water quality and lime leaching in damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in tnwrd...

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Study on Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Dams Er. N. Pandian Er. A. Kalimuthu Sri. E. Raju Executive Engineer, PWD, WRD Research Officer II, PWD, WRD Research Assistant, PWD, WRD [email protected] The Soil Mechanics & Research Division have been monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. Till 1984, the studies were confined to (1) Periyar (2) Vaigai and (3) Manimuthar Dams and gradually extended to 14 dams till March 2014 and now 9 more dams are added.

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Page 1: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Study on Water Quality and Lime Leaching in DamsEr. N. Pandian Er. A. Kalimuthu Sri. E. RajuExecutive Engineer, PWD, WRD Research Officer II, PWD, WRD  Research Assistant, PWD, [email protected]

•The Soil Mechanics & Research Division have   been monitoring the health status of the dams in  TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching  studies.

•Till 1984, the studies were confined to  (1) Periyar (2) Vaigai and (3) Manimuthar Dams

• and gradually extended to 14 dams till March 2014 and now 9 more dams are added.

Page 2: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Hard Waters

Low Hard Waters

Soft Waters

Mordhana

Krishnagiri

Sathanur

Mettur

Bhavani Sagar

Amaravathi

Vaigai

Periyar

Manimuthar

Pechiparai

Perunchanai

Parambikulam

Sholayar

Lower Nirar

Tamil Nadu Reservoirs

Legends

Tamil Nadu Reservoirs

pH 8.50TDS 200 ppmFluoride 0.9 ppm

pH 8.50TDS 540 ppmChloride 175 ppmNitrate 5.0 ppm

pH 8.18TDS 315 ppmFluoride 0.3 ppm

pH 7.50TDS 378 ppmChloride 120 ppmNitrate 1.0 ppm

pH 6.90TDS 39 ppmNitrate 1.2 ppm

pH 7.5TDS 149 ppmAlkalinity 125 ppm

pH 6.50TDS 77 ppm

pH 6.75 TDS 66 ppmNitrate 1.7 ppm

pH 6.90TDS 17 ppm

pH 7.50TDS 33 ppm

pH 5.5 TDS 37 ppm

pH 5.5 to 6.5TDS 20 to 30 ppm

Page 3: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

‐ Originating from  western Ghats ‐ Dam at 64 km‐ confluence with   Amaravathy at  104 km

Case study 1:    Water quality of River and Dam of Kodaganar‐ Impact on dam structures (Shutters)

Page 4: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

• Failure of Kodaganar Dam shutters necessitated to take up the study as a special case

• Preliminary investigation reveals ‐ unnatural surface water‐ results indicated industrial contamination

Need of the Study

Page 5: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

River Kodaganar sample locationsAuthur Anicut

Authur Reservoir

Sithalakundu - ThamaraikulamAnicut

Boothipuram Anicut

Kodaganar Anicut

Venkatrama Iyengar Anicut

Lakshmanampatti Anicut

Bhoothipuram AnicutVedachandur

Kodaganar Dam

Pollution Entry 1

Pollution Entry 2

Down stream of Dam

Ground Water

Page 6: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Kodaganar DamOBSERVATIONS: pH value at site is between 8.0 and 9.0

Water is polluted with chlorides and sulphates

Deposits found all over the Shutters and structures

Scaling formed throughout the structure

Shutters are completely corroded

Page 7: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Chloride attack on Shutters 

‐ increase in  volume

‐ Decrease instrength

Reason for the  Non‐operation of shutters 

Page 8: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Back side ‐Thick Corroded shutter which 

was mobile

Scale formation in the front side

Page 9: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Total Dissolved Salts in mg/l

PollutionEntry point 2

Pollution entry point 1

1 Authoor Reservoir2 Sithalakundu ‐

Thamaraikulam3 Boothipuram Anicut4 Kodaganar Anicut5 Near Bridge NH76 Venkatarama 

Iyengar Anicut7 Lakshanapatti

Anicut8 Bhoothipuram 

Anicut, Vedachandur9 Kodaganar Dam10 D/s Kodaganar Dam11 Ground Water 

Page 10: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

6

7

8

9

10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

pH

Corrosive

Scale ‐ forming

Kodaganar Dam

Alkalinity (ppm) ‐‐‐‐‐

Safe Zone

Page 11: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Case Study 2 : Lime Leaching Study of Manimuthar Dam

• Comparison of water quality in reservoir and gallery reveals the loss of lime from the dam structure.

• Low pH & Low TDS main causes for Lime leaching

Reference• Methodology confirmed by the “Guidelines for Measurement, 

Testing and Analysis of Seepage from Masonry and Concrete Dams” by CBIP, New Delhi.

Page 12: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

&

LI is based pH, Ca hardness,  TA, T i C & TDS ( 1000 )

Page 13: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Various stages of Lime Leaching process

Stage I

Stage II

13

No Deposit

pH 13.0

NaOH, KOH

White Colour

pH 13.0 – 12.5

CaO

Page 14: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Various stages of Lime Leaching process

Stage III

Stage IV

14

Creamy white 

pH 12.5 – 12.0

Calcium Oxide + little Alumina & Iron Oxide

Yellowish brown

pH 12.0 – 10.0

More Alumina & less Iron Oxide

Page 15: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Various stages of Lime Leaching process

Stage V

Stage VI

15

Dark Brown 

pH 12.0 – 10.0

Less Alumina & More Iron Oxide & at last Silica gel

Black

pH 10.0 – 8.0

Fungi

Page 16: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined
Page 17: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

Between Block 10 and Block 8 In  Block 6

Advanced stage of Lime leaching

Page 18: Water Quality and Lime Leaching in Damsbeen monitoring the health status of the dams in TNWRD through Water Quality & Lime leaching studies. •Till 1984, the studies were confined

• Seepage water from 15 Nos. of V notches of Manimuthar Dam is being tested for Lime content.

• Lime leached out from the Manimuthar Damfrom 1959 to August 1984

• Percentage of Lime leached out  = 3.89 %

• Lime leached out from the Manimuthar Dam from september 1984 to March 2014

• Percentage of Lime leached out = 0.99 %

• Total Lime lost (from 1959 to 03/2014) = 3.89+0.99= 4.88 %