibited precipitation.However, Lloyd (1960) and Mount (1966) observed little or no precipitation of mucus of rain-bow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at low, lethal concentrations and histological examinationsf7hoed that tbe ep44;hel,a1 n ihe Ti.11 secoryiary 1Pmel1ae became swollen, separatedfrom the pillar cells El?.d finally slorshed off (Parry, in Lloyd, 1960). Skidmore (1970) andShidmore and Tovell (1972) ccuclvdsd that uuder such conditions the fish died from asphyxia,rather han osmotic an byothosis Tupported by tha Increased concentrations oflo,otic acid and 5-.-0.7_1cd co-Jc.oatraton7 of aysT.vic acid in the tissues of trout killed byhigh concentrations c; zinc (Dulton, JoneF, and Cairns, 1972). Other symptoms observed havebeen darkening in 00j.07.7 and increased suimming activity (Iffieck, 1952) and a curvature ofthe backbone in the minaow (Phominns phoniau2) after chronic emposure (Bengtsson, 1972).Vertebral damage :Te,s. found by D.E. Beigtsson (Dersona.1 communication) in adult minnow after30 days emaosura to concentrations of zinc nitrate as low as 0.2 mg Zn/1 (0.06 of the 4d
'LC50, the concentration lethal. to 50 percont of the fish at 4 days).
The tio of zinc in the gill to that in the operculum is diagnostic for death of manyLmerican cies caused by high concentrations of zinc under emmerimental conditions, theratio close to unity in controls Fnd up to 100;1 in poisoned fish; however, ratiosclose to unity ha:ve not been found in the wild among carp Cg.77_printlE aad goldfish(Carassiuc uratus) (J-:ount, i964).
Little is k-. f sublethal physiological effects, except that after six monthse::posure to 1.6-2.0 mg ZVI rudd (Scardinius erythro hthalmus) had very low levels of fatand glycogen in the liver (Ministry of Technology, 19 6; also stickleback (Gasterosteus
eatus) shou an increase in the number and acti7rity Of the 'chloride cells' of the gillsHatthiessen and Brafield, 1973
- 11toms of EripJo.o2
AC T21
(8) Ilfder gin oonstant envie. a ta. conlitions the period of survival of test batches offish increases with decrease L. c(....-tnation of zinc in solution, lines relating sur-yival time to concentration often 7eing such that there is little difference between concen-trations lethal at one day and those lethal at several days; a cue-Annear relation thusexists between the logarithm of zinc concentration and the logarithm of median neriod ofsurvival of fish. However, changes in some environmental factors can ter th) 41ape andposition of these curves, giving a series of curves which converge 'e e eTee)ie asymp-totic ('-ehreshold') concentration, or which diverge to give different threshold concentra-tions, or in some cases causing the curves to cross each other. However, the inherentvariability in response within the nopy/ation from which test batches are taken leads touncertainty as to precision and accuracy of the ,eade.ee c7 e for emample with the 5-dLC50 of Li1410 measured using batches of 10 fish, tile 95 pereent confidence limits E1T'2 oftenroughly between ::: ;0 and 20 percent, depending rpon the specee(Bal1 967)5 fusthermore,the limits are even v:icler for collos.nt:,salons coeresponding to a p.-,:y.-_,3.nta.-;? y.es-co,133 lower
than 50, as shoerii recently foz salmonias Goattl,
(a)
Lloyl (190) demonstrated that en increase in tanneratura fron 13.5 -Y.; deOreaSeeithe Euvival time of rainbo,7 front in sointiona of sino aninhafe in a hard water the 0for concantrations beteen 5 and 10 mg Zn/1 sing aba-af 2,4F '%he 5-3- L050 mg Zn 77asnot hotrever, annraciebly eater.sd. Simijar a=oerinznte illaistry of TseLnology :968iahoTred the:c flle 2-d T.050 at 2°C could bs as Mgh ae 4 Ee comtared with 2 last at 12G.aoraGue (1964) rov-oi9 ivo°' 61,ro zi end !C ?or f'f'.an':is zelar) fastedconcentrations o).' 0.6 tr, 3 DiEih iiwi SC't bu: the 9--t01050 an 5 anti5'0 -7as at leaat,0.9 and 0.6 lyig Snta rsspectivaly; la:;er ad 5, Tand 5. Slaaa7as EDZI Carzon,perecnel communication) indicatas that rhile t'aa 2-d :c5 wio -ZnA fce 8-3. ;asabout 0.i6; 0.26, and 0.6 mg Znil at the three i-..ii.T.GTSVO:N1,3 reamecti7ely0 On the other handthe effect of temDerature in tIle 1-ange 3 to i9°C is nagligible Ln water haring a hardness e320-350 mg/i as CaCO, (P.V. Hodsen and J.3, Sorague- Derronal ooanunicatlon).
Thus a reduction in tomaetafra'aeloa 15'C al=tval ofrainbou trout and aalQo lst-2,F1 eoncentretioee of s'ne aia;: esayee be lethalthreshold value zuch tha. the 7-f,. L050 Zol- salmon at 5c:1 se rea-deed to almost a quarter (i.e.tomicity is increased nearly four-fold). There is no information available on the effect oftemperature on the tomicity of zinc to coarse
(b) Dissolved
Lloyd (1960) using rainbow trout unacclimated to low dissolved omygen Prior to testingfound that the 1-d LC50 was reduced by about 30 percent by a reduction from 100 te 40 per-cent of the air-saturation value. However, when the fish were acclimated befce-±anl to thelevel of dissolved oxygen used in the tests the 1-d LC50 was similar (about 3 HT Zn/i) at9.5, 6.3, and 3.7 mg/1 dissolved oxygen, though times of suxTival at 4-12 u: ZeA wereslightly lower at the lowest concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Cairns and Scheier (1957a)studied bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and found that when the aissolved-ozygen concentra-tion was fluctuating over several hours between 9 and 3 2,0 the 96-h L050 for zinc chloridewas 8.0 u: Zn 1, and when the fluctuations were between 9 and 2 mg/1 it was 4.9 mg Zn 1.
Thus a reduction in dl.eived oxygen can reduce e LC50 of zinc for rainbow troutunacclimated to the dissolved oxygen beforehand bu e for those that e..-ea, acclimated.
(c) pH value
(13) The solubility of zinc salts in natural waters ascreases with en increase in pH valueabove about 7, thove:0 aelay in reaching eauilibrium can result in sunerscturated solutions.However, in herd water, precipitated zinc held in suspension at nH about 8 aesas',-;c) be about
2.2 Factnrs cting acutel lethal leves.
AC T2
as toz:ic to rainbow trout as zinc ions in solution (Lloyd, 1560). On the other hand,
Sprague (1964) found as increose in survival time o2 Atlantic salmon Da= in soft wateruhen the nH was inceazed from 7.1-7.5 to uhich 113 consiaerea 7as accounted Zor bythe reduced amount of zinc calculated to be in solution, Further nreliminary results
,B, Snrague and U, Zitho, personal communication) show that ths 5-a 1,050 7al11es were about
2 mg an/1 at pH 4-5.5 and 0,4 to 0.7 mg ZVI at nH values betwsen 6 EMC, 8. Hount (1966),using fathead minnow (Pimeales promelas) found that at a iven hardness ' 50, 100 or 200 mg
as CaCO3 ) the 96-h LC50 of zinc was always lower at a nH 02 about 7,6 than at 607, and, .tentaGively suggested that zinc in suspension may be more tozio than zinc in solution,
(14) Thus, no definite conclusion can be arrived at for the effect of pH on the toxicity ofEolutions.
(d)
(15) Concentrations of zinc acutely lethal to fish ara highs-, in hadshown by Jones (1938) for stickleback, Lloyd (1960) for rainbow trou,for grass carp (Ctenopharllagodon idella). Jones (1938), A2flec1: (1552
(1963), and Taba7G77707YER7gd that the addition of the calcium ionchloride) reduced the tordcity of zinc. Tabata (1969) found that Lhoions also reduced to=icity, whereas additions of potassium iOnT haa no
a natural water0
ha ifl sc,ft water asEnd '.'abats, (1969)
), Ereenivasan and Raj(as sulphate oraddition of sodivaefj:ect when added to,
( i6) Lloyd (1960) observed m ht...e concentration of zinc that -27ES lethal to rainbow .620Utin al- days in a water of total hardness 320 mg/1 as OaCO, JP.T a=onimateI7 eight-foldhigher than in water of total hardness 12 mO. ?or the-three levels f harc1.2es- Gested, 12,
50 and 320 mg/1 Ca00,, the LC50's were 0.5, 2 and 4 icc. Zn,'1, and Lloyd
and Herbert (,1962) silggested 'Ghat a Unsay relation ec-cistad bat-ceen the loalchm of L050
and -he logarithm of total hardness. acoc,n0wo-ck(J.2.e.e.L.G. ccmmunication2)tends to confinm thia in that for a, hardness of 504 mgil a,1 0FX:0,, the 4C-11 IC:50 for rainbo-::
trout :Jas 408 mq Zn/l. Ho7ever, steelhead brout (Salmo gairdnerr;') Cher,:scan: personal
com_r,unice;Gion) have recently been shown to have a.ccator se-_-1.7 than accacted frcmc'-c73s7- resyl.c- with rainbo rent. T:E,7"7, r3t.hac'climated do water of he aPT-,ropriate hardness. 1,1,vd sbc:ed trou
in scft ::ere more' sensiti,ra to sin; -coisonng in :i iwi t02-_-; rearedin hard Fater and tested following imnadiete 1:1-a:lsre to so%'t -c-as aleo 20u5ad that
the fish that had been kept in hard water had to be mPintained in scft :atar for at least5 days before they becaile as sensitive as those rearetd in soft -:;ater (see aleo para. 25
(17) Ths relation between L050 and herdn-.)as in illustrated in Fig. 1 fcc- rainbcw 'Grout, ruddand brook t;cou (Selvelinue fcninalis), the onlj other a..-')e-Si=;: 7bc_fi omparable dataare available.
Salinity
1 ) (1964) ! 48-h LC50 of zinc ' for yearlingSeinbou trout sari Atlantic salmon smolts was at a ill1MUM in 35 and 40 -oercent sea water,being* about i5 and 13 times greater he: in fresh water :Tor the two species respectively,while in 72 -oerceut sea water it wasec-:,1)ectively about 5 ami about 8 times greater. Theysuggest that maLimum resistance occurs when the water is alpro::imately isotonic (=31 percentsea water with the blood of Atiantio sal,ocr, smolts acclimated te 100' Ipercert sea water.
(j9) Eacperiments have shown that 'C_IG acat lethal effect of zinc on salmonids is reducsdwhe:n ohelating materials such es 1,TTL (nitrilotriacetie acid) and 2TDT1,_ (sthylansdiaminetetraacetic ¿cid) are added to the i:e,;er as neutral 7oH values (S7ragne, i9688.', Grande, 1967).
=7.m.:,c substances; amino acid, polypeptides and othsr soluble organic matter may complez zinc
E FAC T2
sufficiently to influence the tomicity of total ooncentreAon of i:he mstal to fish, althoughthe to:ricity of sewage effluents containin zinc could be predicted accurately f= theirtotal zinc content together 7,Tith those of other poisons present LJ.oyd and Jordan, 1964).
(g) Suspended solids
(20) The toxicity of mine water containing heavy metals is reduced when it is mixed withwastes from the flotation process, which contain high concentrations of finely ground silicaquartz or other minerals capable of adsorbing heav metals (Svenska Gruvföreningen, 1960).Also, preliminary studies with rainbow trout (ilinistry of Technology, 1971) suggest that the48-h LC50 for total concentration of zinc is increased from about 3 mg Znil to about 4 mgZn/1 with increase in concentration of either organic or inorganic suspcnded solids from 10to 400 mg/l.
(h) Age and size
Rainbow trout fry at the beginning of the free feeding stage were somewhat more vul-nerable than adult fish, while eyed eggs were the most tolerant, the 5-d LC50 being at least4 times higher than that of adults (Edwards and Bromi, 1966). Goodman (1951) found anincrease in resistance in this species between the ages of 2 and 10 weehs, but this may ha7rabeen partly attributable to their having been hatched and reared in water containing 1 mgZn/l. J.P. Goettl (personal communication) found that the 4-d LC50 was approximately 1.2and 4.5 mg Zn/1 in hard water (325 mg/1 as calcium carbonate) for fish -cleighing on average2 g and 28.3 g respectively, and 0.2 and 0.4 mg ZnA in soft water (30 mg/1 C3 calcivncarbonate) for those of 409 g and 30.5 g respectily. With Atlantic salnon, Grande (1967)obtained only a 30 percent hatcb of eggs in (he,rdness i4 mg/1 as calciun ca-bc-mate) containing 0.04 mg Zn/l, which was 1.,7- 0.1 of the 21-i LC50 fo7 yolk-sac ar.e,
fingerlinrs.
B.E. Bengtsson (personal communication) found a significantly increased mcstality amongnewly hatched minnow compared uith adults at concentrations of zinc nitrate (:)08, mg 7,11/1
(0.025 of ne 4-a L(50 o: edu_lts) underearlings and ysarlings were of i:ItermediLt,,?erct=.-4,-,n (1972) s1so -7cund in studies at 013, 0,2, in
soft uater (mean hardness of 70 mg/1 as CaC-4) that the percentage nztalit: :2mimo w WC3 10, 22, and 50, bo.:;; for aura,7"1-,',1T7 it U23 only 0, 10; anLthe othem hand, Jones (1938) found no differnca in resistance tc(18-20 mm) and mature (45-50 mm) stichlebch,
(i) Acclimation to zinc
Goodman (1951) observed *::ms of sur7-Taal ,rolt in 6 and10 mg Zn/l increased aft..: -ce :;77 7: 2, 7'7° Similarresults uere obtained -7 Z-Mi.7 - 7,1cya(1960) emd Ed1;arLe oma"almost t17o-fold increes'., in murrL-e)
containing 2.5 and 3.5 ngZa/l for ,1;. days cIld i;ham! -teen tr 7. ):,:nce=ation crf10 mg Znil as compared uith fish that had beer-. 1.--apt beehan4 47A 31- 1. 'cater, 1:2d:-a;,dsBrown (1966) found a perceni; increase in the 48-h L050 of fisb het at C115 02 mhs 48-7.31:050 for 60 days, but not of those kept at 0,.6 of the 48-h T:050c Data of J. Sprague(personal communication) indicate that oatth acclimation to sub-lethal concentrations forseveral months ths 7ft L050 of Oi"3 zar_:tlaatio salmon Eey ea aeaaroeeed 7:o ce' th-oee-Fola.
Piclzarinr end Vigor (1965) four,a the; ald eggo, of L'et'4,ond tsioI EE znA heoched and the Fyy liV3C1 far at C1C7F-1 7f2S:.7,27- Cil %h(:.
not previously ezposed to zdno died Tithin 24 ho-:e,_ of being emposed to thia ;:nc:mtration;the duration of this tolerance c:e-s no-b., however, LI-esAgated. Ed:Tard: and :1=7.1 1966.observed that rudd which had survived lonz emposure to 25 Eg Zn '1 could li-Te 1,znger at 4060 mg Zn/1 than a similar batch previously held in clean water.
EIFAr, /rrP)i
25) EZ:r.7 annennuentz Schofield, 1965) during the summer inHonnedgn, Lake: nhEJnina i-3 mgil as CaCO3), nhen the concentration of zinc wasbetueen 0.01 ELIC1 0, 5-g eged brook trontJtrcnsferred from Cor6land hatchery (hard-ness about 80 xg/1 Ca00_,). nherc the manimnm oancentration of zinc waa: 0001 mg Zn/l, dieduhereas almost all those 2:o:'22 Cornell hatchery (handness about 60 mg/1 as CaC0) in whichthe concentration uaz un to 1.52 mg Zn/l, survived the transfer for 9 days. Irtn-thermore themortality among the Cortland fish -ras reduced with prior acclimation for 6 days to Cornellhatchery uaten,
(26) In another enoeriment rainbou trout 7ere acclimated to a sub-lethal concentration(0.8 mg Zn/l) and then onponed to a detergent (alkyl benzene sulphonate) alone and to mix-tures of zinc and. detergent. The tonicity of the detergent tested alone was similar forfish fnan both tr ';e, but 1-:. en testsd ii the presence of 0.8 mg Zn 1 the mixture wasmore txnic to the fi praviouzly enposed to zinc Brown, Mitrovic, and Stark, 1968).
(27) T,' zome species of salmonidz and coarse fish survive longer at lethal concentrationsof zinc xhen previously enposed as eggs or juvenile fish to sub-lethal concentrations; underthe most favourable conditions of acclimation to zinc the 7-d LC50 may be increased two orthree-fold. Houever, anposure to sub-lethal concentrations of zinc can reduce the resis-tance of trout to subsequent additional exposure to a detergent.
(j)
(28) RL and Pan ,to (1968) found a ten-fold increase in tolerance to zinc in aninbnad nr'.- of 7nInhophorus maoulatus
(k) at ion of zinc and other heavy metals
Lloyd (161) stvdied the suzvival of rainbow trou in z:i.no and coDoer sulphates and in ,
mituras of the tuo in a herd borehole: water amd in an artificial Eoft water (total hardness320 mg/1 and 1A-20 mgil resrJect;ely es CaCO3)0 By ezzorassing The concantrations of themetals in the mimtuzes as proportions of then-. individual 3-1 L050 in herd water and 7-d,L050 in Loft wetz,i, .msd.jay. ,)ariods of sus-ci%Fsi were 1-eh-fed to concentrations of the twometals uhen prcsent :c.,gather. He isfalated 1.aat oomper anr7 zinc amel-fed their acute tomicaction in a similar way and -chas their 7,cmicityin ralati7aly low lethal concentrations wassimply additi7e0 gj.glaa,72 azuteiy lethal concentrations of the mizture in soft water, however,emhibited synerg:_sm, in tha;'c survival times were much shorter than uith the eauivalentamount of eithsy heavy mccl lone - an o7:'act also -?o-omd by DoudoT'off (i952) asing -7aheadmirnr-sw 4" soft ustsy,
Sprague, and 11.:ms2y (1563) testd ouveniie Ztlantic salmon in zinc and copuer sui-ohatesand in mixtures o2 the t7c in a water with a total hardnsss of 14 mg/1 es CaGO3 . The 7-dLC50 of the minturE couid be accounted for 7),-7 simple addition of the corresponding L050's ofthe separate ,r,c3.s as daseyibed above (para, 29)0
The 48-h L05.1"., to raimbo7 t.colz:.; of mimtures c )opper, zinc and nicks:. haz also beenfound (Brcun and E.71'6om, 1970) to be eiftaqua,tely ha-. 7. ,y summation of the fractionalA8-h L050 %ainsz 32' mhe sspara'cs 7-)oisons.
(1) Join of zinc and -'-n pois-,
The tonicity '2c, fathead minnow of - lutions containing sodium cyanide and zinc sulphatewas related main27 to the lc,7e1 02 molecular cyanide present Dondoroff et al., 1966).
") H arr7 Shun_n_ (;964) tested rainbow trout in solutions of Pmmonium chloride andzinc sulnhato "-)oL, hard and sofG water and alzo in the presence of reduced dissolvedonwen, and found that 50 teroent of the ficha were. hilled at 48 hours 7:hen1-1_e sum of thewopoytion,7, 'Ara d3-h LC50 of sach ooison reached appronimately 1.0. Similar results have
2.3
(a)
(41) On 'rlic
0.,f-.4 mg'
of 6.4 IG=1=quanty
mg z11/17
Several se7.-age . ffl-aents 1.,ers studied by Lloyd and jordan i963 and 1964) The toxi-city .4o rainou trout of one containing a considerable amount of zinc in addition to otherheavy metals, alLmonia, detergents, phenol, and cyanides, when tested in hard and soft waterwao similar to , pricted from h.e, concent:etion Oj zinc and other poisons present.Similar results -7'oynd ,7or socia -Nshless Herbert, Jordan and Lloyd,1965) containing sine, sopps1:,, amoonia, and phenol.
In general the ( zinc in the pfeen,.J:e of othE.
of the mixture to rainboT tzout cAt be calculated by simple Tition of the fractional 48-hLC50 of t17-. individual ppsons.
poisons on the 48-h LC50
Concen-L--' :-?eported to be lethal to salmonids vary from about 0.01 mg to more than;4,s410 mg Zn/l, depending mainly on the water hardnes --3cies of fish (Fig. 1 stage in
the life-cycle and also the duration of tests. Some ,at-: which give no dctalls of theserelevant factors are therefore not considered in thi:
Rainbow -G ; iled to hatch in a soft (4.3 /1 as CaCO3)ontaining0.04 mg Zn/1 (±fleck, 1952). Yet J.F. Goettl (personal communication) fornid that the eyedeggs showed no ill effects when kept for 100 and 140 days respectively in a soft water(25 1 as
Ca003containing 001 mg Zn 1 and in a hard water (340 mg/1 as CaCO ) containing
0.4 mg Zn/l.
With brown 'trout eggs (Ninistry of Technology, 1966) there waz no significant morta-lity at 0.06, 0.2 and 0.6 mg an/1 in water having haTdnesses equivalent to 12.5, 50 and200 Dz/1 as CaCO, respectively; the 5-d LC50 was lowest at the early eyed stage, being about0.5 nc Zn/1 and 25 mg Zn/1 at 'die extreme values of hardness. Corresponding values for
f 1-ainbow t_ro-c6; at the late ved stage were 3 mg Zn/1 and .1,10 mg Zn/1 in the soft :Lodh water
(.D,O) b:,tt'e7,7. CO ancl C5 ps.;:cent survival of batehsL of egg7.4 cf"oz-ook
tl'oui; inte-s.-s GZ 7.)etween i and 3 mg/1 an CaCO3 ,and con:Gain:L:1g bet77sen
0002 End 0004 mg Zn/l.
EIFAC/T21
been :Jound for mixtures of phenol and zinc sulphate (Herbert and Vandyke, 1964), zinc,and phz-nol (-13c-on and Dalton, 1970 and zinc and a detergent alkyl - -ne sulpho-
nate) (BroTn, ilitrovio, and Stark, 1968).
(34) Brown, Jordan, and Tiller (1969) varied the proportion of zinc, ammonia, and phenol inmixtures tested Tith rainbc7 trout, and found that when zinc predominated the toxicity ofthe mixtures was less than expected, assuming simple addition of the fractional toxicitiesof the thr'ee poisons; it is possible that uhen zinc predominated the 4Asunt of ammonia andor phenol preosnt was -oo lo-7 to crest any effect on the fish.
o2 2E1=77ae only ao percent at a ooncentratiou of'°:,1a7:=-A=s 73:::" :00 a 5..eYel*aS7s of 2r4i1 OF,(73, cml. a 7H
- f:t97i) fonud that i°,11 a 77ai;s1,I: ";2CTh and. a pH of 6,1&4) they els7:eloried suocestaly ct
-724.1s a= -:an 0nsroars mozal:Ity at 1.0 mi 131:,
42) The results of tests m:.th are shown in Fig. circles)
together with those ?er tes other species. The line relating tha logaritem of LC50 for rain-bou trout to logarithm of "rESY hardness apPears to be curIni.linear only the results ofAffieck (1952) and C0 Ghanian (personal communication) are given the same weight as theother points.
(43) Affleek (1952) obtained a ccmplete till of rainbow trout but a complete survival ofbrown "%r011:6 at 01 me 7e1/1. The greater resistance of brown trout is confirmed by Goodman(1951), Grsnde (1567) an'd Irehring and Goettl (1973). Spragueie date (1964) zu3gest thatealuon ejes slightly oresensitive than rainbow trout, a conclusion also supported by Grande(1967). Erect trout on the other hand aproar to be slightly more resistant than rainbowtrort (Sprague, -1964; Schofield, 1965, compared uith Affleck, 1952 and Nehring and Goettl
1973).
Cearse
44) N0 i:::. las beE : eported on the yo . i stages of coarse fish, except juvenile minnowBengtsson, 1972), the 10-d LC50 values for uhich in soft water (1.5-2.5 mg Zn/l) appear tobe slightly higher than those or salmonid fish.The most resistant species appear to be rudd(Ball, 1967) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) (Pickering and Henderson, 1964), and data forthese and other species are shoun ia Fig. 2.
Salmonid fr tieven7
Eiyerde eni Drpcni :'1966 heT-Jt rE.,inbou trout :roe about 4 idellths in hard water (320 mg/1
E CaC01) eonaining oe, .6, and 2.0 mg Zn/1 (equivalent to about 0.2, 0.5 and 0.6 of theLUe resneceively), the -percentage morality et 6 0. vas 0 5, and 7; and at 4 months
i6, 18, anl, 22 resn,ectively.
Semezhat similar enperimente; have recently boon corred out with rudd in hard water as8-15c'C :13roun and T.L. 5i1a7; Personal communioation), The f,,C50 was 24 mg Zn ). at 5daya and 10.5 mg ZnA at 4 months; as the snd of this period there lees 10 nercenG mortalityet a concentretion of 7 mg1'1 (0.3 of tbe 5-a Lc5o and none at 4 and2TAT. Zn 1.
The minnow 1,7414 kept for about 3 .3 in soft water eese about 70 mg/1 as CaCO )
containing low concentrations of zinc (Bengtsson, 1972 t;ie 90-e:_ LC50 for juvenile fishestimated as 0.3 mg Zn/l. Stictlebact survived 29 days at 6.0 mg Zn 1 in water having ahaedness e 2e0 -. _ as C-,C), (Iie:Gthi'a-Talen and B.r.afield, 1973).
D '
.3. SUB-LETHAL titql2,CTS ON FISH
3.1 Up ake and loss of zinc
(a)
. (Onool-hyn h kisutc_) indicatetbnr.Dtatc? of 5::1-,7; haialy efaa,o1,1-ition on the chorion (70 percent), thersmainFa°0 being by 612faf,ion into the egg (26, 2, and 1 percent being in the perivitelline
yolk and the smbryo resnocti7sly):
UlOt c within one month by the fry ofno )se exposed to 5 C_' 7 0 1 than in those exposed to 0.05 and
(b) lethal uee
8 EIFAC/T21
(b) Adults
(50) Zinc is taken up by fish directly from the water, especially by the mucus and gills(Skidmore, 1964). Considerable amounts are also foundinthe eye, kidney, bone and the gastro-intestinal tract, with lower amounts in liver, spleen, and muscle (Saiki and Mori, 1955;Joyner, 1961; Mount, 1964). High concentrations have also been found in the gonads(Nazarenko, 1972). By plugging the oesophagus of brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus)Joyner(1961) showed that swallowed water did not contribute to the zinc in the gastro-intestinaltract.
He found that an initial high rate of uptake was followed by a decline after about12 hours. On the other hand Slater (1961) found that the rate of accumulation over 48 hourswas approximately constant in salmonids and was highest in brown trout, lowest in rainbowtrout, and intermediate in cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Observations by Nazarenko (1972)suggest that in breaM (Abramis brama) the accumulation of zinc is greater than in roach(Rutilus rutilus) and is greater in summer than in winter.
Cairns and Scheier (1957) conclude from their results that accumulation may be fasterin soft water than in hard but that temperature has probably no appreciable effect.
Joyner and Eisler (1961) found that most of the zinc taken up within 24 hours by finger-ling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to solutions of 0.2 n: Zn/1 wasretained when the fish were kept in flowing water for 63 days, during which time there was agradual redistribution of zinc to the vertebral column, head and viscera at the expense ofother tissues. On the other hand, Joyner (1961) observed that nearly half of the zinc thataccumulated in brown bullhead during prolonged exposure to 6 mg Zn/1 was lost during thefirst day after transfer of the fish to flowing fresh water, and the rate of loss wreduced later.
Z
Mechanisms for redistribution would account for the ratio of zinc in the gill to that inthe operculum being higher in fish poisoned by high concentrations of zinc than in thoseexposed to sub-lethal concentrations, and excretion and differences in exposure would accountfor the variation in concentrations found by Mount (1964) between different samples of fishfrom the wild.
3.2 Reproduction
Brungs (1969) found that reproduction in fathead minnow was almost totally inhibited atzinc concentrations that had no effect on survival, growth and maturation. The number ofeggs produced per female at 0.18 mg Zn/1 waa only 17 percent of that produced at 0.03 mgZn/l. The 4-d LC50 was 8.4 to 10 mg Zn/1 and 15 percent mortality occurred at 2.8 mg Zn/1in the 10-month test period.
No experiments have been carried out on the effect of zinc on the reproduction ofEuropean species of fish.
3.3 Growth
In tests lasting about 4 months during which rainbow trout were exposed to concentra-tions of between 0.6 and 2.0 mg Zn/1 (0.2 to 0.6 of the 5-d LC50) in hard water (Edwards andBrown, 1966) there was a small but significant mortality among the fiah, and while growthrates, and weights of liver and kidney (expressed as percentage of total body weight) wereapparently similar at all concentrations and for the control, consumption of pelleted food(but not that of maggots) per fish was reduced by almost 20 percent at 2.0 mg Zn/l.
Rudd, when tested over a period of ai months (V.M. Brown and T.L. Shaw, personal cc -nication), also showed no marked tendency for a lower production of biomass at concentrttionsup to 4 mg Zn/1 (0.17 of 5-d L050).
T21
-'1s for other speeica. have '.7.een scmewhFt different. Pickering (1568), u_sing blue-
20-:lu c:fiori, round that r-fcwth :as enhanced ab 1 ,hg Zn/1 and reduc ed ab 4 mg
741 1 (the 20-d LC50 wa__ 7,2 '60 i2 mg 7,117-4 Lengsson (1572) however did not find such astimulating effect of low con,;eutr.stions Gil the gro..7th of minnow, and Brungs (1565) foundthat the gr(yrh o2 atheal ]linnof --T: reduoed when they ::ere enoosed to a concentration of
2.8 mg Zn/1 for 30 day nimete1,7 0.3 o' the zi-a L050 )Ç but not at lower concentrations.
(52)
(60) Thus the gro;:-Gh of trout an
0.17 respectivelz: of the 5- 7')50, whii
LCr.: -)en but not
3.4 -avio
(60 Sprague (96) !Lnartio aalmonin an avoidance trough in the laboratory.fish to show signi-fisant ewcance (co)50.006 mg Zn/1 for zinc in ths . of
0.07 of the 7-d LC50 respectL,,e1,7 when the
Cu/1 and. 0.003 mg :n/l) were
(62) Studies of sal] . a salmon counting fT the Northwest Miramichi
River, Canada . Spraegu, ehsca 3nro 1965; Saunders and Sprague; 1967) showed that
dolmsireah rat:urnselt:AD'; l'7),To from betreer i sud 3 percent during 6ysars before pollution by mine pastas- to bet-seer 0 and 22 percent during 4 years of pollu,-
tion, end runs to the .1.?..E.f.--7!".:%= a:arc delayed aud raducad in number. Tus apparent arpa-dance --IY:,(MSti'_ tO Co:t7240,1 et ebc--- o tire Ton pf oopper and :ìnc nhoia a level
of. C.8 or ths K,Cy baso: Phe:hsi -11 upF::saer Ehoeserent 0 the salmon returning dodm,-
stream pp-amature5y eheu::; :e oee'To little or no difference bet-seer
copidence y_rapocoly ehposei so pollution as smolts andtheca uot,
'-'2itic)Ilsat .9125_2%°7-1inene: fans 77,7 -- 7
- - :1 ,%eoliDatiol, 1-- -
- ec-,--osnorat2.cor3 '71 reo:
-.---------------------
e,o- to 0_ _
' 47'
35 Res tanc
(66) Obiereeiehn byouige of ropper an,d eihe oOerpossae=cs hey beeebocseeisoo .41;o:ea:nee 7isne
znno -hor
_ is apperenilly unaffected at up to 0.6 andlation ç wth at lower fractions of theow C7 d
parr in a soft water f_ness 18 mg/1 as CaCO )
The lowest concentrations causing the average3mere 0.053 mg Zn/1 for zinc sulphate alone and0.0004 mg Ou/i. These were equivalent to 0.14 andnatural metal contents in the test water (0.002 mg
no-a 'Oho: augpast 'IbeaP in '6he Hif.ahiehi a-ZeoFor, Cauada, eolles,ic in late <967, acoompareied by unusually high river-cegeol eiPOsotien of disEasa la Zatlentic salmon caused by pha
OO, He-aser- paah conoentratio;es of ooppar e_,
67 :ii:or and Fhp7enspPoof round Phst phs eh,osnt of sirios ovo_singoa=eatlo osesaa7a = dn ra'nbc: prose. gonad inorsased-O-1:mrod at IC rg Zoo bs_P ap-; no 7'ef; nr
infe ir,ns:rLficantly
10 EIFAC/T21
4. FIELD OBSERVATIONB ON FISH
There are mar of fish kills in rivers polluted by water from mining indu.,triesbut because of the complenity of the wastes and paucity of anel,ytical data It is usuallydifficult to identify the effect of zinc alone. However, some data are available fromexperiments with fish held in cages, from fish fanms supplied with sinc-contaminated waterand from surveys of the status of fish populations in natrTal waters containing zinc.
4.1 Caged fish experiments
Hasselrot (1965) found a high mortality among caged zrearling salmon End adult minnow ina polluted river in Sweden when mean and manimum concentrations :ere 0.15-0.28 and 0.25-0.95mg Zn/1 respectively, ths .:7ater hardness being 21-43 mg/1 a CeJO His sonclusion 'ha t thezinc was mainly respDnsible for. Lining 'che fish, with possibly ame cont,ribution from 10-::concentrations of copen and other metals accords with laboratory data for saimerids
(Para, ¿12 and 4'). The adult mrnow were slightly acre resistant :,11F71 th yq,.7.7''iag. salmon.
Similarly, the river Yiblonglo in T. South Iraies, nustralia, hes ':een polluted bymining activities (Weatherley, Beevers and La17e, 1967), Complel;s mortelities oconrredwithin 16 days among c;-Eed 7'ainbo tsut (sise re,sgs Ind, a p,s;,-tia"%
among brown trout (4.5-904 cm), when the total sins conoe:strE,tion btean 0.1 and0.5 mg Zn/l, with a total hardness of 10-13 mg/1 as WO). Th2 diffesence in Leziztanoebetween the two species i2 consistent w-ith laboseo7-27 ::pa;'a. 43)F th'77 3;,-;5Til?'1Y 11":Zhel'
tonicity of zinc is perhaps attributable to the presenoe of so-,?pes' Osue:s:: crp*,:aressinscarassius) were more resistant than trout, a 40 percent mortsty oco=ing in ;6 daTs whenthe total zinc fluctuated between 2 and 7 MT 7n/l. tr-tal 7:cp:7-z,r C,C40.08 mg Cu 1. and the hardness -ras 57 m7/1 as CaCO3,'
4.2 Fish
Brook trout were reared in Cornell hatchery (han. 0.,3[ as CsCO, whsreconcentrations readhed 1.32 mg :-1-1 1 (Schofield? 1965). These manina are -:.loze'to medianlethal concentrations Isorators
4.3 Fish populati -
When-the river Ystwyth, U.Y., contained up to 0.8 mg Zn/1 a;s,d s trace of les_.d at normalwater level, and up to i.4 mg Zn/1 during drovzhts with a_ pH of about 6.4 asid a calcium
content equivalent to about 11.0 mg/1 as CaC0.0 brown trou.'6, which were plentiful above thesources of pollution, died soon after being wgshed into the main ,:iver 61112ing floods; seatrout (Salmo ti-uta) which occasionally ascended the lower reaches were also sometimes founddead or obang (Jones, 1940). Later (Jones, 1953) when concentrations were reduced to 0.2-0.7 mg Zn/1 (appi-oi-imately 0.5-1.73 of the 2-d LC50 for rainbow trout) and amounts of leadwere negligible, brown trout were present in small numbers, sea lamprey (Petremyson marinuoccurred occasionally but other species, inolndinc- minnow, stickleback and bullheadgobio), were absent.
Another, preliminary, survey of mnall streams in Wales, U.K., from which singlesamples for analysis were taken in December, February and Juiy, IllloweC: that in those in
which the concentration of zinc enpressed as a proportion of the 2-d LC50 to rainbow ti--outwas less than 0.06 brown trout uere present at a density of 1-46/100 m2, whore the propor-tion was between 0.06 and 0.09 the density waz 7/100 112, and uhere it uas betusen 0.14 and0.48 the density was 0.4-A 100 m2(fi-cm data supplied by Cromen end :!arner, personal commu-nication).
Data have also been made alailable (P. Toner, personal cmm-allication '2,DT :7i77STKilmastualla, Ireland, in which samples ha7e beeu talzen at appl-o-7-ime-%e'y intorva12during 1972; these show that a; -6:7o stations where there wan z Felf-F;a7,6aining poPulation of
.zr fT21 1
brolin trout, together uith some salmon, annual 5. arid 95 p,---rcantdIss ro.;- conc,:r_fLrrov4i cf zince=oressed az proportions of the 2-d. LC50 to waiubc trout uera about 0,054 'ni 0.19 respec-tively at ono station, aud about 0.038 elld 0.I5 at the other. Zinc accounted for about 81and 66 percent of the predicted 2-d LC50 at the tuo stations respectii-ely, there being somecontribution from other : j .etals and ammonia.
(75) In No=ly soft water lakes and river: ,. in7Ass 2-20 7 contain self-sustaining populations of salmonids in the ir, Ance of co: zinc up to 0.15 mgan/1 (Grande, 1967; Snek72k, personal communication). Where highcr concentrations haT-e-been observed broe:n trout, Atlantic salmon, and .r.LTOO char ,Salwelinus aloinus) areabsent but in most cases CODEBV and other metals F.1,26 alo present, ThS-S2 observations areconsisteut the laboPetory -cinr"ings (yr Lloyd (1960), Sprague :96Z! and 1964a) anri
r,:oattl (oarscnal conmuniostion)- but not '-7ith '6110TS
(76 Sprague, Elson and Saunders 1965) nat the concentration of copper in atribu;;ary of the Kiramichi River, Canada, averaged 0.24 of the 7a LC50 in 962, the ma:zimumvalue beins 0.6 of the 7o. L050; salmon parr populations were much lo-7r than ln unpollutedparts of the river, perhaps partly because the number of available r7,pe.-zrinT fish was reducedin pre.;,ious years, agh.1,1' concentration: ;era present in the 3i:112 .stoaccis-ar
Schofield (i9(5 has repored hat brool: trout occurred in Honnadge LEL7:7 (herd-'ness up to 3 lig/1 as GaCO3) :here concentrations oZ :inc ranged ZY:017,1 0,02 ';c, 0,17 mg Zn/l.
sn tha Willy:: Brook, U.37.., a stresm of unusually high hardness, much us,esent aschloride (504 mg/1 as Can)) aud receiadns usstes (from a steel uorhol eomtsinzug mainlyzinc (J,T, C.,7; L0C Sclb orconal communication), roach, tenall (Tinoa :!)inze'andeticklabachuers present in the upper reashee, rhare ths annual 53 and 95-per7Cen),Z1e-CZnaencue :,are0.9 and 3,7 ng Znill (0004 and 0,19 (D,:' the 5-cl a150 for roach), whe,-ese rc.sh, chub (Lensiscuscephal_us), minnou, stichtsbeeh, eel en-'.' le) end ckneloach '1,17macheilusbarbatUYus) were mesen; in the louer reaahes "hez T;113 corrcapondrn 1,,erceptiles T:ereand 2.2, mg Znii (0,02 and 0.1 of the 5-e, LC50 for roach)
-- .4- - -
stiohls3au -ere present In limited reaches cnere thewataz 7t,?f,46-yeariy 50-percentile end 95-percentile concentrations of sine w%ere0.05 reepectively of the 5-d L050 to roach (from data supp:lied bycommunication).
(80 Thus, . ,-tions of zinc that are lethal to fish in the fe.d Ere generally similarbo those found lethal in he laboratoz7, Also Held obser)at,ouo ,-how that salmon parr maybe presen in ,ollvted uhen tha concentration D2 sine is no 17-ors than 0,15 of the 7-dLC50, but that numbers are much reduced unen annual mean and manimum concentrations of zincand copper are as high as 0.24 0,6 of the 7-d L050 respec.tively (para, 76). A fell
species of coarse fish may occur here the an2,ual median and 95-percentile ccacen',_ration ofzinc is 0.04 and 0,15 of the- 5a L050 of 1-oach caed several species may be pre r wherethese values are 0.02 0.1 of the L050 or lo7Ter para, 74, 78 and 79).
5.
5.1 Aguatit_r
(81) Whitton 1576 reriewed tha -little that i6 known about the tonicity of zinc to fresh-,
7,-ts.7, algae. Williams and Kount (1965) 'ha-; addiwg 1 mg Zn/1 or more o naturalperiphytio communi'cies in 4 outdoor channels supplied with ruurair,- water reduced the numberof dominant E.DC:Ci-1210 Funge and m7r- o-bact, =_,e produced a large standing crou at the highestconcentration (6.5 mg Zn/1), apparently inilizing the 1:illed ¡no:v:2111c' ohytoplanl:ton.Orgsnisms highly tolerant cf 6.5 mg Zn/j include the bacteria SphaerotiIus natans, Zocgloearamigara, and Beggiatoa EK).2 the fungi Alternaria tenuis, and Lejoomatus lacteus, the algae
tiuò ni7L304.--c end_..:::-;--gana-i;scL, 'ollasc-zu-ralant r.,o 0.02 and_IToodhsad- personal
SU. Y or A. O' C J ETATION AND 117777HmT!T-T.
ac s sp., Lyngbya sp., Schizothri ca1cicoìa. Oscillatoria. Oocystis lacustris.Spirogyra sp., and Chlam-domona o: Eu1enaaciz, Trachelomonas volvocina. Oiryococeusmajor, and the diatoms am1221La tumida, Fitzchia linearis End Synedra ulna.
(82) Whitton (1970a) studied the toxicity of zinc to 25 species of Chlorophyta from flowingwater. Cladapjlm.E. glomerate was among the most sensitive; Ulothrix. llicrospora. Sailmom.and Mougeotia were relatively resistant; while ell the Oedogonium spp. taken from the uildwere of intermediate sensitivity. However Oedogonium and Mougeotia obtained from a zinc-enriched laboratory tank were highly resistant. Values for zinc causing a slight inhibitionof growth ranged from 0.2-6.0 mg Zn/1 (or to 9.0 mg/1 if the algae from a zinc-ens2ichedare included). The hardness was not given but is estimated at approximately 20 mg/1 asCaCO3.
He also concludes (1970) that Lemanea is relatively resistant.
(83) Extensive observations on benthic diatoms by Besch, Ricard and Cantin (1972) in pazof the Miram -s.iChi river system affected by minin operations tend to confirm that Synedraulna and particularly Achnanthes phala and Eunotia epidua are relatively resistant tozinc; macrophytes most affected were submerged species followed by riparian dicotyledons,monocotyledons and Equisetum arvense (Besch and Roberte-Pichette, 1970).
5.2 Invertebrates
(a) Laboratory tests
(84) There are relatively few data on the effects of zinc on invertebrates, esp cially thosethat include information on water quality. The 4-d LC50 for the ramshorn snail (Helisomacampanulatum) was 1.27 mg Zn/1 and 0.87 mg Zn/1 in hard End soft -::atar respectively, End foryoung specimens of the pond snail (Physa heterotropha) 0.4 mg Zn/1 and 0.3 mg Zn/1 in hardand soft water (100 mg/1 and 20 mg 1 total hardness respectively) (Wurz, 1962)2 7slnesare markedly lower than those found by Cairns and Scheier (1957E). He suggests - 1?at snallss
containing haemoglobin (Helisoma spp.) are more tolerant of zinc than those sontairing hasmo-cyanin (Physa spp.) and also stresses 11.s..t molluscs uould be the firtwhen a stream became overloaded 7it_b
(85) Some crustaceans are relatively sensisse to zinc poison4ng. al2F. 7T-1-17' (1959'have reported a 2-d LC50 for young e.a7ituaids of 1.8 mg Zn/1 in hard ¡/1a result close to those of Tabata (199a) :Yoh sosrLs a -side sTngs areslightly lower than the corresponding fo7. 1!flrler'..r;1
- -1ran EC50 for immobilization of Daulinna (,OT 71,z Zn, 7T*..--7 .-100 mg/1 as CaCO and Biesingsssis'ss',:!.LC50 of 0.16 mg at 18°0 in ,717 _ -
(86) Among insects, resistamos sc ,;, _9:effect of zinc on insects in ssster hassing a llarduess of 44 il';;i1 ans:L o 72 of 7,25, 'L'he i0-dLC50 for the mayfly Ephemerella sub,:aria 1= 16 12S ZVI hereas -;:hs snd 14-ft i.,C5(D Zor
the caddisfly Hydropsyche bettend and the stonef1,7 (Piecoptera) _sronoupis ivoorias -oesp3c-tively was 32 P767/7777s they ara ccraiderably more resistant towithin a few days than the aSh that are bc.,:;12 uded. para. 37-44!)
(b) Field observatio
(87) Field investigations from af.117-13:11,2tsa have given somtolerance of invertebrates to .oinc; iT often difficult C inte=-,t 7. .-ca:LI,sL7, ofthe presence of other pollutants. In the rive:- Tr-,-aythuhere concentrations of 0.7-i.2 mgZn/1 and 0.05 mg Pb/1 were normally present, uo1nsca, crustaceans, worms (Oligochasta) andleeches (Hirudinea) were al], absent (Jones, and in a Email tributary oontaining.nearly 57 0.,1 Zn/1 there was still a considorabe :amber of insect larvae. T.:hen osnoentra-
tions in the main river fell sope years later to 0.2-0.7 mg Zn/1 ths fa= still almostentirely made up of lithophilous insects Jones, 1958), Rhitrogena samicolorata, Esptassena
4 T.
12 AC T2
6.
E21;:l.C;F12 thfe Holon
23 (Liarkcd1,y
-
ial'-ess Cp.),
_
f.s.ac3-7-idensz,'an°
the sh
Lo:r id. of the
:ify2)°,1, at '61-)a.--/
to P.)ennbowansf.
1.-edi.veed with2.;han
(ohe stoneloach
-; `7.. r-..yin ofiy10 .s heavy iea1s andat;27.7s-s-c,s but 'possiblytoo on ¿ELI)) .2,i12.2 64-36),
(89) 7Ccr, ity f_s mainly attri-Eputa :te ot hyds'on-, dehal_d .-tttt,psns
(101) car.sa
could bedsfined pericd,idee is
17.?.
in 5h TL.1:4-i:tarter
-'777AC/T21
ong rainbow trout ezpoself_. coninuously5-d L050 and amons- rudd e::posed forfced consumption of the ::out isthe L050, grouth is no t apparentlyis .j,.03-C.06 of the appromAmete
resistance to disease (para, 56-..',,7) ad re7oroduction(para.55) ct sub-lethal cc=earations bur littio systemeds workhaz been done t problems Or GO --.;t1".31: their e»;',Ict.7. 4r. the Pield.
LaboratorL, studies of a7oidancs reaotions 11SWB shenn thet .Ltlentio salmon a.Z.inkotrout may f.,-;-Ad (oncantration.,. '7:iro 4n soft -c.ater :7hio-.2. are 014,`'.2.C,Tof 7Lr,..150(para. 61-63. l=oidancs SiS0 been o)se=ad a* 0.35-0c43 02 tb 7d LC50 bymigrating ,:a1-1.on in a r-L'TD:P ocilued 7ith :;orper aad sin 2 62)goldfish sho con:anfcrationl under laboratory conditions(para, 64).
The resinf.:,i cf plantf,. and intortebreas to zLr rarisadersoly onntration-.1 6:!1' 0,2-9.0 mg Znb. (1:;era. 62) bzur of some caddis-flies and mldses ?re bighly :civant to sins while tLose of 201:e m,1;flies may aboJt assensitd=;e as salEon. Hoilusoa crustaceans, cligcnaees, z_nd leaches C471733S'T to be mostsensiiva (para.
Field ober-,Ttions or fiah uort0.ities , ..-enerally confirm the labo.TatoTy studies oflethal concentrations (-ca-ra, 69-70), 17eu, :)ou.ever5ade7ustely de=its the conditicns inl'ivers and ial:es containing =ins and thri7inE populations of fish. (jood populations orbroun trout ee 'eaant in stresmis uhsn the concentration of uinc ras less than 0.06 of the2-d L050 to rainbo7 troat (para. 73) and the fish uere alzo present when the P711ual 50 and95 Percentiles of the 2a Lc50 were up to 0,05 and 0.19 rezpective1:7 (para. 74). Salmonwere present uhen the concentration of zinc rae no more than 0.15 of the 7-d L050 (para. 75)but were much reduced in rmmbers at annual mean PlIr3 me=imum concent-2ations 02 0,24 and 0,6of the 7-d LC50 (para. 76) e mi::ed rorulation of coarse fish specios, including' the minnow,was .::- nd in a ri7er o;"' hih haranecs whera the aanual Tedian ancl 95-z'orcentilc ccncentra-
zinc wer3 0.02 and 0.11 of the 5a 1,050 for the most resistant coarse fish tested,fez srecies 1-ere found ;:her thP annilal median 95 percentile were 0.04 ;Ad 0.19
of t Lc5o (Dal-e, 78 and 79).
7. rilLTLTIVE WA QUALITY GRI IA
-(100) There are e.7tensive data on the tordcity of zinc to fish under laboratory conditions,supported 'uo some ar.tent by field data on fish hills, but thera are virtually no fieldobservations to indioats the conoantratio= of zinc that are not inimica,1 to fich porula-tions or fieheniea inl coavee the analytics-1 da*L.a ara too Elaagr'e, informatian CD we*evharanass - paftaPs offting rho t=ici".3y of 5f.DCanime!: - t-; Si7311, Torthese reasons cal: 7:1F:2 or? Sl-TE121 72e7 1.)1°J :,e7iss;3 w'hehmore edeauata aelP.
hei "./onceutreV,ons of zinc, and indecd of mar7 othter natranl EaftLF.ralïanito
ts f ùa:' ante ba This
;3=2,7:7: e7L7f.
' 12,7
(95) A low but significant mortality has been foundfor 4 months to co-Ista7, :::nosnrations o2 0.2 of tha
months to 0,3 of the Lc5o (1)L2E L5) althoughreduce der lsoraos-:;- sonditien', E-;; C16' 37 MOP6 ofaffected (para. 57;,Th 2-ncnth Lr_:50 for :ens minno
LC50 (para. ,44 and 171,
AC T2
It/ See para. 104
12/ But see para. 103
The concentration of 0.03 Zn/1 for salmonids in very soft water may be too severeif brown trout only are present, since tbis species appears to survive successfully athigher concentrations; in such cases a 95-percentile concentration of 0.2 of the 7-d LC50(0.06 mg Zn/l) may be more appropriate.
For the minnow it might be more appropriate to set a more stringent standard butfurther information from the field would be desirable to support and explain the existinglaboratory data.
The values of the corresponding annual 50 percentiles would be approximately 0.25 ofthe proposed 95 percentiles were the distributions referred to in para. 74, 78 and 79ez.rded as typical. However, if the distribution w,T],s; mnh, wider in range or was not log-
normal, so that the ratio between the 95 percentil =I higher percentiles was much larger,more stringent standards would be appropriate.
Furthermore, where other poisons are present and dissolved-oxygen concentrations arebelow the air-saturation value, allowance should be made for their contribution to the toxi-city.
Pendirw- the availability of more information it is tentativaly suggested that for themaintenance of thriving populations of fish the annual 95 oercentiie of concentration ofzinc should be no greater than 001 of the appropriate 7-d LC50 at 15°C; thus the criteria interms of concentration of zinc would depend upon water hardness type of fish as shown inTable
Table II. Maximum al 95-per n ile con-centration] zinc Zn/l)
Water hardness(nel CECO)
Coarse fishexcept minnowE/
Salmonids
10 0.3 0.03/2/
50 0.7 0.2
100 1.0 0.3
500 2.0 0.5
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Brook trout (Salvelinus fon inalis) 9. Sprague (1964b)10. Schofield (1965)
aPaw.
lpssen.
ou-J
20
10
0-110(8)
LINE FOR RUDDFROM FIG.2
9 ( 03(7)
tgs)Os (4)2(2)
affleck (1952)Lloyd (1960)
Lloyd (1961
Ball (1967Coettl (personal communication)Solbé (personal communication)Chapman (personal communication
7(4)
I 40011.0 10. 100
WATER HARDNESS (mg CnCO3/{
Fig. 1. Median lethal concentration of zinc to salmonid fish e in daysin parentheses). Line for rudd from Fig. 2 shoun for comparicon
1000
16 AC T21
X Salmon (Salmo salar) 8. Sprague (1964a)
o
21
2r-D1
0-1
/UNE FOR F-,;3»..,1(::::: TF,7r-lom 71G.:
X 10(8)
1°0
Eli») !iz/0
-OE 12 (90)
4
V611(29)
7)
WATER 1-4ARDNESS (mg CaCO /1:i
Fig. 2. iiecia 1oholcoaccorztion of sino to coarse fish (time in days shown in
p:Iran-6hecos). Lino for :ainbow trout from Fig.1 shown for comparison
Rudd (Erythrophthalmus scardinius 1.
2.
Ministry of Technology(1967)
Ministry of Technology(1966b)
Roach (Rutilus rutilus) 3. Ball (1967)
Perch (Perca fluviatilis) 4. Ball (1967)
Bream (Abramis brama) 5. Ball (1967)
N7 Gudgeon (Gobio gobio) 6. Ball (1967)
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 7. Nehring (1964)
V Goldfish (Carassius, auratus 8. Pickering and Henderson(1964)
AL Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) 9. Weatherley et .(1966)
X St ckl eb ack (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 10. Jones (1938)11. Matthiessen & Brafield
(in press)
Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) 12. Bengtsson (1972)
A- Stoneloach (Nemacheilus barbatulus) 13. Solbé (personal commUnication).
(00 1000
8
8. REFERENCES
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, M. Ricard and R. Cantin, Benthic diatoms as indicators of mining pollution inthe northwest Miramichi River system, New Brunswick, CanEdas Int.Rev.Ges,
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1691-700
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1:1-9
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EIFAC T21
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, 63
Nazarenko, L.D., Soderzhanie medi i cynka i se=. din ikh -T ogasi.'.-11 i tha-n.;a1-:h u
1972 nekotorykh promyslOvykh ryb '-uivyshev::ogo vode_thyanillfacha (Copoer- and zinccontent and their seasonal changes in the organs aT.-Z, tissue° o.,:- some ccmmercialfish from Kuibyshev ser7o±i-0 Ta-.1.1-lianos,-±Sels!:,-;--1.:hos, i78)3167-79
Nehring, D., Die Schadwirkung von v.:::uuZerTulfat, Si:alTsulZe. Kaliumzyanid, AlhEoniah und1964 Phenol gegenüber Kar-csn (07--_,rf.-.= 7,=-;,--) -,;c_f! 1427D7,..r 'n- vnr, ns,ch -7,7c.-oal f
Applikation Scrvisc",'-'.- 1277--- ---Nehring, R.B. and J.P. Goettl; Acute toxicity c.,;1 zinc pollutDd stream to four species of
1973 salmonids. Bull.Environ.Contsm.Toxicoi 1973:7i7-24
Q,E,, eflectc '14szel-Tea-7xye:,en eoxcentraGions upon i:he toxicity of zinc
1968 to the CIe.e:°11, Geacroch:erus, -f 7ater Res., 22187-94
Pf. hering; Q ELaxa C.1964 cosozes of -ezr.p-er
Promisinz ert*-rollusnP::1968a zinc. lTetrxe.
Pickering C Vigor, T'he., acute toxicity of zinc to eggs and fry of the fathead
1965 27153-(
Pippy, J.H.A. and G.1A. Hare, P:eic:tionship of YiV7,-r 7:-Dllution to bacterial infection in
1969 salmon (Salmo sef,,ar) suchers (Cetm-,tomue comEiersoni)0 Trans.Am.Fish.Soc.,98:685-90
Rachlin, S.W. A. P3r1muttez.. Restonss of an inbred strain of platyfish and the minnow
1968 to zinc. Prog0Fish-0u2t. -)0203-7
Saiki, M. 2:nd R. Studies on the aistribution of alministered radioactive zinc in the1955 tissues of fishes. 1. Bull.Jac.Soc.Sci.Fish., 21;945-9
Saunders, R.L. and J,B. 5nrevcs, Dffeectz of copar-cinc mining pollution on a spawning1967 1Pigrator i.iiutic sal:don, -Jss ;:4A9-32
Schofield, C.L0 Jr,, 7Lte- ir rslpiou 7..1.177,:i7TE::. of brook trout (Salvelinus1965 2nnt4 4s 9L1 J227-35
Skidmore, J0273:, Toxicity zinc co:lipouxae to aquatic animals with reference to
1964 flzhe Re7. 393227-4
Reerefretou exa osiiipPegrlatzon in rainbow trout with gills damaged by 'zinc
Skidmore, J.F. amc.F rZo.,:.7c. effects of on the gills of rainbow1972 trout- Uetler
Slater, J.V.. Coe77 of zinc in young rainbow, cutthroat and1961 ba.--c,c(17. '2)158-61
Sprague, J. :f e:pper and zinc for young Atlantic salmon.1964 2' -.7-27
e-:faixoc eZx7 eole:Goxs by young salmon in the laboratory..-
1964a p1LreCcxtrel._17
--"ons of rainbow trout to zinc sulphate solutions. Water Res.,
ent NTA protects fish from copper and
Sprague, J.B. cna oZ mixed copper-zinc solutions for juvenile1965 221._25-32
Spregue3 F 7, -1]31e.:r on:2.. ELT1- EL tio. cooper-zinc oollutzon in a salmoni965 -- 1:efooretoL0 stulye * 'r Uater Pollute, 9g531-43
cute toxicity ( heavy metals to differentUater Po _ut.. 10;453-63
EIFAC/T21 21
O'Ccnnor, J°3[21:e. 77'e:e 7e cix7 .Ser. Univ.
1968
22 EIFAC T21
Sreenivasan, A. and R.S. Raj, Toxicity of zinc to fish. Cur.Sci., Bangalore, 32:3631963
Svenska Gruvfóreningen, Vattenföroreningar fran gruvor och anrikningsverk. Forskningsuppgift1960 196/1960, Delrapport 1-5 avseende adsorption av metalljoner pa grabergsmineral.
Inst. för mineralberedning anrikning)KTH, Stockholm (1961-1966). (mimeo)
Syazuki, I1964
Tabata, K.1969
., Studies on the toxic effects of industrial waste on fish and shell fish.J.Shimonoseki Coll.Fish., 13:157-211
, Studies on the toxicity of heavy metals to aquatic animals and the factors todecrease the toxicity. 2. The antagonistic action of hardness components inwater on the toxicity of heavy metal ions. Bull.Tokai eg.Fish.Res.Lab.,58:215-32
5Studies on the toxicity of heavy metals to aquatic animals and the factors to1969-a".7--decrease the toxicity. 4. On the relation between the toxicity of heavy metals
and the quality of environmental wastes. Bull.Tokai Reg.Fish.Res.Lab.,58:255-65
Vladimirov, V.1., ITMi n,..:inie intensivnosti nakaplenia cyzika nod vlij :so dobavok na1971 rannych .tE.:71iakh embioueuez i rhizniestoikosti lichinok I:oa Crrinus ça2L2
(Changes of the intensity of zinc accumulation under the influence of its addi-tions, and changes of vital resistance of carp (C rinus 2.,7, fry in theearly stages of embriogenesis.) Vbpr.Ikhthiol., 11 6):11i
Warnick, S.L. and H.L. Bell, The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of1969 aquatic insects. J.Water Pollut.Control Fed., 41:280-4
Weatherley, A.H., J.R. Beevers and P.S. Lake, The ecology of a zinc-polluted river'. In1967 Australian inland waters and their fauna. Eleven studies. Canberra, Australian
National University Press, pp. 252-78
Wedemeyer, G., Uptake and distribution of Zn-65 in the coho salmon egg (Oncorhyncus kisutch).1968 9.222.Biochem.Ph Biol., 26:271-9
Whitton, B.A., Toxicity of heavy metals to freshwater algae: a review. Phzkos, 9:116-251970
1 Toxicity of zinc, copper and lead to Chlorophyta from flowing waters. Arch.1970a Mikrobiol., 72:353-60
Williams, L.G. and D.I. Mount Influence of zinc on periphytic communities. L" .J.Bot.,1965 52:26-34
Wurtz, C., Zinc effects on free] ¡onuses. ks,, 76:53-611962
Papers issued in this series
EIFAC/T1 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries (1964).
EIFAC/T2 Fish Diseases. Technical Notes submitted to EIFAC Third Session byMessrs. J. Heyl, H. Mann, C.J. Rasmussen, and A. van der Struik (Austria,1964).
EIFAC/T3 Feeding in Trout and Salmon Culture. Papers submitted to a Symposium,EIFAC Fourth Session (Belgrade, 1966).
EIFAC/T4 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries (1968).
EIFAC/T5 Organization of inland fisheries administration in Europe, by Jean-LouisGaudet (Rome, 19681.
EIFAC/T6 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly on Slavonicliterature (1968).
EIFAC/T7 Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing, by Ingemar Norling (Sweden,1968).
EIFAC/T8 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. List of literature on theeffect of water temperature on fish 11969).
EIFAC/T9 New developments in carp and trout nutrition. Papers sub itted to a Sym-posium, EIFAC Fifth Session (Rome, 1968).
EIFAC/T10 Comparative study of laws and regulations governing the international trafficin live fish and fish eggs, by F.B. Zenny, FAO Legislation Branch (Rome,1969).
EIFAC/T11 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on ammonia and inland fisheries (1970).
EIFAC/T12 Salmon and trout feeds and feeding (1971).
EIFAC/T13 Elements of the theory of age de erm nation of fish according to scales.The problem of validy (1971).
EIFAC/T 4 EIFAC consultation on eel fishing gear and techniques (Rome, 1971).
EIFAC/T15 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on monohydric phenols and inland fisheries (1972).
EIFAC/T16 Symposium on the nature and extent of water pollution problems affectinginland fisheries in Europe. Synthesis of national reports (1972).
EIFAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and theircontrol. Report (1972).
EIFAC/T17 The major communicable fish diseases of Europe and North America. ASuppl. 1 review of national and international measures for their control, by P.E.
Thompson, W.A. Dill Er G. Moore (1973).
EIFAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and theirSuppl. 2 control. Panel reviews and relevant papers (1973).
EIFAC/T 8 The role of administrative action as a tool in water pollution control, byG.K. Moore, FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1973).
EIFAC/T19 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on dissolved oxygenand inland fisheries (1973).
EIFAC/T20 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on chlorine andfreshwater fish (1973).
EIFAC/T21 Water quality criteria for European freshwa er fish. Report on zinc andfreshwater fish (1973).
M I/E4224/E/12.73/1/700