water h 2 o, sea water and what it means to life in the ocean…
TRANSCRIPT
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Water
• H2O, Sea Water and what it means to life in the ocean….
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Figure 3.01Hydrogen Bonds,Between water moleculesAre weak, butIMPORTANT!
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States of water
• Water occurs as solid, liquid & gas naturally
• No hydrogen bonds in water vapor
• Some molecules joined by hydrogen bonds in liquid – bonds break & reform
• All molecules rigidly bonded in solid
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Figure 3.02
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Heat and Water
• Adding heat makes molecules vibrate
• Heat energy is used to cause vibration AND to break hydrogen bonds
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Heat and Water
• Ice melts at relatively high temperatures compared to similar substances – (OoC instead of –90oC)
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Water = Universal Solvent
• Good at dissolving salts (the solutes)
• Salts exist as separate ions in seawater
• Remember: Solvent dissolves, solutes are what gets dissolved!
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Seawater
• Salts come from weathering of rock or outgassing from hydrothermal vents
• Sodium and Chloride account for 85% of the dissolved solids (solutes) in sea water.
• This makes it various degrees of SALINE: “total amount of salt dissolved in sea water”
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Figure 3.05
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SeaWater
• WHERE does the “salt” come from?
• And WHAT else is in the water?
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Salinity
• The total amount of dissolved salts in seawater
• Measured in parts per thousand (ppt or o/oo)
• Average salinity of sea water is 35%
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Density of (sea)water
• Density also affects the salinity of water
• Liquid water gets denser as the temperature decreases
• BUT ice is LESS dense than liquid water
• Increases with decreasing temperature
• Increases with increasing salinity
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Temp. of ocean surface: cold = blue, warm = redTypical Ocean temp. range are 28-86 degrees F
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Stratified Ocean (3 Layers)
• Salinity, Temperature and Density all effect ocean waters giving OCEAN GRADIENTS or stratified layers.
• Dense, cold water @ bottom
• Less dense, warmer water @ surface (floating on layer below)
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3 layered Ocean
• Surface “mixed” layer: 100-200 m thick
• Mid “intermediate” layer: 200-1500 m thick contains the main thermocline (transition zone between warm and cold top/bottom layers)
• Deep “bottom” layer: after 1500 m
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Figure 3.17
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Figure 3.25
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Figure 3.21
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Figure 3.15a
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Water, salinity, light, pressure, depth
• How does this affect marine “life?”
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Light in the ocean
• Transparency depends on what is suspended in the water
• Different colors penetrate to different depths
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Figure 3.11
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Figure 3.11
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Pressure
• Water is heavier than air
• Pressure changes ( a lot!) w/ increased water depth
• 1 atm. of pressure = sea level (on land) but in ocean each 10 m of depth (33’) you add another atm. of pressure
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Figure 3.13
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Figure 3.14
Groupers swim bladder has expanded, due to pressure, thus stomach has Been forced through mouth!
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Buoyancy
Two deep-sea fishes on the deck of a ship after being hauled up from a depth of 800 m. Both fishes were seriously damaged and distorted by the rapid expansion of gases in their swim
bladders as they were brought to the surface.
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Buoyancy
Fnft: A physoclistous swim bladder and associated blood vessels.
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Life in the Ocean
• Deal with challenges that are unique to marine environment
• Must maintain suitable conditions inside the organism’s body
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Diffusion & Osmosis
• Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration (things flow DOWNHILL)
• Osmosis: WATERS movement! The diffusion of water across a cell membrane. Water moves in opposite direction as solutes (“stuff” in water)
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OsmosisOsmosis
More water
molecules
Fewer water
molecules
water
High to low concentrationflow
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OsmosisOsmosisWatery environment
Inside of the cell
Plasma membrane
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OsmosisOsmosis
• The amount of all dissolved molecules, or solutessolutes, in a solution is called the osmotic concentrationosmotic concentration.
• If the number of solute molecules in two solutions is equal (the osmotic concentration is equal), the solution is isotonicisotonic.
• If the two solutions have unequal osmotic concentrations, the solution with the higher concentrations of solutes is hypertonichypertonic; the solution with the lower concentration of solutes is hypotonichypotonic.
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IsotonicIsotonicEqual number of solute molecules
No net movement of water molecules
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2
12
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Hypertonic and HypotonicHypertonic and Hypotonic
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Hypertonic Hypotonic
More solutes; fewer water molecules
Fewer solutes;
more water molecules
water
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Images : Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More solutes;
fewer water molecules
Fewer solutes; more
water molecules
Hypertonic Hypotonic
Tonicity isSOLUTESOnly (not water)
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Water always moves from hypotonichypotonic (fewer solutes) to hypertonichypertonic (more solutes) solutions.
Images : Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.
HypertonicHypotonic
1
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Water always moves from hypotonichypotonic (more water) to hypertonichypertonic (less water) solutions
Images : Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.
HypertonicHypotonic
1 2
3 4 5
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910
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Images : Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
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Figure 4.13b
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Figure 4.13a
More salt in cell,Water diffuses into cell, it will swelland burst.HYPOTONIC(“o” = swell)
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Figure 4.13c
More salt outside cell,Water moves Out of cell, it will shrivel.HYPERTONIC(“e” = shrivel)
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Osmosis in fish
• OSMOCONFORMERS: Internal concentration of ions CHANGES with changing environment around it (usually dealing with salt). Marine Inverts are like this (& hagfish).
• (Opposite) OSMOREGULATOR: control of internal concentrations. These are your vertebrates (from “Sharks”, fish, & up)!
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Figure 4.14a
Osmoregulator: Because salt conc. HIGHER outside the water will flow OUT & dehydrate fish. Instead fish will drink water (increasing salt) to increase water (& not urinate it out) & then pass excess salt out through gills to “balance” itself
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Hawksbills’ “excrete” glands (near eyes) to get rid of excess saltosmoregulator
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Temperature
• How does this effect marine organisms?
• It dictates where they live and metabolize
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Temperature regions of the worlds oceans
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Temperature Regulation
• Most marine animals are ectotherms (“cold-blooded”)
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Temperature Regulation
• Most marine animals are ectotherms (“cold-blooded”)
• Mammals and birds are endotherms– Use fat, feathers for insulation
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Temperature
• Most marine animals are adapted to living at a specific temperature– Temperature determines species ranges
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New Topic
• Tides…
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Tides
• Tides
• Tide Tables
• Waves
• Weather (resultant)
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Tides
• How do we calculate tides?
• Tide tables
• Semidiurnal Tides (in Northeast)
• Spring vs. Neap tides
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Tides…
• …effect marine life too…
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Low Tide…and offshore
Thailand, Tsunami
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Grunion
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Waves
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Orbits
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Waves in a Bay
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Hitting the shore