water logging problem of tala upazila,satkhira, bangladesh
TRANSCRIPT
Hydrological Sedimentological KII and FGD Approaches
for Social and Environmental Evaluation in Water Logged
Areas of TALA
A report submitted by
MD SYADUR RAHAMAN
Exam Roll No-314
Registration No-2012-912-210
Session-2012-13
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Second year BS(Hons) in Disaster Science And Management
6 July 2015
Dept of Disaster Science and Management
University of Dhaka
Abstract
Last two decade southwestern area mostly Khulna division face slow one
set disaster waterlogging Due to high siltation rivers are loss their
Navigability as there heat Flood and Waterlogging in every year Gradual
siltation is the main source of the problem on the riverbed triggered by
inadequate runoffs in the southern reaches caused by the polders
constructed under the Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) during the
sixties For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an
immediate and short-term measure Auto sedimentation by river could be
considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising the low lands or
beels The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation channels
can be excavated and the excavated sediment can be used for creating
or raising the rural roads polder or embankment to mitigating the flood or
water logging problem in the region For continuing crop production local
people are engaged in floating agriculture crop production with Sorjan
method and fish cultivation in lowland to utilize the water-logged land
around the southern region They elevate and widen the surroundings of
that waterlogged land utilized for vegetable and fruit production
The study analyzed soil salinity and some essential soil nutrients for rice plant
as affected by a shrimp-based cropping system The study was conducted
in a village located in Satkhira district Two main cropping systems the
shrimp-boro rice cropping system and the aman rice-boro rice cropping
system are mainly practiced by local farmers in the study village The results
revealed that the soil salinity level of the shrimp-boro rice cropping system
was higher than that of aman rice-boro over the consecutive years of 2010
2011 and 2012 The soil was found moderately saline Some nutrient
elements were available in adequate amounts salinity kept these nutrients
from being taken up by the rice plants since salinity changes the osmotic
pressure of the soil solution system This may ultimately lead to a reduction
in rice yield and threaten the sustainability of the local shrimp-boro rice
cropping system
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir
Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement
this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team
leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and
Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring
guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and
great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my
concept and complete this report
I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul
Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and
Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University
Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly
attitude during field work
I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP
for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field
work
My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to
complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to
UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I
am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us
Content
Chapter Page No
Abstract I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01
11 Introduction 02
12 Statement of the problem 03
13 Objective of the study 04
14 Scope of the study 04
15 Geology of this area 05
16 Geomorphological condition 06
17 Study area 09
171 Area 09
172 Agriculture and land use 12
173 Political and social condition 14
18 Limitation of the work 16
Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17
Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20
31
Hydrological Process 21
311 Tidal influence 21
312 Water table Measurement 22
313 Ground water properties 23
32 Sedimentological 25
33 Environmental Assessment 26
Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28
a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29
42 Sedementological Analysis 35
421 Type of Sediment 36
422 Sediment quality 36
423 Sediment deposit 37
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to
deposit
38
43 FGD Data Analysis 39
431 Khesra Union 41
432 Jalalpur Union 45
Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47
51 Hazards of this area 48
511 Water-logging 49
512 Salinity 50
52 Causes of Hazard 52
521 Causes of Waterlogging 52
522 Cause of Salinity 53
Effect of Hazards 54
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54
532 Food 55
533 Housing and Shelter 55
534 Livelihood and Food Security 56
535 Health and Nutrition 56
536 Children and Education 57
537 Impact of Salinity 57
Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58
Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59
Chapter ndash 8 References
60
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Abstract
Last two decade southwestern area mostly Khulna division face slow one
set disaster waterlogging Due to high siltation rivers are loss their
Navigability as there heat Flood and Waterlogging in every year Gradual
siltation is the main source of the problem on the riverbed triggered by
inadequate runoffs in the southern reaches caused by the polders
constructed under the Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) during the
sixties For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an
immediate and short-term measure Auto sedimentation by river could be
considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising the low lands or
beels The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation channels
can be excavated and the excavated sediment can be used for creating
or raising the rural roads polder or embankment to mitigating the flood or
water logging problem in the region For continuing crop production local
people are engaged in floating agriculture crop production with Sorjan
method and fish cultivation in lowland to utilize the water-logged land
around the southern region They elevate and widen the surroundings of
that waterlogged land utilized for vegetable and fruit production
The study analyzed soil salinity and some essential soil nutrients for rice plant
as affected by a shrimp-based cropping system The study was conducted
in a village located in Satkhira district Two main cropping systems the
shrimp-boro rice cropping system and the aman rice-boro rice cropping
system are mainly practiced by local farmers in the study village The results
revealed that the soil salinity level of the shrimp-boro rice cropping system
was higher than that of aman rice-boro over the consecutive years of 2010
2011 and 2012 The soil was found moderately saline Some nutrient
elements were available in adequate amounts salinity kept these nutrients
from being taken up by the rice plants since salinity changes the osmotic
pressure of the soil solution system This may ultimately lead to a reduction
in rice yield and threaten the sustainability of the local shrimp-boro rice
cropping system
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir
Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement
this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team
leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and
Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring
guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and
great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my
concept and complete this report
I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul
Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and
Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University
Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly
attitude during field work
I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP
for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field
work
My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to
complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to
UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I
am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us
Content
Chapter Page No
Abstract I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01
11 Introduction 02
12 Statement of the problem 03
13 Objective of the study 04
14 Scope of the study 04
15 Geology of this area 05
16 Geomorphological condition 06
17 Study area 09
171 Area 09
172 Agriculture and land use 12
173 Political and social condition 14
18 Limitation of the work 16
Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17
Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20
31
Hydrological Process 21
311 Tidal influence 21
312 Water table Measurement 22
313 Ground water properties 23
32 Sedimentological 25
33 Environmental Assessment 26
Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28
a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29
42 Sedementological Analysis 35
421 Type of Sediment 36
422 Sediment quality 36
423 Sediment deposit 37
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to
deposit
38
43 FGD Data Analysis 39
431 Khesra Union 41
432 Jalalpur Union 45
Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47
51 Hazards of this area 48
511 Water-logging 49
512 Salinity 50
52 Causes of Hazard 52
521 Causes of Waterlogging 52
522 Cause of Salinity 53
Effect of Hazards 54
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54
532 Food 55
533 Housing and Shelter 55
534 Livelihood and Food Security 56
535 Health and Nutrition 56
536 Children and Education 57
537 Impact of Salinity 57
Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58
Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59
Chapter ndash 8 References
60
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir
Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement
this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team
leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and
Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring
guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and
great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my
concept and complete this report
I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul
Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and
Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University
Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly
attitude during field work
I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP
for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field
work
My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to
complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to
UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I
am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us
Content
Chapter Page No
Abstract I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01
11 Introduction 02
12 Statement of the problem 03
13 Objective of the study 04
14 Scope of the study 04
15 Geology of this area 05
16 Geomorphological condition 06
17 Study area 09
171 Area 09
172 Agriculture and land use 12
173 Political and social condition 14
18 Limitation of the work 16
Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17
Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20
31
Hydrological Process 21
311 Tidal influence 21
312 Water table Measurement 22
313 Ground water properties 23
32 Sedimentological 25
33 Environmental Assessment 26
Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28
a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29
42 Sedementological Analysis 35
421 Type of Sediment 36
422 Sediment quality 36
423 Sediment deposit 37
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to
deposit
38
43 FGD Data Analysis 39
431 Khesra Union 41
432 Jalalpur Union 45
Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47
51 Hazards of this area 48
511 Water-logging 49
512 Salinity 50
52 Causes of Hazard 52
521 Causes of Waterlogging 52
522 Cause of Salinity 53
Effect of Hazards 54
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54
532 Food 55
533 Housing and Shelter 55
534 Livelihood and Food Security 56
535 Health and Nutrition 56
536 Children and Education 57
537 Impact of Salinity 57
Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58
Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59
Chapter ndash 8 References
60
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Content
Chapter Page No
Abstract I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01
11 Introduction 02
12 Statement of the problem 03
13 Objective of the study 04
14 Scope of the study 04
15 Geology of this area 05
16 Geomorphological condition 06
17 Study area 09
171 Area 09
172 Agriculture and land use 12
173 Political and social condition 14
18 Limitation of the work 16
Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17
Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20
31
Hydrological Process 21
311 Tidal influence 21
312 Water table Measurement 22
313 Ground water properties 23
32 Sedimentological 25
33 Environmental Assessment 26
Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28
a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29
42 Sedementological Analysis 35
421 Type of Sediment 36
422 Sediment quality 36
423 Sediment deposit 37
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to
deposit
38
43 FGD Data Analysis 39
431 Khesra Union 41
432 Jalalpur Union 45
Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47
51 Hazards of this area 48
511 Water-logging 49
512 Salinity 50
52 Causes of Hazard 52
521 Causes of Waterlogging 52
522 Cause of Salinity 53
Effect of Hazards 54
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54
532 Food 55
533 Housing and Shelter 55
534 Livelihood and Food Security 56
535 Health and Nutrition 56
536 Children and Education 57
537 Impact of Salinity 57
Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58
Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59
Chapter ndash 8 References
60
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
52 Causes of Hazard 52
521 Causes of Waterlogging 52
522 Cause of Salinity 53
Effect of Hazards 54
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54
532 Food 55
533 Housing and Shelter 55
534 Livelihood and Food Security 56
535 Health and Nutrition 56
536 Children and Education 57
537 Impact of Salinity 57
Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58
Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59
Chapter ndash 8 References
60
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
11 Introduction
Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage
basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of
population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several
human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage
etc
In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come
from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area
is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area
Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
12 Statement of the problem
Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The
southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand
deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna
Patuakhali and Many others
In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of
cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural
and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve
the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act
1952
The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation
processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in
upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of
sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of
BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time
mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank
Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet
ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was
written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people
of this area and the authority
The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big
problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is
high Due to embankment there
made some polder These polder
are connect to the river with a
channel But in the time there
havenrsquot proper management the
channel are closed so that the
river water canrsquot enter in this
polder This polder are generally
lower than the river side In rainy
season the water enter in this
polder create waterlogging This
situation stay at least six months
Most of the southern district face
this problem This one problem
generate others problems like
economic and social problem
Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this
problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal
Waterlogging
Cyclone
Salinity
Agricultural and Economic
Social and political
13 Objective of the study
The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging
problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the
basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems
The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to
water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some
recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input
for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems
These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary
information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of
the study
i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila
ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like
hydrological and sedimentological processes
iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for
better management of storm water
14 Scope of the study
The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run
solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem
The waterlogging problem are gradually increased
To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the
inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus
the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to
storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of
the problem
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
15 Geology of This Area
The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts
encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes
32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt
of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass
and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta
called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-
Brahmaputra Delta The coast of
Bangladesh is about 710km long The
southwestern coastal belt belongs to the
Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district
belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta
Parts of Khulna district belongs to both
active and inactive Ganges delta and
parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the
active Ganges delta respectively
Based on geomorphologic features the
coastal areas of Bangladesh have been
divided into three distinct regions viz the
eastern region the central region and the
western region and the study area
belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and
deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of
Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on
cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12
districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48
Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower
estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the
remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are
defined as interior coast
The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of
Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea
level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the
study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal
Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by
only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are
generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of
Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an
overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of
Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of
water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into
the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and
partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain
sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very
complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a
heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay
The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their
tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River
Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and
Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana
Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the
major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball
and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers
Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The
Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari
border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through
the Jessore town
16 Geomorphological Condition of this area
The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river
systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river
systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra
from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country
While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an
estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected
to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of
Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative
changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a
significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone
Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP
the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of
rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both
suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the
Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the
continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow
northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located
strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo
Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop
cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate
spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an
important environmental degrading parameter
These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic
changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits
special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of
available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc
The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous
region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely
1 South Eastern Region (SER)
2 South Central Region (SCR)
3 South Western Region (SWR)
South Eastern Region (SER)
The South Eastern Region extends
from the Feni River to Badar
Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos
Bazar The SER is regular and
unbroken and is protected
(along) with sea coast by mud
flats and submerged sands A
continuous strip of sand runs from
Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and
forms a long beach
The coastal districts of Chittagong
and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this
region The Chittagong port is also
situated in this part of the coast
which has helped urbanization of
the region
South Central Region (SCR)
This coastal area comprises
Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal
Barguna Patuakhali Bhola
Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur
district This region in the east-
west direction runs from the Feni
to Baleswar River Along with the
mighty Meghna river other
important rivers of this region are
Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The
region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters
are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new
land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn
causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of
this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three
major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many
estuaries
The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands
(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are
surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the
canals Canals are gradually silted up
South Western Region (SWR)
South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and
Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira
and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the
zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River
channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers
numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary
sources of sweet water
The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology
of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain
which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental
margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous
Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for
containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects
of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the
region has helped stability of this coastal belt
The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some
changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in
rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being
the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is
surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also
mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water
irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of
Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and
productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having
potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason
for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance
of policy issues is needed in this respect
17 Study Area
711 Area
The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot
project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N
Map 15Project Study area map
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our
pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur
The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE
direction of Satkhira towns and is also
about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed
about 6 hour and 45 min reached
thereMy study area are two pilot
project one is Khesra Union and other is
Jalalapur union both of them are
under Tala upazila Two of the project is
stand bank of the Kopotakkho River
The distance of two site form our base
camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km
Jalalapur
The Tala Upazila is well communicated
from Dhaka by bus You also going to
by train or air in Khulna then Tala
Upazila is connected with the metalloid
road Our basecamp and the project
site are connected with metalloid semi
metalloid and unpaved road We
going there by a spatial car
(Votvoti)Fig
Map 16 Project Study area map
Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Location of our study area
Site-1 Jalalpur
Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43
km far form our basecamp It was right
bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur
Union Our pilot project site
connecting with river by a dead khal
(Small River) Due to sand deposit
mouth of the khal the tidal influence
canrsquot reach this project site Length of
the project site is 048 km and weidth
is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There
were a pond in project site ndash 1 area
with 066 hector
Site-2 Khesra
Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13
km farfrom our basecamp It stand
right bank of the kobodak river of
Khesra Union The project site-2
Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of
the khal the tidal influence canrsquot
reach this project site Length of the
project site is 055 km and weidth is 02
km total area is 013 m2 There were a
pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066
hectorMap 18
Map 17Project area map Site -1
Map 18 Project area map Site -2
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
172 Agricultural and Land Use
As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and
source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp
Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat
potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the
most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here
Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of
paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768
MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro
Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry
Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower
Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato
Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose
But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices
(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor
Khesari Mash-kalai)
People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat
and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type
of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are
breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of
Sheeps
173 Social and Political Condition
Table Cattle of Satkhira districts
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out
of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove
forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90
of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place
where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated
Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes
of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp
culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows
was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been
become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been
detected alarmingly
In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly
this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is
flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it
indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest
caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to
climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical
environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30
members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila
and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and
extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp
culture
From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered
by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal
Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single
owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many
polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful
and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So
the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp
cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many
others problems------------------------------
Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a
permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which
not encourage forestation of the area
Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due
to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also
endangered
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other
problem many land owner could have to starve for meager
agricultural production
Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in
early time
Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of
water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water
has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate
shrimp cultivation in the area
In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of
the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from
rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total
biological chain has been devastated
The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many
varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing
fast
There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of
salt content on the top soil
It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy
and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage
was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of
them either to change to other profession or to migrate
Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp
cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And
because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more
powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear
discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this
socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation
18 Limitation of This Work
Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work
according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river
flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water
logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these
two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall
Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River
Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this
study by reviewing their study findings
There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system
in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and
their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage
system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the
recommendations to reduce the problem
Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement
didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most
of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern
instrument
Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work
with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also
communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to
collect data in due time in two project site
During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make
any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the
lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments
can be harmful for them in near future
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Chapter -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Literature Review
Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like
the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies
have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area
and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem
and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related
to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on
scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the
waterlogging problem of the study area
A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo
2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this
project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river
is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry
out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The
project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging
embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the
project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master
plan now the project turned to fail
A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis
of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated
cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to
perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development
interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human
settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage
to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions
and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas
including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and
prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting
humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food
security
Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region
of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of
long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to
our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the
local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate
and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising
the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation
channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare
social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-
for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining
or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures
which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the
region
Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management
(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo
find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a
long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including
cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-
diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders
bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the
condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and
substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders
caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river
Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping
Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at
Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the
basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human
interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to
freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were
defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River
Management (TRM)
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
CHAPTER ndash 3
METHODOLOGY
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
31 Hydrological Process
It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of
waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime
sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the
work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological
sedementological and social problem There use in different method like
1 Hydrological process
a Tidal influence
b Water table
c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)
2 Sedimentological process
3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)
In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table
measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there
the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence
of Bay
311 Tidal influence
At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation
processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In
my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height
Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this
method I work several steps There need some floating
materials Fig 31
1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the
cross section of the river
2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating
3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float
to travel to this length
4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the
average time taken for the float to travel the river
Throw the float into the water at different distances
from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average
5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average
velocity of the stream
Fig 31 Velocity measurement
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow
rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance
when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)
s = v x t
Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object
V= Velocity of the current
T= Time required to travel the floating object
Water height during low and High tide
At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the
low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the
river bank Fig 32
1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the
height
2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is
respect to the river bank
3 The low tide water level height is
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during low tide)
4 The high tide height
= river height-bamboo above the water
(during high tide)
5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place
in the river and determine the average
water level during low and high tide
312 Water table Measurement
To make a decision about a stream pattern we need
to measure the water table hydraulic gradient
Access of tube well we used well water level as the
water table In our study area there have well access
of tube well thus the tube well are used for water
table Fig 33
Fig 32 River water level measurement
Fig 33 Water Level Meter
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the
pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give
a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table
313 Ground water properties
Salinity (EC TDS)
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of
major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage
and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in
a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent
basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is
Fig 34 Water level measurement
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in
mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical
convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)
expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can
be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the
field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic
composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10
mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a
standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under
varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water
absorption by the plant
pH
Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains
excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures
and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by
treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-
ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral
water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change
Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example
water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7
Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to
US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should
have a pH between 55 and 9
Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)
We also find out many data through FGD process like -
Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)
Crop Pattern (FGD)
Cultural Traditions (FGD)
Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)
32 Sedimentation Process
- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current
- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment
- How much sediment comes with high tide
- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM
- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites
Sampling
a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to
be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment
Concentration
b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited
sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially
manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of
samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface
Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a
specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes
Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments
deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and
collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon
for this purpose
Grain Size Analysis
Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of
sediments using either of the following
a Sieve Method
b Hydrometer
Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles
Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment
deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross
sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the
riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide
measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this
observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the
pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration
measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by
the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide
can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These
measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments
available for deposition in the study area
33 Environmental Assessment
Rapid IEE of the TRM sites
Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)
Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
IEE Format
o Environmental clearance requirements
o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management
o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)
o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project
o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)
o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their
past trends (~20 years)
o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15
above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)
o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)
o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current
practices) (KII and FGD)
o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project
implementation
o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment
o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior
disclosure is a pre-requisite)
o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups
Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)
Present and future risks identification
Validation community perception with scientific data
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
CHAPTER ndash 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Data Analysis
As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in
several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex
waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and
collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for
the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we
work for ndash
Hydrological
Sedimentological
FGD and KII
41 Hydrological
River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known
as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes
like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits
The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal
influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125
ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115
pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference
between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point
during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around
115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was
0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up
to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the
river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was
glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50
m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase
towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of
the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also
depend on river current
At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)
o River depth is 305m
o low tide the water height is 08m
o High tide water level is 305m
o Tidal height is 225m
Map 41 Crosse section of the river in
two site
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
At Khesra point (Site - 2)
o River depth is 90 m
River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the
river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually
decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest
water level
Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another
is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table
depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through
the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the
river The value of water table depth is varies place to place
Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 18 m
TRM W 2 208 m
TRM W 3 17 m
TRM W 4 15 m
TRM W 5 06 m
TRM W 6 16 m
TRM W 7 11 m
TRM W 8 11 m
TRM W 9 13 m
Tab 41 Water Table site -1
Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)
Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra
Well ID Depth
TRM W 1 147 m
TRM W 2 134 m
TRM W 3 231 m
TRM W 4 23 m
TRM W 5 172 m
TRM W 6 3 m
TRM W 7 2 m
TRM W 8 2 m
TRM W 9 232 m
TRM W 10 13 m
TRM W 11 106 m
TRM W 12 22 m
Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2
Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the
river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going
away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream
pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)
The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water
enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table
where say that the name of the water with salinity
Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type
Water Class Electrical
conductivity
dSm
Salt
concentration
mgl
Type of Water
Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water
Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
Saline
2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and
groundwater
Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and
groundwater
Very Highly
Saline
25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil
Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm)
TRM W 1 1
TRM W 2 1970
TRM W 3 1
TRM W 4 820
TRM W 5 450
TRM W 6 428
TRM W 7 371
TRM W 8 382
TRM W 9 409
Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread
both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to
Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration
is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the
ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water
Water quality (Salinity)
Source Salt
concentration
mgl(ppm
Paddy 1
Drain 1
Paddy 1962
Water quality (Salinity)
Well ID Salt concentration
mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560
TRM W 2 474
TRM W 3 488
TRM W 4 383
TRM W 5 540
TRM W 6 418
TRM W 7 1090
TRM W 8 485
TRM W 9 496
TRM W 10 550
TRM W 11 470
TRM W 12 618
Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1
Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2
Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site
we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy
Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In
Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called
basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site
Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a
range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little
acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are
called the saline water
The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC
value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there
left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value
is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only
few 10 value are found in above 1
EC (dSm) Comments
gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops
S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops
S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant
S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops
S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced
lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop
Source Karim et al (1990)
Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture
Fig 43 pH Scale
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Water Quality(EC pH)
Water Quality(EC pH)
Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC
TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193
TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066
TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069
TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053
TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075
TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058
TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15
TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067
TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068
TRM W 10 69 076
TRM W 11 72 67
TRM W 12 7 085
42 Sediment logical Data Analysis
The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high
sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by
the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area
is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments
of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies
based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that
the surface of the overall region is accumulating
sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)
Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area
as well as the Kobadak River where there have
been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging
due to drainage congestion The drainage
congestion is considered to be a result of the
following reasons
Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1
Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2
Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Polderization
No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to
construction of dams upstream)
Encroachment
Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow
Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters
Natural Subsidence
421 Type of Sediment
The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed
for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season
by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than
the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger
method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of
the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with
presence of clay and minor sands
This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others
crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable
root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries
peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially
in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation
Sediment Quantity ()
Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)
Silt 6-21
Clay 79-94
422 Sediment quality
In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are
predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size
distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients
With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in
the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These
phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent
Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as
well
In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy
and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of
paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients
to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation
and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river
there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit
area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients
being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion
423 Sediment deposit
Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has
been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from
upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no
flow from upstream
The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash
even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments
(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that
drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave
tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area
The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment
deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur
twice a day should also be noted
Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average
sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday
Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of
045cmday
However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation
and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are
to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit
Project site -1 Jalalpur
In order to know how much sediment is
required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur
union we measured length width and
height of the filling site with respect to the
ground level Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260
m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 087
m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(450x260x087)= 100620 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the
TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site
245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction
Project site -2 Khesra
In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union
we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level
Findings are
o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m
o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525
m
o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m
o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site
(Length x height x height) =
(525x260x17)=232050 m3
Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur
TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition
within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is
61425m3d Total no of day required to fill
up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation
of the site and without compaction
Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1
Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)
Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)
Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m
TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m
TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m
TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m
TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m
TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m
TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m
TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m
TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m
TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m
TRM H 17 06 m
43 FGD and KII data analysis
There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability
Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an
individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a
hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some
kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources
on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)
Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)
wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which
contains a multitude of componentsrdquo
According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and
assess
vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable
and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the
assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment
Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing
literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified
three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based
upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times
disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was
dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced
through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative
impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On
the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much
vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction
system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die
from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to
use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational
choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists
argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the
understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former
school and more human centric According to them it is human being who
experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People
acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience
the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo
vulnerability to natural events In this third school social
scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the
scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of
vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar
more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to
make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase
vulnerabilityrdquo
Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context
specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management
seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved
access to services development opportunities information education and
empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal
use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we
have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis
we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to
waterlogging
FGD Analysis and Interpretation
431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square
km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total
population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the
population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected
with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77
are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The
union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra
FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of
Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha
These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic
characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood
While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household
These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But
facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land
it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under
1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer
However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy
for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion
of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like
Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc
were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has
brought down the amount of crop production in these villages
Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early
warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to
government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been
high Most of the people in
Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was
none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging
has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals
any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the
reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become
limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some
animals died of starvation in recent years
The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these
villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these
poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water
As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other
water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction
There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading
off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in
earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves
that water logging is a modern disaster
This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals
bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people
had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not
have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose
Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and
Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the
year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and
sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many
people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for
fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to
India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and
Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal
and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people
had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals
confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by
police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In
exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira
Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of
migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice
some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they
went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person
who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi
people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and
Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower
amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing
borders
The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some
canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no
more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure
over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people
were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-
excavated There was strong perception against
TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is
materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be
permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their
houses and then implement the TRM
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher
elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from
rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods
since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM
have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being
flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their
outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union
Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility
of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in
TRM project
Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation
These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful
technical intervention
Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information
on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability
coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical
and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)
The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of
this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014
Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated
landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village
Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except
the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other
extra land
Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on
motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the
subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood
people went to government shelters
Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently
relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp
cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently
the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture
does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of
land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while
shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner
Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for
work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or
nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were
agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within
the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of
them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was
not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners
beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the
old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an
island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who
according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher
owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any
job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for
their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not
offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which
has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that
this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed
amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no
more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit
of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area
As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas
where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a
compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be
no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But
the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe
were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was
demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for
getting compensation
432 Jalalpur
Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410
square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total
population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of
the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households
have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are
laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user
is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone
shelter in Jalalpur
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively
high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly
affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water
during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce
diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and
he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo
Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the
lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe
During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such
casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter
In monsoon they work as fishermen
According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was
alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income
from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of
hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is
built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific
economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men
go to field for work
Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more
unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know
if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that
they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery
word for most of them
Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this
impact
Land Lower productivity
Reduced fertility
Livestock Starvation
Death
House Unstable
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Reconstruction cost
Livelihood Job insecurity
Food insecurity
Income insecurity
Risky migration
Social cohesion Corruption
Conflict
Mistrust
Chaos
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Chapter-5
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
51 Disaster of This Area
Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of
the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one
set both type of disaster heat
Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here
the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and
Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological
Disaster
Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a
coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are
affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is
rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type
of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain
Cyclone is a common
devastating disaster in our
country In every year we
face this disaster Most of the
cyclone hit our coastal
region As our study area is
one of the most vulnerable
area
Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
511 Water-logging
From beginning of the 21st century a
new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the
long-term inundation of areas as a
result of inadequate drainage) arose in
south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh It has become an
increasing problem in recent years for a
variety of reasons natural changes in
river flow increased sediment in
riverbeds due to reduced sediment
deposition on floodplains protected by
embankments and a lack of proper
operation and maintenance of sluice
gates of the polders ie circular
embankments Water-logging is a
pressing concern at the backdrop of
climate change that becomes worsens
for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant
displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation
shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are
compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many
cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production
especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered
due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy
season when peak monsoon intercepts
the region Loss of livelihoods due to
submergence of land often forces male
to go far away for weeks in search of
alternative livelihoods Women being
the primary care giver of the family are
compelled to live within the
waterlogged premises shouldering the
entire burden for managing and
cooking food collecting drinking water
taking care of the family members and
their livestock as well
Social demoralization diseases
unemployment and migration have
increased in the locality where the
places protracted by water-logging
People living is seemed either bitter fate or
Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District
Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain
hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to
the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In
the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon
Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and
year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible
Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that
there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging
problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation
has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the
downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to
come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of
adaptation
While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed
that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in
sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of
rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes
caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the
problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to
minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities
Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in
order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of
Bangladesh
District
Total
population
of district
(2011 census)
Affected
uppazillas
Total
population of
affected
uppazillas
(2011
projection)
Population
affected
Affected
population
as a of
total
population
of uppazilla
Uppazilla
figures for
education
facilities fully or
partially
damaged
Satkhira
1973000
Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111
Tala 329085 225400 6849 57
Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24
Sakhira
Sadar
458702 220600 4809 37
Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7
Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected
512 Salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known
as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean
It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2
the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from
the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083
million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of
Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove
forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in
agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying
degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes
tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land
use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity
causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop
production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the
coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water
and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks
The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal
flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish
water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season
(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific
objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of
Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible
solution for reducing these effects
People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their
livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large
proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an
alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice
betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The
region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources
intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is
compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential
cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability
of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or
part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural
resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel
raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable
to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh
due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further
challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water
disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods
maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
52 Causes of Disaster
521 Causes of Waterlogging
Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River
The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges
run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24
Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad
Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the
Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards
south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually
decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape
and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of
Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also
protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land
elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead
The death of Kabadak River
The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly
narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of
millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh
Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of
branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past
it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of
water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So
for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils
were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique
was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last
this river was detached from the main river Ganga
The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the
depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the
lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to
lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and
canrsquot pass the upstream water flow
Declination of Land
It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred
years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt
was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was
growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of
river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders
Unplanned Structure Development
Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of
communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began
to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also
developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions
Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum
structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those
structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less
number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct
as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So
rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those
regions
Shrimp Cultivation
Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42
agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-
gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion
and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those
Gh-ers are water logged
Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region
The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through
Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe
environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised
because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels
522 Cause of Salinity
Salinity rate in Study area of Tala
The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic
ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured
using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between
EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also
depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed
at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a
measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip
Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)
Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption
by the plant
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Water class Electrical
conductivity dSm
Salt concentration
mgl
Type of water
Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation
water
Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water
Moderately
saline
2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water
and groundwater
Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water
and groundwater
Very highly
saline
25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater
Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater
Source FAO1
Table 52 Classification of saline water
53 Effect of These Disasters
531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene
The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking
and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was
reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water
collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report
although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it
does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below
indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with
little drinking water being take from unsafe sources
Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards
people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average
Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to
minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need
between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing
clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of
water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water
volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the
population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be
useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be
related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and
water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals
Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families
will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access
may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more
distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to
deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn
to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the
flooding and will require rehabilitation
Marooned Collective
centers
Roadsides and
embankments
Damagedwat
er-logged
houses
Houses that
are visually
undamaged
Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups
M F M F M F M F M F
71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75
Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at
the sites now
532 Food
As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority
right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups
were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel
(39) and cooking facilities (34)
FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at
Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the
food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and
livelihoods
534 Housing and Shelter
Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the
inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the
flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their
houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly
damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until
flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able
to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain
about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of
damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns
to the assessment team (FGD KII)
535 Livelihood and Food Security
Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone
of the economy of Satkhira district
Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven
upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed
The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the
winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected
upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in
AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and
water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over
20 days
Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact
on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers
and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six
months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment
opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some
ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially
reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)
The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from
the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood
at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries
because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging
Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could
take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has
reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)
536 Health and Nutrition
The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due
to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk
of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed
households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places
there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc
The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population
affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the
overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down
The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3
meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has
reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days
by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams
of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams
a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major
food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a
leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households
had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their
regular diet
537 Children and Education
A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall
education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to
damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and
learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused
by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and
enterprises
538 Impact of Salinity
Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water
and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination
rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated
found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985
corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different
Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Result and Discussion
In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis
sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the
velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find
out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site
and distance between the river and project site
Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and
without compaction
Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site
is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d
Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site
and without compaction
In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily
calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can
estimate the success rate of TRM++ project
We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties
By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this
vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable
for shrimp cultivation
By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project
The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system
Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our
study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are
not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main
problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project
By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-
o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project
o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they
are able lead their normal life
o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project
By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity
and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can
save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River
Reference
1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome
2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL
HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics
SatkhiraPdf
3 Float Mathod URL
httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method
4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of
Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-
JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001
5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board
(BWDB) URL
HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2
04ampItemid=169
6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest
Coastal Bangladesh URL
HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis
7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River
Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate
Drainage Congestion
8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities
Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho
Basin Bangladesh URL
httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa
cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota
ksho_Basin_Bangladesh
9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet
10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The
geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-
bangladesh-the-geomorphology
11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL
httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253
12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg
13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union
Tab 411
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-1
Tab 412
Project
Height In
Different
Point site-2
Fig 47
Electricity
Facility of
Khesra
Union
Fig 48
Earning
Source of
Khesra
Union
Fig 49
Electricity
Facilities of
Jalalpur
Union
Fig 410
Economic
Condition
Union
Fig 411
Earning
Source of
Jalalpur
Union