John H. Van Arsdel, Vice President

Water meters:

Water PumpedWater Sold

Gallons of water being pumped into the distribution systemeach billing period exceeds the gallons being sold.

Water Loss Control

Monitoring water resources has been conducted for thousands of years.

Roman Adjutage

Julius Frontenus was first Roman Water Commissioner and recognized importance of equitable water distribution (300 BC)

Flow

Metering of Water

Concept of “water rights” and efficient water use has been debated and fought over for centuries

End result: majority of water is now metered for equitable economic distribution.

AWWA Policy Statement (M-36)Metering

Meter all water introduced into distribution system

Meter all water distributed to users

** Metering provides basis of assessing users equitably, encourages responsible and efficient use of a precious resource (remember: Julius Frontenus)

MeteringThe purpose of metering water:

Produce revenue to operate the utility

To make sure each customer is charged equitably for water use

Protect a valuable resource

Encourage conservation and proper stewardship

Water PumpedWater Sold

Where did it all go??

Water Audit Process: A Top Down Approach

• Advantage: quickly pulls together data and information that is readily available.

• Disadvantage: for most water utilities, incomplete or inaccurate data limits the validity of the top-down water audit.

Water Audit Form

•v 5.0 available free from AWWA at:

www.awwa.org

Developed by the AWWA Water Loss Committee

Easier than a 1040 form!

Water Audit Report for:Reporting Year:

PLEASE CHOOSE REPORTING UNITS FROM THE INSTRUCTIONS SHEET BEFORE ENTERING DATA

WATER SUPPLIED

Volume from own sources:Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value):

Water imported:Water exported:

WATER SUPPLIED: 0.000.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered:

Billed unmetered:Unbilled metered: Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 0.000 1.25%

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 0.000

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 0.000

Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 8 0.000 0.25%

Customer metering inaccuracies: 0.000Systematic data handling errors:

Apparent Losses: 0.000

Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 0.000

WATER LOSSES: 0.000

NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 0.000

= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains:Number of active AND inactive service connections:

Connection density:Average length of customer service line:

Average operating pressure:

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses):

Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): $/

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied:Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system:

Annual cost of Apparent Losses:Annual cost of Real Losses:

Operational Efficiency Indicators

Apparent Losses per service connection per day:

Real Losses per service connection per day*:

Real Losses per length of main per day*:

Real Losses per service connection per day per meter (head) pressure:

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL):

* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated

WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:

1: Billed metered

2: Customer metering inaccuracies

3: Total annual cost of operating water system

Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:

Add a grading value for 9 parameter(s) to enable an audit score to be calculated

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:

Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed

Choose this option to enter a percentage of

billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value

Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed

AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

<< Enter grading in column 'E'

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Back to

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property boundary)

Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied

ORvalue

?Click here: for help using option buttons below

For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet

WAS v4.0

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Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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Standard Water Balance Format

WaterImported

OwnSources

TotalSystemInput

( allowfor

knownerrors )

TotalSystemInput

(allowfor

knownerrors)

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

RealLosses

ApparentLosses

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

Non-Revenue

Water

RevenueWater

Leakage & Overflows at Storage

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Billed Metered Consumption

Billed Water Exported

Leakage on Service Lines(before the meter)

Leakage on Mains

Customer Metering & Data Inaccuracies

Unauthorized Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

Start hereMove this direction

Water Losses

Apparent - Metering InaccuraciesUnauthorized Consumption

( $$ Non-Revenue Water $$ )

Real Losses - Leakage

( $$ Non-Revenue Water $$)

How do Apparent losses occur?

Inaccurate meters Wrong meter application Inaccurate meter reading (data

collection/management) Accounting errors Unauthorized consumption

This form of Pitot tube was designed by Edward S. Cole in 1896.

Henri Pitot (1700’s)

Old Woltmann style devicesEarly 1800’s

Late 1800’s

Class I Turbine

Clemens Herschel’s Venturi meter

Worked for Holyoke Water Power Co.

Realized industry was using vast amounts of water unmeasured

Invented Venturi meter in 1886 based on Venturi principle.

Displacement metersPiston Style meters

Invented mid to late 1800’s

Single Jet and Multijet meters

Invented mid to late 1800’s

Compound meters

Invented early 1900’s

Turbine style

Needs flow conditioning

Mag style meter

Ultra Sonic Meter

Ultrasonic Strap on meter

2010 Pumped vs. Billed & Difference

‐50000000

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000

300000000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Gallons

2010 Pumped vs Billed

Pumped

Billed

Dif

Meters: 13,475 total

Meter Size

(inches)

Numbers of Meters Percentage

5/8 12175 90.3533/4 162 1.2021 439 3.258

1 1/4 3 0.0221 1/2 244 1.811

2 363 2.6943 49 0.3644 18 0.1346 17 0.1268 4 0.03012 1 0.007

Total 13,475

Average annual revenue per sampled meter record

Meter Size Cu. Ft. Revenue

0.625 6,737 $211.170.75 11,946 $311.29

1 20,718 $490.641.25 no data no data

1.5 76,194 $3,770.292 97,335 $1,878.733 505,217 $7,991.874 470,220 $7,923.426 2,336,430 $42,795.008 9,496,130 $127,088.00

12 13,382,700 $179,486.00

Service Connection Diagram

Note differences in meter locations

Meter Selection Accuracy - (how good is it, really?)

Precision Error –technology and limitations

Bias Error – average measured value versus actual

Sensitivity – flow responsiveness

Linearity – readout “straight line” of not

Repeatability – results of data collection repeatable?

Range – Minimum flow versus Maximum flow

Traceable – traceable to a standard?

Meter Selection Things that can affect Meter Performance

Velocity profile Nonhomogeneous flow Air/solids in fluid Cavitation Pulsating flow Installation considerations

Straight pipe, flow conditionersPressure, Power needed for read out

Life Cycle costs

Meter Selection Meter size and type selection is generally a problem for larger water user, not residential or small commercial users.

If the meter is too big, low flow use will not get measured (or billed) properly.

If the meter is too small, the water use will be restricted and cause premature meter wear.

Meter Selection

Meter standards were set by AWWA early 1900’s

C 700 standards (701-704) M6 manual on selection, installation, and testing M33 manual on flow meters M22 manual on service line sizing and meter sizing

Which meter is right for you?

Can meter be tested in place?

Meter Installation

**Meter standards do not include meter setting standards.

Setting needs to be plumb and level (meters work better in horizontal plane)

Readily accessible for servicing, reading, testing Remove/install meter without piping/plumbing issues Electrical Grounding Protect from freezing Operational inlet/outlet valves Minimum pressure loss Public Safety Considerations

Meter installations

For vertical inside pipes

Meter installations

Outside meter pits

Meter installations

Hydraulically balanced settings

Q=VA

Q is “ Quantity” of water

V is velocity of flow measured in feet per second

A is Area of pipe: Inside diameter (ID) in square feet

Flow Measurement

FLOW

FLOW FLOW

FLOW

BUTTERFLY VALVE

INCRUSTATION / TUBERCULATION BUILD-UP ON WALLS

PARTIALLY CLOSED GATE VALVE

SMOOTH INTERIOR PIPE WALL

Meter Sizing

• If you use too Small of a Meter– Meter will be damaged by over speeding

Meter Sizing

• Who sizes your meters?

Do you put in the size and type of meter that is proper for the application?

Do you put in whatever size and type of meter that the builder/architect/engineer requests?

Sizing of Water Meters• Service Size = Meter Size

User Needs Fixture EvaluationAWWA manual – M22

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16 Unit Apartment Building Three Bedroom - 2 full Baths

Value at 35 psi

No. of Fixtures

Fixture

ValueBathtub 8 32 256Dishwasher-1" conn. 25 0Dishwasher-1/2" conn. 5 16 80Dishwasher-3/4" conn. 12 0Washing Machine: 1/2" Conn. 5 16 80Washing Machine: 3/4" Conn. 12 0Hose Bib(50' length wash down)-1/2"hose 6 1 6Hose Bib(50' length wash down)-5/8"hose 9 0Kitchen Sink-1/2" conn. 3 16 48Kitchen Sink-3/4" conn. 7 0Lavatory-1/2" conn. 4 0Lavatory-3/8" conn. 2 32 64Urinal-Pedistal Flush Valve 35 0Urinal-Wall Flush Valve 12 0Water Closet-Flush Valve 35 0Water Closet-Tank Type 3 32 96

Total 630

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Domestic Use Hotels, Schools, Restaurants, Hospitals

Domestic Use Only

No Irrigation

ApartmentsMotelsCondosTrailer Parks

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Combined Fixture Value

Demand -gpm

Fig. 4.4 Water-Flow Demand per Fixture Value-Low Range

55 gpm

630

Master Meter Test Standards

• M-6 manual addresses turbines and propeller meters but does not address Venturi meters or other types.

• M-33 doesn’t state allowable accuracy levels (except to mention the manufacturer’s specs)

Production Mag Meter

Production Venturi Meter

Wholesale 16”Turbine meter

Commercial/Industrial Compound Meter

Commercial and Industrial Meters High Revenue Meters

Usually 10%-12% of the customers use 50% -60% of the water.

Test and repair industrial and commercial meters

Replace obsolete meters

Large Meter Testing Program

Meter testing should be performed as on-going maintenance program

An annual testing program will insure that revenues stay up

Test meters within 6 months of installation 2 percent of annual revenue should be ear

marked for meter testing

Testing Methodology

Refer to the AWWA M-6 Manual Test specs are for meter test bench situations Field testing (testing meters “on site”) requires

following a strict methodology. **M-6 does not spell out field testingrequirements.

Refer to the meter manufacturer specsNewer style meters require different testing

approach

Testing Methodology Calibrated test meter needs to be used

AWWA requires tests at 3 flows Low , Intermediate, High flows

In some cases testing may be limited by flow situation

It makes sense to conduct several tests at different flows to get full assessment of meter’s performance aside from the three tests.

Look at how water is being used by water customer That will help in determining proper meter size and type. Refer to the M-22 Manual on Service line and Meter sizing.

Field testing verses shop testing

• It doesn’t mater if the meter is 100% accurate, if it’s not accurate in it’s setting!

• Inlet valve

• Outlet valve

• Test port

• Bypass line

• Easily accessible

Proper Meter Setting

Testing Frequency

Table 5-2 in the M-6 manual lists for every State, PSC regulations for Meter testing by size

16 states have no regulations!

( My Opinion) - The rest do not appear to be adequate to meet sound economic business practices…

… for example, Indiana states that 6” meters should be tested every 4 years!

Using Revenue as a basis for large meter testing frequency

Using the rule of investing about 2% of a meter’s annual revenue in the “maintenance” (testing) of that meter, the following averages apply. $14,400.00 or greater = annual testing $7,200.00 to $14,400.00 = every 2 years $3,600.00 to $7,200.00 = every 3 years Less than $3,600.00 = every 4 years

Consequences of not maintaining meters

These are your cash registers! (** Do you think it is ok to loose 10% - 20% of your money?)

All your operating money comes from collecting the revenue generated by the meters!

Make sure everyone pays for their fair share

Sewer revenues often based on meter readings!(** Maybe you can get the sewer department to help fund the meter testing program!)

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

Effects of Normal Wear on Meter Accuracy

0102030405060708090

100

Time

Perc

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M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

Effects of Normal Wear on Meter Accuracy

0102030405060708090

100

Time

Perc

enta

ge

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

Effects of Normal Wear on Meter Accuracy

0102030405060708090

100

Time

Perc

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ge

Test in placeAdvantages

Practical - do not have to remove meter Test under conditions of current operation Able to inspect and assess flow conditions

Disadvantages Meter may be in a compromised setting Test sites may be compromised Flows may be limited You have to “settle” for what is available/practical

Remove and ship once a year for testing???

Residential Meters - Sample Testing

Test a sample of the residential meters to determine the overall accuracy of the residential metering system. Test 10% of a particular age group

of meters. If 10% of this sample fails to test within accuracy limits then a replacement program is needed

Residential Meters -

Weighted Averages: 15%-70%-15%

‘81 - ‘85 meters = 67% failure ‘86 - ‘90 meters = 40% failure ‘91 - ‘95 meters = 15% failure ‘96 - ‘99 meters = 17% failure ‘00 - ‘03 meters = 21% failureOverall = 26% failure

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

Why Utilities are installing AMR

Better customer infoProvides link to customer

completing a communications infrastructure to fully develop retail services business.Make sure that no curb reading is

being done Improve overall cash flow.

“4 Pillars” of Apparent Loss Management

UnavoidableApparent Loss

Meter accuracyerror

Meters do notregister actual

volumes passing

Unauthorized Consumption

Theft and illegalconsumption

Data transfer errors between

meter and archives

Poor customeraccountability

Data analysisErrors Between

archived data and data used forbilling/water

balance

Existing Apparent Losses

Economic Level

• As each component receives more or lessattention the losses will increase or decrease

• The operator strives tokeep losses to a minimum

Billing Meter Reading Customer Services Revenue Water Field Services System Development IT

NRW Management Team:

Thanks!!