1.Water

2. Hygienicrequirement ofwater supply 3. Water 4. WaterWater is in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and (invisible) water vapor in the air. Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air. 5. Water Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds, Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used. 6. Water Water covers 70.9% of the Earths surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planets water is found in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. 7. Water Only 2.5% of the Earths water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earths freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. 8. Water on Earth 9. Water Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita. 10. Water However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. 11. Water Water is the chemical substance with chemicalformula H2O: one molecule of water has twohydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a singleoxygen atom. Water appears in nature in all three commonstates of matter and may take many differentforms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky;seawater and icebergs in the polar oceans; glaciersand rivers in the mountains; and the liquid inaquifers in the ground. 12. Water At high temperatures and pressures, such as in the interior of giant planets, it is argued that water exists as ionic water in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and at even higher pressures as superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. 13. The major chemical and physical propertiesof water are:Water is a liquid at standard temperature andpressure.Water is transparent in the visible electromagneticspectrum.Since the water molecule is not linear and theoxygen atom has a higher electronegativity thanhydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negativecharge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightlypositive. As a result, water is a polar molecule withan electrical dipole moment. 14. The major chemical and physicalproperties of water are:Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent.All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases significantly with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride. 15. The major chemical and physical propertiesof water are: The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) isdependent on the barometric pressure. Forexample, on the top of Mt. Everest water boils at68 C (154 F), compared to 100 C (212 F) at sealevel. Conversely, water deep in the ocean neargeothermal vents can reach temperatures ofhundreds of degrees and remain liquid. 16. The major chemical and physicalproperties of water are: At 4181.3 J/(kgK), water has a high specific heat capacity, as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65 kJmol1), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earths climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. 17. The major chemical and physicalproperties of water are: The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 C(39.16 F). It has the anomalous property ofbecoming less dense, not more, when it is cooleddown to its solid form, ice. It expands to occupy9% greater volume in this solid state, whichaccounts for the fact of ice floating on liquidwater, as in icebergs. Its density is 1,000 kg/m3 liquid (4 C), weighs 62.4lb/ft.3 (917 kg/m3, solid). It weighs 8.3454 lb/gal.(US, liquid). 18. The major chemical and physicalproperties of water are: Water is miscible with many liquids, such asethanol, in all proportions, forming a singlehomogeneous liquid. On the other hand, waterand most oils are immiscible, usually forminglayers according to increasing density from thetop. As a gas, water vapor is completely misciblewith air. Water forms an azeotrope with many othersolvents. Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogenand oxygen. 19. The major chemical and physicalproperties of water are: As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when hydrogen orhydrogen-containing compounds burn or react with oxygenor oxygen-containing compounds. Water is not a fuel, it isan end-product of the combustion of hydrogen. The energyrequired to split water into hydrogen and oxygen byelectrolysis or any other means is greater than the energythat can be collected when the hydrogen and oxygenrecombine.[19] Elements which are more electropositive than hydrogensuch as lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium and caesiumdisplace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides. Being aflammable gas, the hydrogen given off is dangerous andthe reaction of water with the more electropositive of theseelements may be violently explosive. 20. Taste and odor Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid. The taste of spring water and mineral water, often advertised in marketing of consumer products, derives from the minerals dissolved in it. However, pure H2O is tasteless and odorless. 21. Distribution in natureIn the universe Much of the universes water is produced as abyproduct of star formation. When stars are born,their birth is accompanied by a strong outwardwind of gas and dust. When this outflow ofmaterial eventually impacts the surrounding gas,the shock waves that are created compress andheat the gas. The water observed is quicklyproduced in this warm dense gas. 22. Distribution in nature On 22 July 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor, containing "140 trillion times more water than all of Earths oceans combined," around a quasar located 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence." 23. Distribution in nature Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Interstellar clouds eventually condense into solar nebulae and solar systems such as ours. 24. Water vapor is present in Atmosphere of Mercury: 3.4%, and large amounts ofwater in Mercurys exosphere Atmosphere of Venus: 0.002% Earths atmosphere: ~0.40% over full atmosphere,typically 14% at surface Atmosphere of Mars: 0.03% Atmosphere of Jupiter: 0.0004% Atmosphere of Saturn in ices only Enceladus (moon of Saturn): 91% exoplanets known as HD 189733 b and HD 209458 b. 25. Liquid water is present onEarth: 71% of surfaceEuropa: 100 km deep subsurface ocean 26. Water ice is present on Earth mainly as ice sheets polar ice caps on Mars Moon Titan Europa Saturns rings Enceladus Pluto and Charon Comets and comet source populations (Kuiperbelt and Oort cloud objects). 27. Water and habitable zone The existence of liquid water, and to a lesser extent its gaseous and solid forms, on Earth are vital to the existence of life on Earth as we know it. The Earth is located in the habitable zone of the solar system; if it were slightly closer to or farther from the Sun (about 5%, or about 8 million kilometers), the conditions which allow the three forms to be present simultaneously would be far less likely to exist. 28. Water and habitable zone Earths gravity allows it to hold an atmosphere. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. If Earth were smaller, a thinner atmosphere would allow temperature extremes, thus preventing the accumulation of water except in polar ice caps (as on Mars). 29. Water and habitable zone The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through geologic time despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation (insolation), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earths temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric albedo. This proposal is known as the Gaia hypothesis. 30. Water and habitable zone The state of water on a planet depends on ambient pressure, which is determined by the planets gravity. If a planet is sufficiently massive, the water on it may be solid even at high temperatures, because of the high pressure caused by gravity, as it was observed on exoplanets Gliese 436 b and GJ 1214 b. 31. Water and habitable zone There are various theories about origin of water on Earth 32. On Earth 33. On EarthA graphical distribution of the locations of water onEarth. 34. Water Water covers 71% of the Earths surface; the oceans contain 96.5% of the Earths water. The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 61% of all fresh water on Earth, is visible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as clouds, contributing to the Earths albedo. 35. Water Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal, pond, or puddle. The majority of water on Earth is sea water. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater in aquifers. 36. Water Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most rocks, and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of faulting. Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water and, to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of sediment transport that occurs on the surface of the earth. Deposition of transported sediment forms many types of sedimentary rocks, which make up the geologic record of Earth history. 37. Water cycleWater cycle 38. Water cycle The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants. 39. Water cycleWater moves perpetually through each of theseregions in the water cycle consisting of followingtransfer processes: evaporation from oceans and other water bodiesinto the air and transpiration from land plantsand animals into air. precipitation, from water vapor condensing fromthe air and falling to earth or ocean. runoff from the land usually reaching the sea. 40. The Bay of Fundy at high tide (left) and low tide (right)Fresh water storage 41. Sea waterSea water contains about 3.5% salt on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about 1.9 C) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea. 42. Tides Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides. 43. Effects on life An oasis is an isolated water source with vegetation in a desert 44. Effects on life 45. biological standpoint water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. 46. biological standpoint Water is fundamental to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). 47. Effects on human civilization 48. Health and pollutionEnvironmental Science Program, Iowa State University student sampling water. 49. Health and pollution Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful for humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimes called safe water, or "safe for bathing". 50. Human usesIrrigation of field cropsThe most important use of water in agriculture isfor irrigation 51. Human usesAs a scientific standard 52. Human usesFor drinking 53. Water and human body The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than drinking straight water. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, though most advocates agree that approximately 2 liters (6 to 7 glasses) of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. 54. Water and human body Medical literature favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an average male, excluding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather. For those who have healthy kidneys, it is rather difficult to drink too much water, but (especially in warm humid weather and while exercising) it is dangerous to drink too little. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, however, putting them at risk of water intoxication (hyperhydration), which can be fatal. 55. Water and human body The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no real basis in science. Similar misconceptions concerning the effect of water on weight loss and constipation have also been dispelled. 56. Washing The propensity of water to form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important component of several aspects of personal body hygiene. 57. Transportation The use of water for transportation of materials through rivers and canals as well as the international shipping lanes is an important part of the world economy. 58. Chemical uses Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant and less commonly as a solute or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilic. Nevertheless, these properties are sometimes desirable. Also, acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions by water has been observed. Supercritical water has recently been a topic of research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical water combusts organic pollutants efficiently. 59. Heat exchange Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems, due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating. Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea. Condensing steam is a particularly efficient heating fluid because of the large heat of vaporization. A disadvantage is that water and steam are somewhat corrosive. In almost all electric power stations, water is the coolant, which vaporizes and drives steam turbines to drive generators. In the U.S., cooling power plants is the largest use of water. 60. Heat exchange In the nuclear power industry, water can also be used as a neutron moderator. In most nuclear reactors, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also slows the nuclear reaction down however other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling. 61. Fire extinctionWater is used for fighting wildfires. 62. RecreationGrand Anse Beach, St. Georges, Grenada, West Indies, often reported as one of the top 10 beaches in the world. 63. Water industry A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people. 64. Water industryA manual water pump in China 65. Water industryWater purification facility 66. Industrial applications Water is used in power generation. Hydroelectricity is electricity obtained from hydropower. Hydroelectric power comes from water driving a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non- polluting, renewable energy source. The energy is supplied by the motion of water. Typically a dam is constructed on a river, creating an artificial lake behind it. Water flowing out of the lake is forced through turbines that turn generators. 67. Industrial applicationsThree Gorges Dam is the largest hydro-electric power station. 68. Industrial applications Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the steam turbine and heat exchanger, in addition to its use as a chemical solvent. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. 69. Food processingWater can be used to cook foods such as noodles. 70. Water law, water politics and water crisisAn estimate of the share of people in developing countries withaccess to potable water 19702000 71. Water law, water politics andwater crisis Water politics is politics affected by water and water resources. For this reason, water is a strategic resource in the globe and an important element in many political conflicts. It causes health impacts and damage to biodiversity. 72. Water law, water politics andwater crisis 1.6 billion people have gained access to a safe water source since 1990. The proportion of people in developing countries with access to safe water is calculated to have improved from 30% in 1970 to 71% in 1990, 79% in 2000 and 84% in 2004. This trend is projected to continue. To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals. This goal is projected to be reached. 73. Water law, water politics andwater crisis A 2006 United Nations report stated that "there is enough water for everyone", but that access to it is hampered by mismanagement and corruption. In addition, global initiatives to improve the efficiency of aid delivery, such as the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, have not been taken up by water sector donors as effectively as they have in education and health, potentially leaving multiple donors working on overlapping projects and recipient governments without empowerment to act. 74. In cultureReligion Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Major faiths that incorporate ritual washing (ablution) include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Rastafari movement, Shinto, Taoism, Judaism, and Wicca. Immersion (or aspersion or affusion) of a person in water is a central sacrament of Christianity (where it is called baptism); it is also a part of the practice of other religions, including Judaism (mikvah) and Sikhism (Amrit Sanskar). 75. Philosophy The Ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles held that water is one of the four classical elements along with fire, earth and air, and was regarded as the ylem, or basic substance of the universe. Water was considered cold and moist. In the theory of the four bodily humors, water was associated with phlegm. The classical element of Water was also one of the five elements in traditional Chinese philosophy, along with earth, fire, wood, and metal. 76. Literature Water is used in literature as a symbol ofpurification. Examples include the criticalimportance of a river in As I Lay Dying by WilliamFaulkner and the drowning of Ophelia in Hamlet. Sherlock Holmes held that "From a drop of water,a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlanticor a Niagara without having seen or heard of oneor the other." 77. Water pollution 78. Point sourcesPoint source pollution Shipyard Rio de Janeiro. 79. Point sources Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable sourcesm, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes. The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial stormwater, such as from construction sites. 80. Nonpoint sources Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in stormwater from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution. 81. Groundwater pollution Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. 82. Causes The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. 83. Pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Novovirus and other viruses Parasitic worms (helminths). 84. Chemical and other contaminants Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic water pollutants include: Detergents Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinkingwater, such as chloroform Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demandingsubstances, fats and grease 85. Chemical and other contaminants Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and otherchemical compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels,and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustionbyproducts, from stormwater runoff[16] Tree and bush debris from logging operations Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, fromimproper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids(DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they dont mix wellwith water and are denser. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) Trichloroethylene Perchlorate Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmeticproducts 86. Chemical and other contaminants A garbage collection boom in an urban-area stream in Auckland, New Zealand. 87. Inorganic water pollutants include: Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especiallysulfur dioxide from power plants) Ammonia from food processing waste Chemical waste as industrial by-products Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates andphosphateswhich are found in stormwater runofffrom agriculture, as well as commercial andresidential use Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urbanstormwater runoff ) and acid mine drainage Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites,logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites 88. Inorganic water pollutants include:Macroscopic Pollution in Parks Milwaukee, WI 89. Macroscopic pollutionlarge visible items polluting the watermay betermed "floatables" in an urban stormwater context, or marine debris whenfound on the open seas, and can include such items as: Trash or garbage (e.g. paper, plastic, or foodwaste) discarded by people on the ground, alongwith accidental or intentional dumping ofrubbish, that are washed by rainfall into stormdrains and eventually discharged into surfacewaters Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plasticpellets Shipwrecks, large derelict ships 90. Thermal pollution Potrero Generating Station discharges heated water into San Francisco Bay. 91. Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decreases oxygen levels (which can kill fish) and affects ecosystem composition, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters. 92. Transport and chemical reactionsof water pollutants Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the oceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. 93. Transport and chemical reactionsof water pollutants Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the food chain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation. 94. MeasurementEnvironmental Scientists preparing waterautosamplers. 95. Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events. 96. Sampling Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. 97. Physical testing Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentrations (e.g., total suspended solids (TSS)) and turbidity. 98. Chemical testing Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),[20] chemical oxygen demand (COD),[21] nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides. 99. Biological testing Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem. 100. Control of pollutionDomestic sewage Domestic sewage is 99.9 percent pure water, while the other 0.1 percent are pollutants. Although found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. 101. Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employone or more engineering approaches to reduce discharges of untreatedsewage, including: utilizing a green infrastructure approach toimprove stormwater management capacitythroughout the system, and reduce the hydraulicoverloading of the treatment plant repair and replacement of leaking andmalfunctioning equipment increasing overall hydraulic capacity of thesewage collection system (often a very expensiveoption). 102. Industrial wastewater Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. 103. Heated water generated by power plants ormanufacturing plants may be controlled with: cooling ponds, man-made bodies of waterdesigned for cooling by evaporation, convection,and radiation cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to theatmosphere through evaporation and/or heattransfer cogeneration, a process where waste heat isrecycled for domestic and/or industrial heatingpurposes. 104. Agricultural wastewaterRiparian buffer lining a creek in Iowa 105. Agricultural wastewaterNonpoint source controlsSediment (loose soil)erosion controls.. (nitrogen and phosphorus)irrigation .... include biological pest control) 106. Urban runoff (stormwater) Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of stormwater, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a variety of stormwater management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These techniques, called best management practices (BMPs) in the U.S., may focus on water quantity control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions. 107. Waterborne diseases 108. Waterborne diseases Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne, prominently include protozoa and bacteria, many of which are intestinal parasites, or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. 109. Protozoal Infections Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) (Cyst-like appearance) Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, bloating, fever Cryptosporidiosis (oral) Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum) Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animalmanure, seasonal runoff of water. Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight,bloating, increased gas, nausea Cyclosporiasis Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis) Sewage, non-treated drinking water cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, fever, and fatigue 110. Protozoal Infections Giardiasis (fecal-oral) (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks,groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans andwildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats createponds that act as reservoirs for Giardia. Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and flatulence Microsporidiosis Protozoan phylum (Microsporidia), but closely related to fungi The genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected ingroundwater, the origin of drinking water [5] Diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals.. waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms.... 111. Parasitic Infections (KingdomAnimalia) Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm Infection) Hymenolepis nana Drinking water contaminated with eggs Abdominal pain, severe weight loss, itching around the anus, nervous manifestation Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease) Echinococcus granulosus Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs Liver enlargement, hydatid cysts press on bile duct and blood vessels; if cysts rupture they can causeanaphylactic shock coenurosis multiceps multiceps contaminated drinking water with eggs increases intacranial tension Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs Mostly, disease is asymptomatic or accompanied by inflammation, fever, and diarrhea. Severe cases involveLfflers syndrome in lungs, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition, and underdevelopment. Enterobiasis Enterobius vermicularis Drinking water contaminated with eggs Peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia 112. Parasitic Infections (KingdomAnimalia) Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Schistosomiasis (immersion) Members of the genus Schistosoma Fresh water contaminated with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough and muscle aches Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) Dracunculus medinensis Stagnant water containing larvae, generally in parasitised Copepoda Allergic reaction, urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack. Taeniasis Tapeworms of the genus Taenia Drinking water contaminated with eggs Intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski Drinking water contaminated with encysted metacercaria GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice. 113. Bacterial Infections Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract by consumingcontaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, vomitingand sometimes diarrhea. Death is usually caused by respiratory failure. Campylobacteriosis Most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni Drinking water contaminated with feces Produces dysentery like symptoms along with a high fever. Usually lasts 210 days. Cholera Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea,cramps, nosebleed, rapid pulse, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 1218hours. E. coli Infection Certain strains of Escherichia coli (commonly E. coli) Water contaminated with the bacteria Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in immunocompromised individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to dehydration fromprolonged illness. 114. Bacterial Infections M. marinum infection Mycobacterium marinum Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in swimming pools or more frequentlyaquariums; rare infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised individuals Symptoms include lesions typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from swimmingpools) or lesions on the hands (aquariums). Lesions may be painless or painful. Dysentery Caused by a number of species in the genera Shigella and Salmonella with the most commonbeing Shigella dysenteriae Water contaminated with the bacterium Frequent passage of feces with blood and/or mucus and in some cases vomiting of blood. Legionellosis (two distinct forms: Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever) Caused by bacteria belonging to genus Legionella (90% of cases caused by Legionellapneumophila) Contaminated water: the organism thrives in warm aquatic environments. Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute influenza without pneumonia.Legionnaires disease has severe symptoms such as fever, chills, pneumonia (with cough thatsometimes produces sputum), ataxia, anorexia, muscle aches, malaise and occasionallydiarrhea and vomiting 115. Bacterial Infections Caused by bacterium of genus Leptospira Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria Begins with flu-like symptoms then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving meningitis, liver damage (causes jaundice),and renal failure Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species. Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens Ear canal swells causing pain and tenderness to the touch Caused by many bacteria of genus Salmonella Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a food borne illness. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps Salmonella typhi Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person Characterized by sustained fever up to 40C (104F), profuse sweating, diarrhea, less commonly a rash may occur. Symptomsprogress to delirium and the spleen and liver enlarge if untreated. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also got by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked oysters. Symptoms include explosive, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally fever. Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Manifests itself in improperly treated water Symptoms include common cold symptoms, pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis Manifests itself in improperly treated water Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain Manifests itself in improperly treated water Symptoms include fever, myalgia, lethargy, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, and sore throat Can manifest itself in water (and food) Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to the virus) and include Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weightloss, itching, jaundice and depression. 116. Bacterial Infections Poliomyelitis (Polio) Poliovirus Enters water through the feces of infected individuals 90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor symptoms(comparatively) with delirium, headache, fever, and occasional seizures,and spastic paralysis, 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic asepticmeningitis. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in paralysis ordeath Polyomavirus infection Two of Polyomavirus: JC virus and BK virus Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the populationhas antibodies to Polyomavirus BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can infect thekidneys of immunosuppressed transplant patients. JC virus infects therespiratory system, kidneys or can cause progressive multifocalleukoencephalopathy in the brain (which is fatal). [5][8] 117. Socioeconomic impact Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy, locally as well as internationally. People who are infected by a waterborne disease are usually confronted with related costs and not seldom with a huge financial burden. This is especially the case in less developed countries. The financial losses are mostly caused by e.g. costs for medical treatment and medication, costs for transport, special food, and by the loss of manpower. Many families must even sell their land to pay for treatment in a proper hospital. On average, a family spends about 10% of the monthly households income per person infected. 118. Thank you