water productivity a road to sustainable agriculture dr. saeed nairizi president, icid jan. 2015
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Productivity A Road to Sustainable Agriculture
Dr. Saeed Nairizi President, ICID
Jan. 2015
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Increasing Pressure on Fresh Water Availability
for Food Supply
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1. Population Growth
2. Fresh Water Availability Decline
3. Climate Change
4. Industry Development
5. Environmental Concerns
6. Change in Water Consumption Pattern
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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 20500
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
World Less developed regions
More developed regions Least developed countries
mil
lio
n
data UNDP Population Reference Bureau (2012 Revision)
Total Population by regions
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The Decline of Water Availability in developing Countries
Source: World Bank 2002a.
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Food Supply Dilemma
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Estimated and projected number of undernourished people by region, 1991-2030
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Global Agricultural Production
Rain fed Agriculture
60 %
Irrigated Agriculture
40 %
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Evolution of cropland surface area (1961-2008)
(data FAO)
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Anticipated Sources of Growth in Crop Production, 1997-2030
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Developing Countries Food Self Sufficiency
91 % (at present)
86 % (in 2030)
FAO Reports :
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What are the options ?
• Rain water productivity
• Agricultural water productivity
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Rain water productivity
Improving and Upgrading the Management of
Dry Farming
Permanent Meadows & Pastures
Forest and Bush Lands
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Gaps are large between farmer's actual yield and achievable yields for major rainfed cereal crops
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Some Technical Solution for Rain Water
Productivity Enhancement
Soil moisture conservation technique Minimum to no-till system
Manure and mulching
Recycling city waste
Water harvesting Small furrows
Terracing and bunds
Small dams
Improving varieties and cropping pattern
Supplemental irrigation
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• Crop yield enhancement
• Optimizing crop water requirement
• Irrigation water management
Agricultural Water Productivity
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Progress in maize yields in tons/ha by region (1980 – 2009)
data Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
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• Agro-Technical consideration
• Biotechnology practices
• Genetic Engineering approaches
Crop yield enhancement
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Evapotransporation → Crop Water Requirement
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Irrigation Water Management
• Irrigation Application Management
• Irrigation Water Losses Management
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Irrigation application Management
1. Economical Considerations
Deficit irrigation
Cropping pattern
2. Technical Improvements
Irrigation system modernization
Land leveling
Canal lining
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Water use
Non-Consumptive Use
Non-beneficial
Consumptive Use
Irrigation water losses Management
BeneficialRecoverabl
eNon-recoverable
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Minimizing the Irrigation Water losses at farm level
Non-beneficial:
Minimize the Water evaporated or transpired for purposes other than
the intended use:
sub-surface micro irrigation method
Mulching or covering of soil surface
Weeding the unwanted vegetation
Non-recoverable
Reducing flows to:
saline groundwater sinks
deep aquifers that are not economically exploitable
the sea
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High Evaporation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Low Evaporation
Sub surface micro irrigation
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MANY THANKSFOR
YOUR ATTENTION