water power fdr presentation

Nicholas ClementsKellen GriffithsPhilip G. HoskinsonChristopher Roots

Hydroelectric Generator

05/01/2023 1

Our Goal

05/01/2023 2

Harness wasted energy from city water lines without interrupting the

consumer’s service

Key Requirements• Reduce incoming pressure by 50

psi• Generate usable electricity

whenever water is running• Operate without the need for

regular maintenance

Assumptions and Constraints• End user is a homeowner• Water is currently pressure

regulated• End user has basic plumbing

knowledge

Design Specifications

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Housing Designs

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Scroll Housing

Standard Housing

First Iteration• Tested two housing designs; standard

and scroll • Used data from the more consistent

design to perform dimensional analysis and scaling

• Turbine scaling was done with the hopes of achieving a 50 psi drop across the turbineSecond Iteration

• Tested both housing designs with scaled (smaller) turbine

• Implemented jewel bearings for enclosed system

Housing Test Data

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Speed Force Torque PowerRPM Rad/s Grams lbs ft-lb Nm HP Watts777 81.37 0 0 0 0 0 0775 81.16 21 0.046 0.026 0.035 0.0038 2.807739 77.39 32 0.070 0.039 0.053 0.0055 4.078704 73.72 38 0.084 0.046 0.063 0.0062 4.613635 66.50 48 0.106 0.058 0.079 0.0070 5.256586 61.37 55 0.121 0.067 0.091 0.0075 5.558263 27.54 73 0.161 0.089 0.120 0.0044 3.311388 40.63 63 0.139 0.077 0.104 0.0057 4.215

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000

1

2

3

4

5

6R² = 0.653261671734589

RPM

Shaft

Pow

er (W

)

Speed Force Torque PowerRPM Rad/s Grams lbs ft-lb Nm HP Watts650 68 0 0 0 0 0 0

410 43 14 0.031 0.0170 0.0231 0.001327 0.99

340 36 19 0.042 0.0231 0.0313 0.001494 1.11

290 30 16 0.035 0.0194 0.0263 0.001073 0.80

285 30 27 0.059 0.0328 0.0445 0.00178 1.33

150 16 33 0.073 0.0401 0.0543 0.001145 0.85

75 8 37 0.081 0.0449 0.0609 0.000642 0.48

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

R² = 0.8751552537675

RPM

Shaft

Pow

er (W

)

Standard Scroll

Turbine Analysis

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Diameter (in) RPM Turbine Head (PSI) Theoretical Power (W)0.5 605040.6 42983.6 823851.91.0 75630.1 2686.5 51490.71.5 22408.9 530.7 10171.02.0 9453.8 167.9 3218.22.5 4840.3 68.8 1318.23.0 2801.1 33.2 635.73.5 1764.0 17.9 343.14.0 1181.7 10.5 201.14.5 830.0 6.6 125.65.0 605.0 4.3 82.45.5 454.6 2.9 56.36.0 350.1 2.1 39.76.5 275.4 1.5 28.87.0 220.5 1.1 21.47.5 179.3 0.8 16.38.0 147.7 0.7 12.68.5 123.2 0.5 9.99.0 103.7 0.4 7.89.5 88.2 0.3 6.3

10.0 75.6 0.3 5.1

Base Point Data4.6 777 6 115

*Note: data taken at 5 gpm

Q2

Q1

N2

N1

D2

D1

3

H2

H1

N2

N1

2D2

D1

2

BHP2

BHP1

2

1

N2

N1

3D2

D1

5

Used to find RPM

Used to find turbine head

Used to find theoretical

power

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Drive Shaft• Two precision made stainless steal pivot

shafts• Pressed into a 6160 Aluminum shaft• Pressed into ABS plastic turbine

Design SpecificationsDrive Shaft and Bearing

Jewel Bearing • Two #10-32 spring loaded

synthetic sapphire jewel bearing• Custom fabricated a bottom

bearing housing that minimized intrusion of flow

Design Analysis: Generator

Magnetic Generator Three phase coil configuration

Two coils in series per phase AC to DC via rectifierSealed from elements30 gauge copper wire

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Schematic of Stator


Initial testing implied a relationship between gap distance and power

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

f(x) = 46.9705472388832 exp( − 0.127522739012544 x )

Gap vs. Voltage

Distance Between Magnets and Generator (mm)

Volt

age

(V)

Implications: • Infinite power

output: (not possible)

• Power increases as gap distance decreases

• Further testing completed


Goal: Establish Power Relationship

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• Linear relationship matches theoretical results from CDR

• Note: subsystem testing with 0.25 Watt resistor limits

350 450 550 650 7500

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Current vs. RPM

24 Ohms100 Ohms216 Ohms

RPM

Curr

ent (

Amps

)

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 8000.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Power vs. RPM

906 ohmsLinear (906 ohms)469 OhmsLinear (469 Ohms)24 OhmsLinear (24 Ohms)

RPM

Pow

er (W

atts)


Goal: Establish limit of power / current

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• Power develops until current max reached

• Copper wire gauge is expected to be primary limitation factor

p = R*I^2

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.80

Power vs. Resistance

760 RPM

Resistance (Ohms)

Pow

er (W

atts)


Goal: Maximize power output from previous relationships

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• Magnetic resistance overcomes current produced

• Gap distance as a variable factor

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.50.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

Efficiency vs. Gap Distance

Gap Distance (in)

Effic

ienc

y760 RPM

(Note: Equivalent relationship demonstrated at lower RPMs)

Final Design

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Closed Assembly Turbine Exposed Separated Assembly

Power vs. Resistance

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2 GPM

3 GPM

4 GPM

5 GPM

Resistance (Ohms)

Pow

er (W

atts)

05/01/2023 14

Experimental Data

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

5 Gallons per Minute

Resistance (Ohms)

Pow

er (W

atts)

GPM Pipe Dia. (in) Turbine Dia. (in) Water Velocity (ft/s) Equivalent RPM Measured RPM % Impulse5 0.25 2.67 32.7 2805 1425 50.804 0.25 2.67 26.1 2244 1220 54.363 0.25 2.67 19.6 1683 1008 59.892 0.25 2.67 13.1 1122 640 57.041 0.25 2.67 6.5 561 391 69.69

Functional TestingFunctional

RequirementsTests Results

Extract energy from pressurized domestic water supply and convert to electrical energy

Preformed power generation across varying flow rates

Max power of 2.3 Watts at 5 gpm and >55 ohms

Maintain working water pressure at flow rates up to 5 gallons per minute

Performed incremental & instantaneous increase in flow rate up to 5 gpm

Device operated as designed without failure

Device is sealed from surroundings to protect water supply from contamination

Applied max available pressure (55 psi) to housing assembly

Initial minor leakage, remedied via sealant application & change of adhesive in future iterations05/01/2023 16

BudgetPart/Material Supplier Cost Quantity Shipping/Tax Subtotal

Turbine

ABS PlasticUSD Engr

Dept$250.00 1 $0.00 $250.00

Support Material

USD Engr Dept

$250.00 1 $0.00 $250.00

Jewel Bearings Swiss Jewel $150.00 8 $23.50 $173.50

Generator

Magnets K&J Magnets $12.00 6 $16.00 $88.00

Copper Wire - Spool

Locally Sourced

$100.00 1 $9.00 $109.00

ResinLocally Sourced

$125.00 1 $11.25 $136.25

SiliconLocally Sourced

$100.00 1 $9.00 $109.00

Housing

PVC SheetUSD Engr

Dept$75.00 1 $6.00 $81.00

PVC Cement Home Depot $5.00 2 $1.00 $6.00

Acrylic Sheet Ridout $45.00 1 $4.00 $49.00

Acrylic Cement Ridout $10.00 1 $1.00 $11.00

Testing

PVC Pipe Home Depot $2.00/10 ft 2 $0.40 $4.40

Ball Valve Home Depot $2.00 1 $0.20 $2.20

Plywood Home Depot $15.00 1 $1.00 $16.00

Pressure GaugeMcMaster-

Carr$9.00 2 $8.00 $26.00

Misc. Fasteners Home Depot $50.00 1 $5.00 $20.00

Total $1365

05/01/2023 17

Future Development

Parallel assembliesDynamic resistance Test for turbine “freeze” point of current

prototypeTest at higher flow rates >5 gpm

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Dynamometer Testing of Subsystems

RPM Torque (ft-lb)

Turbine 775 0.026

Generator 760 0.034

Questions?

05/01/2023 19

water power fdr presentation

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