water on and under the ground water on and under the ground
TRANSCRIPT
Water On and UnderWater On and Underthe groundthe ground
Water On and UnderWater On and Underthe groundthe ground
Precipitation
“rain”
Precipitation
“rain”
Evaporationliquid converts to a vapor
Evaporationliquid converts to a vapor
Condensationvapor converts to a liquidCondensationvapor converts to a liquid
Runoffexcess water movinginto rivers, lakes
Runoffexcess water movinginto rivers, lakes
Infiltrationwater “soaks”into the soil
Infiltrationwater “soaks”into the soil
Evapotranspiration (EvapT)evaporation + transpiration, evaporationfrom water bodies and off a plants
Evapotranspiration (EvapT)evaporation + transpiration, evaporationfrom water bodies and off a plants
The Hydrologic Cycle
CondensationCondensationwater vapor cools and water vapor cools and converts back to a converts back to a ““suspended” liquidsuspended” liquid
EvaporationOcean contributes 80% of total watervapor
Cloud FormationCloud Formation
Precipitation
SurfaceRun-off
Groundwater
I I I I the HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.Draw the hydrologic cycle from memoryDraw the hydrologic cycle from memory Include the following:Include the following:
precipitationprecipitation evaporation evaporationcondensationcondensation infiltration infiltrationsurface run-offsurface run-off groundwater groundwater
2. How do each of the above terms relate2. How do each of the above terms relate to one another?to one another?
Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?
21%21%21%21%
.03%.03%.03%.03%
.003%.003%.003%.003%
.62%.62%.62%.62%
76 %76 %76 %76 %
Most fresh water is locked up inMost fresh water is locked up inice (frozen water)ice (frozen water)Most fresh water is locked up inMost fresh water is locked up inice (frozen water)ice (frozen water)
Fresh water %Fresh water %
How Water Affects LandHow Water Affects Land
Do you believe that water runs down-hillWhere does it go?????????????????????Do you believe that water runs down-hillWhere does it go?????????????????????
PrecipitationPrecipitation
Overland flowOverland flow
PrecipitationPrecipitation
Overland flowOverland flow
Stream flowStream Channel
Stream flowStream Channel
Overland flow + Stream flow = Surface RunoffOverland flow + Stream flow = Surface Runoff
How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms?How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms?
Transportation of Sediment•Load type of sediment carried by the stream
• Gradient the steepness of a stream channel
• Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low)
Transportation of Sediment•Load type of sediment carried by the stream
• Gradient the steepness of a stream channel
• Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low)
The gradient, load and discharge defines the characterof the stream and stream channel.
• how the stream flows• what land features are formed
The gradient, load and discharge defines the characterof the stream and stream channel.
• how the stream flows• what land features are formed
How does gradient influence the transportationHow does gradient influence the transportationof various types of loads?of various types of loads?
Sediment load types
Steeper Gradient•transport of the bed load•increase velocityGentle Gradient
•transport of suspended and dissolved loads
Transportation of SedimentTransportation of SedimentThe type and characteristics of stream can The type and characteristics of stream can
be described by its be described by its competencecompetence and and capacitycapacity..
CapacityCapacity: : represents the maximum load of represents the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transportsolid particles a stream can transport
The greater the discharge, the greater capacityThe greater the discharge, the greater capacity
CompetenceCompetence: : streams ability to carry various sizesstreams ability to carry various sizes of sediment – not quantityof sediment – not quantity
Flow velocity is the KeyFlow velocity is the Key: a stream’s competence increases : a stream’s competence increases proportionately to the square of its velocity.proportionately to the square of its velocity. If stream velocity doubles then, impact force is 4X greaterIf stream velocity doubles then, impact force is 4X greater If stream velocity triples, then impact force is 9X greaterIf stream velocity triples, then impact force is 9X greater If stream velocity quadruples, then impact force is ___ greaterIf stream velocity quadruples, then impact force is ___ greater16X
I I I I Watching the streamWatching the streamWatching the streamWatching the stream
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.How are How are gradientgradient, , dischargedischarge, and , and loadload related to stream channels? related to stream channels?
2. What are the three types of loads carried2. What are the three types of loads carried by streams?by streams?
3. Define the differences between 3. Define the differences between capacitycapacity and and competence competence of a stream. of a stream.
Steep Gradient
• increase velocity
• increase load
• increase discharge
Steep Gradient
• increase velocity
• increase load
• increase discharge
Gentle Gradient
• decrease velocity
• decrease load
• decrease discharge
Gentle Gradient
• decrease velocity
• decrease load
• decrease discharge
CapacityCapacity??
Competence?Competence?
Moves large amountsMoves large amountsof material – high volumeof material – high volume
Moves “big-stuff” andMoves “big-stuff” andhigh impact force – bed high impact force – bed load materialload material
CapacityCapacity??Moves small amounts ofMoves small amounts ofmaterial –low volumematerial –low volume
Competence ?Moves small material –Moves small material –suspended/dissolved loadssuspended/dissolved loads
Creating landforms by streamsusing erosion and deposition
DE
DepositionDepositionErosionErosion
• straight streams• meandering streams• braided streams
Straight Stream channel
• usually occurs over a short distance
• high gradient (near headwaters)
• takes on the classic “V” shape profile
Straight Stream channel
• usually occurs over a short distance
• high gradient (near headwaters)
• takes on the classic “V” shape profile
“V” shaped valley young stream“V” shaped valley young stream
Meandering stream channel• low gradient• erosional / depositional features
Meandering stream channel• low gradient• erosional / depositional features
Point Bars• sand deposits
Point Bars• sand deposits
Main channelMain channel
Cut banksCut banks
EE DD
EEDD
Where is the erosional anddepositional parts of the river?
Where is the erosional anddepositional parts of the river?
Braided Stream channel• very low gradient
• large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked”
Braided Stream channel• very low gradient
• large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked”
I I I I watching the streamwatching the streamwatching the streamwatching the stream
I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.
Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:
1.1.List at least 2-characteristics that defineList at least 2-characteristics that define a a straightstraight, , meanderingmeandering and and braided braided stream channel system.stream channel system.
Characteristics such as: Characteristics such as: load capacityload capacity, , gradientgradient and and dischargedischarge
Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – ordecreases “gradient”
Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – ordecreases “gradient”
Types of stream deposits• floodplains• oxbow lakes• alluvial fans• delta deposits
Types of stream deposits• floodplains• oxbow lakes• alluvial fans• delta deposits
High Energy
Low Energy
Floodplain• “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding)
Floodplain• “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding)
floodplainfloodplain
floodplainfloodplain
Alluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment depositAlluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment deposit
Steep gradientcarrying large sedimentload enters an areathat is flat
Steep gradientcarrying large sedimentload enters an areathat is flat
Where’s Bakersfield• built on an alluvial fan
Where’s Bakersfield• built on an alluvial fan
BakersfieldBakersfield
Delta stream deposit• stream deposits sediment into a large body of water (ocean)
Cross-beddeddeltaic deposits
Nile River in Egypt• deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea• Delta means in Greek
Nile River in Egypt• deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea• Delta means in Greek
Flood
Meandering streamsMeandering streams
AlluvialfansAlluvialfans
Typical stream channelcomponentsTypical stream channelcomponents
I I I I Watching the stream depositsWatching the stream depositsWatching the stream depositsWatching the stream deposits
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend
1. Define the four types of stream depositsDefine the four types of stream deposits
2. Give at least 2 characteristics of each 2. Give at least 2 characteristics of each stream deposit type stream deposit type
3. Describe how an oxbow lake forms3. Describe how an oxbow lake forms
Surface Water as a hazardSurface Water as a hazard
Floods• Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard
• Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph
Floods• Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard
• Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph
Time
Scientists can predict thetime of the water surgeor when the crest will appear (water wave)
Start
22
44
881212
16162222
What if the Isabella Dambreaks? Will Bakersfieldflood????
What if the Isabella Dambreaks? Will Bakersfieldflood????
Alluvial fanAlluvial fan
I I I I Watching a floodWatching a floodWatching a floodWatching a flood
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend
1.1.What is a hydrographWhat is a hydrograph
2. How do scientist predict a flood for2. How do scientist predict a flood for a particular area?a particular area?
3.3.How would you explain the flood map forHow would you explain the flood map for the Bakersfield areathe Bakersfield area
Factors that influence the Factors that influence the storagestorage and and movementmovement of groundwater of groundwaterFactors that influence the Factors that influence the storagestorage and and movementmovement of groundwater of groundwater
Porosity:Porosity: the amount of voidthe amount of void
spaces available to spaces available to store waterstore water
Expressed as a %Expressed as a %
Porosity:Porosity: the amount of voidthe amount of void
spaces available to spaces available to store waterstore water
Expressed as a %Expressed as a %
10% -20%10% -20%
30%-50%30%-50%
Permeability:Permeability:the ability for water to movethe ability for water to move
(transmit) through the media (transmit) through the media
Permeability:Permeability:the ability for water to movethe ability for water to move
(transmit) through the media (transmit) through the media
Distribution and Movement of groundwaterDistribution and Movement of groundwater
Saturated Zone – Saturated Zone – pore spaces completely “full”pore spaces completely “full”Saturated Zone – Saturated Zone – pore spaces completely “full”pore spaces completely “full”
Unsaturated ZoneUnsaturated Zone – pore spaces “not” full – pore spaces “not” fullUnsaturated ZoneUnsaturated Zone – pore spaces “not” full – pore spaces “not” full
top of water tabletop of water tabletop of water tabletop of water table
I I I I Drinking ground-waterDrinking ground-waterDrinking ground-waterDrinking ground-water
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend
1.1.Describe the differences between porosityDescribe the differences between porosity and permeabilityand permeability2. What does mean? (the symbol)2. What does mean? (the symbol)
3. Define the following:3. Define the following:1.1.Unsaturated zoneUnsaturated zone2.2.Saturated zoneSaturated zone3.3.Perched aquiferPerched aquifer
High Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - Permeability
AquiferAquiferAquiferAquifer
Low Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityAquitardAquitardAquitardAquitard
ClayClay
Aquifer underAquifer underpressure (confined)pressure (confined)Aquifer underAquifer underpressure (confined)pressure (confined)
Porosity and PermeabilityPorosity and PermeabilityPorosity and PermeabilityPorosity and Permeability
Movement of GroundwaterMovement of Groundwater
Areas of Areas of high pressurehigh pressure
Areas of LowAreas of Lowpressurepressure
I I I I Groundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristics
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend
1.1.Describe the differences between anDescribe the differences between an unconfinedunconfined and and confinedconfined aquifers aquifers
2.2.What is an aquitard?What is an aquitard?
3. Describe the general flow of groundwater3. Describe the general flow of groundwater
DrawdownDrawdownDrawdownDrawdown
Water WellsWater WellsWater WellsWater WellsProducing a Producing a cone of depressioncone of depressionProducing a Producing a cone of depressioncone of depression
AAAA
BBBB
Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)
Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)
““Pressure SurfacePressure Surface
Above pressureAbove pressuresurfacesurfaceNOTNOT - Artesian - Artesian
Below the pressureBelow the pressuresurface - Artesiansurface - Artesian
Artesian wellArtesian well: : flowing water from a well notflowing water from a well not being pumpedbeing pumped
confined conditions (1)confined conditions (1)pressure forces water up(2)pressure forces water up(2)
Confined aquifer (1)
Confined aquifer (1)
Aquitard (2)Aquitard (2)
Aquitard (2)Aquitard (2)
I I I I Watching the streamWatching the streamWatching the streamWatching the stream
I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend
1.1.How would you describe a “cone of How would you describe a “cone of depression?depression?
2. How can groundwater wells influence other2. How can groundwater wells influence other people living in an area?people living in an area?
3. What conditions are necessary to produce3. What conditions are necessary to produce an artesian well?an artesian well?